二氧化碳跨临界循环膨胀机实验系统的开发和研究
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摘要
本文以自然工质CO2跨临界循环为研究对象，重点对CO2跨临界循环膨胀机实验系统中的主要装置进行理论分析和实验研究，为其向实用化迈进提供理论基础和实践经验。
根据实验数据和实验运行情况，对CO2跨临界循环中的压缩机、气体冷却器以及蒸发器的效率和性能进行了分析和研究。对于CO2压缩机，提出了选用合适的润滑油、提高关键零件的加工精度和强度、使用双级压缩以及减小泄漏损失等提高效率的措施，并分析了使用变频技术的可行性和意义。针对气体冷却器和蒸发器的传热系数偏低和结构上存在的不足，本文提出了一种新型集成管箱型管壳式换热器的设计方案。
对CO2跨临界循环的膨胀功回收方式进行了理论分析，主要分析了膨胀机与压缩机同轴、输出的机械功直接驱动压缩机的膨胀功回收方式。研究表明，完全用膨胀机驱动双级压缩的高压级这种形式的系统循环性能系数接近最优值，而膨胀机与主压缩机同轴、为主压缩机提供一部分输入功率的双级压缩方式可以最大限度的提高系统的能效。
对摆动转子式膨胀机进行了实验研究，发现样机运行平稳。通过实验数据分析，得出了膨胀机的运行特性，以及外部参数变化对膨胀机和系统运行的影响。实验结果也表明了膨胀机存在最佳转速使膨胀机的输出功达到最大。
The carbon dioxide transcritical cycle system is the subject of the dissertation. The main equipments of the carbon dioxide transcritical cycle system with expander are studied theoretically and experimentally.
According to the experimental data and running, the efficiency and performance of the compressor, gas cooler and evaporator in the carbon dioxide transcritical cycle system is analyzed. In order to improve the efficiency of the carbon dioxide compressor, the measures, such as selecting appropriate lubricant, enhancing machining precision and intensity of key parts, using two-stage compression and reducing leakage, are put forward. On the other hand, frequency conversion technology can be applied. A new-style shell-and-tube exchanger with integrated tube-box is designed to solve the low heat-transfer coefficient and deficient structure of the gas cooler and evaporator.
In this paper, the methods of power recovery of carbon dioxide transcritical cycle system are discussed theoretically. The method, in which the expander is the same shaft with the compressor and its output directly drives compressor, is analyzed. The research shows that the coefficient of performance of the system can approach the optimum value when the expander completely drives the second stage compressor for the two-stage compression system. Also when the expander is connected to the main compressor and supplies a part of input power in the two-stage compression system, the coefficient of performance of the system can reach the highest point.
The experiments on the swing expander in the carbon dioxide transcritical cycle system have been conducted. By the testing, the characteristics of the performance of the expander and the influence on the expander and system of external parameter are obtained. The experiments indicate the conclusion that there is the optimal rotate speed for the maximum output of expander.
根据实验数据和实验运行情况，对CO2跨临界循环中的压缩机、气体冷却器以及蒸发器的效率和性能进行了分析和研究。对于CO2压缩机，提出了选用合适的润滑油、提高关键零件的加工精度和强度、使用双级压缩以及减小泄漏损失等提高效率的措施，并分析了使用变频技术的可行性和意义。针对气体冷却器和蒸发器的传热系数偏低和结构上存在的不足，本文提出了一种新型集成管箱型管壳式换热器的设计方案。
对CO2跨临界循环的膨胀功回收方式进行了理论分析，主要分析了膨胀机与压缩机同轴、输出的机械功直接驱动压缩机的膨胀功回收方式。研究表明，完全用膨胀机驱动双级压缩的高压级这种形式的系统循环性能系数接近最优值，而膨胀机与主压缩机同轴、为主压缩机提供一部分输入功率的双级压缩方式可以最大限度的提高系统的能效。
对摆动转子式膨胀机进行了实验研究，发现样机运行平稳。通过实验数据分析，得出了膨胀机的运行特性，以及外部参数变化对膨胀机和系统运行的影响。实验结果也表明了膨胀机存在最佳转速使膨胀机的输出功达到最大。
The carbon dioxide transcritical cycle system is the subject of the dissertation. The main equipments of the carbon dioxide transcritical cycle system with expander are studied theoretically and experimentally.
According to the experimental data and running, the efficiency and performance of the compressor, gas cooler and evaporator in the carbon dioxide transcritical cycle system is analyzed. In order to improve the efficiency of the carbon dioxide compressor, the measures, such as selecting appropriate lubricant, enhancing machining precision and intensity of key parts, using two-stage compression and reducing leakage, are put forward. On the other hand, frequency conversion technology can be applied. A new-style shell-and-tube exchanger with integrated tube-box is designed to solve the low heat-transfer coefficient and deficient structure of the gas cooler and evaporator.
In this paper, the methods of power recovery of carbon dioxide transcritical cycle system are discussed theoretically. The method, in which the expander is the same shaft with the compressor and its output directly drives compressor, is analyzed. The research shows that the coefficient of performance of the system can approach the optimum value when the expander completely drives the second stage compressor for the two-stage compression system. Also when the expander is connected to the main compressor and supplies a part of input power in the two-stage compression system, the coefficient of performance of the system can reach the highest point.
The experiments on the swing expander in the carbon dioxide transcritical cycle system have been conducted. By the testing, the characteristics of the performance of the expander and the influence on the expander and system of external parameter are obtained. The experiments indicate the conclusion that there is the optimal rotate speed for the maximum output of expander.
引文
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[2]Midgley，Jr.T. and A.L.Henne. Organic Fluorides as Refrigerants. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry，1930，22：542-545
[3]Downing，R.C. History of the organic Fluorine Industry，Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. New York：John Wiley and Sons Inc.，1996，704-707
[4]Rowland，F.S. and M.J. Molina. Stratospheric Sink for Chlorofluoromethanws：Chlorine Atome Catalyzed Destruction of Ozone. Nature，1974，249：810-812
[5]Bouma，J.W.J. Global Warming and Heat Pumps. Proceedings of the 4th IEA Heat Pump Conference，Maastricht，The Netherlads，1993，33-42
[6]G. Lorentzen. The use of natural refrigerants：a complete solution to the CFC/HCFC predicament. Int. J. Rifrig，1995，18（3）：190-197
[7]Lorenzen，G. Revival of Carbon Dioxide as a Refrigerant，International Journal of Refrigeration，1994，17（5）：292-301
[8] Friedrich Kauf. Determination of the optimum high pressure for transcritical CO2－refrigeration cycles. Int. J. Therm. sci., 1999, 38: 325-330.
[9]魏东，二氧化碳跨临界循环换热与膨胀机理的研究：[博士论文]，天津；天津大学，2002
[10]王侃宏.，CO2跨临界循环的理论分析与实验研究：[博士论文]，天津；天津大学，2000
[11]J.Kohler, M.Sonnekalb, H.Kaise, W.Kocher. Carbon Dioxide as a Refrigerant for Vehicle Air-Conditioning with Application to Bus Air-Conditioning, Proceedings of International CFC and Halon Alternatives Conference. Washington 1995: 376-385.
[12]Compressor world trends, JARN, Refrigeration & Air conditioning compressor, 2003.5. 25.No.409-S.
[13]J.Host. Test Rig For CO2 Automotive Air Conditioning Compressor, International Conference CFCs. Meeting of IIR Commission B1, B2, E1, E2. Arhus, Denmark 1996.
[14]Marcus Preissner, Brett Cutler, Srinivas Singanamalla, Comparison of automotive air-conditioning systems operating with CO2 and R134a, Preliminary Proceeding of the 4th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Working Fluids, Purdue University, W.Lafayrtte, USA, July: 279-284.
[15]Yin.J,Park .Y.C.,Boewe D, et al.,Experimental and model comparison of transcritical CO2 versus R134a and R410A system performance. Joint Meeting of the
IIR, section B and E, 1998:331-340.
[16] Boewe D,Ying.J.,Park,Y.C., Bullard,C.W., et al., The role of suction line heat exchanger in transcritical R744 mobile A/C system. SAE Technical Paper Series, 1999: 1-8.
[17] Werner Stadtmüller, Jürgen Kunesch A1-Extrusions for Automotive CO2 Refrigerant Systems -Special Material and Design Requirements http://vda.cysell.com/abstracts.htm.
[18] Dr. Carlo Burkhardt Flexible metal hoses for the guidance of CO2 in air-conditioning systems of passenger cars - Systems requirements and design parameters http://vda.cysell.com/abstracts.htm.
[19]丁国良，黄冬平，张春路，跨临界二氧化碳汽车空调稳态仿真，中国工程热物理学会工程热力学与能源利用学术会议论文集，2000，南京.
[20]P.Neksa, J.Pettersen. CO2-Heat Pump Water Heater, Characteristics, System Design and Experimental Results. Int.J.Refrig. 1998, 21(3): 172-179.
[21] Neks? P. CO2 Heat pump systems. Int. J. Refrig., 2002, 25: 421-427
[22]E.hihara, R&D on heat pumps with natural working fluids in Japan, The proceedings of the 7th International Energy agency heat pump conference, Beijing, 2002 : 272-279
[23]Brandes,B., Kruse,H., Hochtemperatur Hausw?rmepumpen mit CO2 als K?ltermittel (High Temperature Residential Heat pumps with CO2 as refrigerant). KI Luft-og K?ltetechnik 7/2000: 311-315.
[24]Jorn Stene. Investigation of a residential brine-to-water CO2 heat pump for combined low-temperature space heating and hot water preparation. In: 5th IIR Gustav Lorentzen conference on natural working fluids, Guangzhou, China. 2002: 268-275. [25] E.L.Schmidt,K.Klocker,N.Flacke and F.Steimle, Applying the transcritical CO2 process to a drying heat pump Int.J.Refrig, 1998 , Vol.21: 202-211.
[26] K.Klocker,E.L.Schmidt,F.Steimle, Carbon dioxide as a working fluid in drying heat pump, Int.J.Refrig, 2001,Vol.24 :100-107.
[27] 王侃宏, 马一太, 魏东, 洪芳军, 王景刚. CO2跨临界水—水热泵循环系统的实验研究. 见: 中国工程热物理学会工程热力学与能源利用学术会议论文集. 南京. 2000: 431-436.
[28] Gustav Lorentzen, The use of natural refrigerants: a complete solution to the CFC/HCFC predicment Proceeding of the New Applications of Natural Working Fluids in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning at Hannover Germany ,1994 : 23-35
[29] H.J.Huff Yunho Hwang R. Redermacher, Options for a two-stage transcritical carbon dioxide cycle, The proceedings of the 5th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen conference on natural working fluids at GuangZhou China, 2002: 143-149
[30] Heyl, P. Germany free piston expander-compressor for CO2 ?design, applications and results. http://www.tu-dresden.de/mw/iem/kkt/mitarbeiter/lib/Peter/sydney.html
[31] Zhaolin Gu, Hongjuan Liu, Yun Li,CO2 Two stage refrigeration system with low evaporating temperature,-56.6℃,The proceedings of the 5th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen conference on natural working fluids at GuangZhou 2002: 226-330
[32] J.S.Baek, E.A.Groll, P.B.Lawless, Effect of pressure ratios across compressors on the performance of the transcritical carbon dioxide cycle with two stage compression and intercooling, Purdue University, 2002,USA
[33] J. Pettersen, A, Jakobsen. A dry ice slurry system for low temperature refrigeration. International Symposium on Refrigeration in Sea Transport Today and in the Future. Gdansk, Poland, Sep/Oct. 1994
[34] http://www.egi.kth.se/users/thermo/samer/www/annex27
[35] 胡姆.格贝哈尔特. Nestec公司采用NH3和CO2 制冷剂－采用天然制冷剂替代R13B1的一个大型冷库. 制冷与空调技术. 2002, 1: 46-52.
[36] J.Jang, P.S.Hrnjak, Condensation of carbon dioxide at low temperature, proceedings of the 5th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen conference on natural working fluids, Guanzhou, 2002
[37] Dieter Mosemann , CO2 - Ammonia Cascade Refrigeration Plant, A Solution for Industrial Refrigeration? http://www.grasso-global.com/english/nbsp/menu/news_events/latest_news/co2_ammonia_cascade_refrigeration_plant_a_solution_for_industrial_refrigeration_october_2001/
[38]J.Nickl, G.Will,W.E.Kraus,H.Quack Design considerations for a second generation CO2-expander The proceedings of the 5th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen conference on natural working fluids at GuangZhou 2002: 189-195
[39]Ronald W. Applications for the hinge-vane positive displacement compressor-expander. http://www.egi.kth.se/users/thermo/samer/www/annex27/Projects_Uk.html
[40] Denso Corp, JP. , patent .DE 100 10864 A1
[41] Bjφrn F. Feasibility study of using centrifugal compressor and expander in a car conditioner working with carbon dioxide as refrigerant , ACRC CR-23. http://acrc.me.uiuc.edu/publications.asp?type=contract&page=2
[42] Reihard R. CO2 compressor-expander analysis. ARTI 21-CR Research Project 611-10060. http://www.arti-21cr.org/research/ongoing/611-10060.pdf
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