台湾金融改革对银行产业之影响
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摘要
随着世界贸易组织(World Trade Organization, WTO)的成立,全球贸易和跨国投资的障碍在运用了适用原则后,已消除大半,也使得企业视野和营运管理,从单纯的国内市场,转换成为全球市场。因此,无论愿意或不愿意,全球化已成为世界经济体系主要洪流。再者,受到世界贸易自由化及信息科技发展的影响,企业经营环境及无国界限制的改变,必然产生全球化的资金流动。身为筹资、融资的专业金融服务业,随着资金的流动,拓展金融版图与服务范围,是朝向国际市场发展亦是必然的趋势。除此之外,基于金融服务业的特殊性质,金融机构的发展与国内产业经济的发展有密不可分的关系；因此,各国对于金融机构的设立、改革与发展,皆抱着非常关切的态度加以辅导与规范。
本篇论文主要研究内容,是以国际金融机构发展之转型方向为指标,分析当金融机构在朝向全球化、自由化之方向改革时,其策略及发展的过程。同时,台湾政府为了提升本国金融机构之国际竞争优势时,其所实行的方法与手段亦有所不同,而这些改革政策、手段方法之差异,是否有互相学习或合作的机会,乃是本研究主要的目标。另外,本研究的分析工具是以平衡计分卡所推崇的四个构面：财务、顾客、内部流程、学习与成长,作为相互的分析与比较。最后,对于台湾金融持续改革过程对银行产业之发展成果做一展现与分析,进而了解台湾所实施的金融改革开放策略是否达到即定目标。
本文内容包括：第一章：由于信息科技发展推动全球自由化风潮,造成全球金融环境的改变实与各国金融机构的发展有着密不可分的关系,也阐述本研究的动机与目的。第二章：针对金融产业做全球环境的分析。基于全球资金自由流动的驱使,金融自由化在各国如火如荼的展开。在金融体系与管理理论的基础下,探讨全球经济环境的改变。对整体银行产业而言,因循全球经济环境的改变与国际金融的转型,国际性跨国银行为维持稳定安全的金融秩序,国际金融的规范亦随之改变,也因此影响了银行机构的发展与策略。
经由金融产业全球环境的分析,对于台湾金融环境与金融机构之演进与改革成果说明于第三章与第四章。第三章：深入说明台湾金融环境之演变；研究台湾近期金融改革策略之拟定与实施方式,以及金融产业之分析。第四章：将台湾实施金融改革的前与后,做银行业发展成果之数据分析。第五章：总结本研究结果。以平衡计分卡的四个构面为基础,将金融产业大环境的结论,与台湾金融产业内部环境的结果,整理出台湾金融机构面对的机会与威胁,并结合自身的优缺点,提出台湾在金融改革的后续可行方向与方法,提供政府与业界未来营运之建议与省思。
对于台湾金融改革的措施,许多论文及研究报告都是以现阶段政策评论的方式来讨论,而本篇研究是从国际金融环境转变的角度来分析台湾金融改革的历史及其实施之策略,此为创新之一。多数研究方法是以模型量化之方式来验证银行经营绩效,然本篇研究则依据银行产业长期经营之金融统计资料,来分析银行在配合金融改革过程及成果的趋势,此为创新之二。以银行体制为范围的研究,大多数是以银行各别绩效、财务或风险等做为个别研究项目,本研究则是以金融市场中之银行产业为对象,借由市场结构、顾客面、企业流程及学习创新等项目做市场分析,则为创新之三。
因应国际经济环境的变迁,台湾所提出的金融改革政策,对于本地银行业所造成的重大冲击与改变,其成效评估与对未来发展之建议,为本研究贡献。由于本篇论文是以整体银行产业为主要研究对象,并未对于不同类型的银行(如公有、私有、金控、外资)各别差异做比较与分析,是为本文不足之处。
With World Trade Organization (WTO), global trade and transnational investment barriers in the use of the applicable principles, have been eliminated most, makes enterprise vision and operational management, from simple domestic market, converted into global markets. Therefore, regardless of the willing or unwilling, globalization has become the main torrent world economic system. Furthermore, the world trade liberalization and the development of information technology, business environment and borderless change necessarily produce a globalization of financial flows. As for financing, financing of professional financial services sector, with the capital flow, expanding the range of financial issues in the region and service, is toward the international market development is inevitable. In addition, based on the special nature of the financial services industry, financial institutions, development and economic development of the domestic industry has a close relationship; therefore, for the establishment of financial institutions, reform and development of all arms was deeply concerned about the attitude to counseling and specification.
This thesis research areas, is based on the international financial institutions in the development of transition for the pointer, analysis when financial institutions in the move towards globalization and liberalization of the direction of the reforms, their policies and development process. At the same time, Taiwan's Government in order to improve their financial institutions of international competitive advantage, the implementation of the method and means are also different, but these reform policy, means the difference between methods, if there is to learn from each other or the opportunity to cooperate, but the main objective of this study. In addition, the study of the analysis tool is as balanced scorecard advocate of four dimensions: financial, customer, internal process, learning and growth, as the analysis and comparison of each other. Finally, for continuing reform process in Taiwan finance for the banking industry development achievements do a show and analysis, and thus understand Taiwan administered by the financial reform and opening up policy meets the prescribed target.
This article includes:Chapter one:as information technology development for global liberalization trend, cause global financial environment of change and the development of national financial institution has a close relationship, it also explains the motivation and purpose. Chapter 2:for financial industry analysis of the global environment. Based on the world of the free flow of capital, financial liberalization continued expansion in each country.In the financial system and management theory basis, of the global economic environment. On the whole banking industry is concerned, following the global economic environment of change and transformation of international finance, international multinational banks to maintain a stable and secure financial order, the international financial specifications also changed,so has affected the development of the banking institutions and policies.
Through the financial industry analysis of the global environment, Taiwan's financial environment and financial institutions of evolution and reform achievements described in Chapter 3 and Chapter 4. Chapter 3:in-depth description of the evolution of the financial environment in Taiwan; studying Taiwan's recent financial reform strategy formulation and implementation, and analysis of the financial industry. Chapter 4:the Taiwan financial reform before and after, to do banking development achievements of data analysis. Chapter 5: summary of the results of this study. The balanced scorecard four facets as a basis, the financial industry in the larger environment of the conclusions, and the Taiwan financial industry internal environmental result, finishing out of the Taiwan financial institutions face the opportunities and threats, combined with its own advantages and disadvantages, raise Taiwan's financial reform of subsequent feasible direction and approach, with the Government and the industry future trading recommendations and reflection.
For Taiwan's financial reform measures, many papers and research reports are based on current policy commentary discussing, but this study is from international financial environment change of angle of Taiwan's financial reform and the implementation of the strategy of history, this one for innovation. Most research methods is to model quantification of ways to validate bank operating performance, so this study on the basis of long-term business banking industry financial statistics, to analyze the Bank in financial reform process and the results of the trend, this second for innovation. In the banking system as a range of research, most Bank individual performance, financial, or risk, and so on for individual research projects, this study is to bank financial market in the industry as the object, by market structure, customer, business process and learning innovation projects do market analysis, three of the innovation.
In response to changing international economic environment, Taiwan's financial reform policy, for the local banking sector as a result of the significant impact and change, its evaluation and development of recommendations for the future, as this study. Because of this thesis is based on the overall banking industry as the key study object, not for different types of banks (such as public, private, controlled, foreign) do individual differences and analysis, is inadequate for this article.
本篇论文主要研究内容,是以国际金融机构发展之转型方向为指标,分析当金融机构在朝向全球化、自由化之方向改革时,其策略及发展的过程。同时,台湾政府为了提升本国金融机构之国际竞争优势时,其所实行的方法与手段亦有所不同,而这些改革政策、手段方法之差异,是否有互相学习或合作的机会,乃是本研究主要的目标。另外,本研究的分析工具是以平衡计分卡所推崇的四个构面：财务、顾客、内部流程、学习与成长,作为相互的分析与比较。最后,对于台湾金融持续改革过程对银行产业之发展成果做一展现与分析,进而了解台湾所实施的金融改革开放策略是否达到即定目标。
本文内容包括：第一章：由于信息科技发展推动全球自由化风潮,造成全球金融环境的改变实与各国金融机构的发展有着密不可分的关系,也阐述本研究的动机与目的。第二章：针对金融产业做全球环境的分析。基于全球资金自由流动的驱使,金融自由化在各国如火如荼的展开。在金融体系与管理理论的基础下,探讨全球经济环境的改变。对整体银行产业而言,因循全球经济环境的改变与国际金融的转型,国际性跨国银行为维持稳定安全的金融秩序,国际金融的规范亦随之改变,也因此影响了银行机构的发展与策略。
经由金融产业全球环境的分析,对于台湾金融环境与金融机构之演进与改革成果说明于第三章与第四章。第三章：深入说明台湾金融环境之演变；研究台湾近期金融改革策略之拟定与实施方式,以及金融产业之分析。第四章：将台湾实施金融改革的前与后,做银行业发展成果之数据分析。第五章：总结本研究结果。以平衡计分卡的四个构面为基础,将金融产业大环境的结论,与台湾金融产业内部环境的结果,整理出台湾金融机构面对的机会与威胁,并结合自身的优缺点,提出台湾在金融改革的后续可行方向与方法,提供政府与业界未来营运之建议与省思。
对于台湾金融改革的措施,许多论文及研究报告都是以现阶段政策评论的方式来讨论,而本篇研究是从国际金融环境转变的角度来分析台湾金融改革的历史及其实施之策略,此为创新之一。多数研究方法是以模型量化之方式来验证银行经营绩效,然本篇研究则依据银行产业长期经营之金融统计资料,来分析银行在配合金融改革过程及成果的趋势,此为创新之二。以银行体制为范围的研究,大多数是以银行各别绩效、财务或风险等做为个别研究项目,本研究则是以金融市场中之银行产业为对象,借由市场结构、顾客面、企业流程及学习创新等项目做市场分析,则为创新之三。
因应国际经济环境的变迁,台湾所提出的金融改革政策,对于本地银行业所造成的重大冲击与改变,其成效评估与对未来发展之建议,为本研究贡献。由于本篇论文是以整体银行产业为主要研究对象,并未对于不同类型的银行(如公有、私有、金控、外资)各别差异做比较与分析,是为本文不足之处。
With World Trade Organization (WTO), global trade and transnational investment barriers in the use of the applicable principles, have been eliminated most, makes enterprise vision and operational management, from simple domestic market, converted into global markets. Therefore, regardless of the willing or unwilling, globalization has become the main torrent world economic system. Furthermore, the world trade liberalization and the development of information technology, business environment and borderless change necessarily produce a globalization of financial flows. As for financing, financing of professional financial services sector, with the capital flow, expanding the range of financial issues in the region and service, is toward the international market development is inevitable. In addition, based on the special nature of the financial services industry, financial institutions, development and economic development of the domestic industry has a close relationship; therefore, for the establishment of financial institutions, reform and development of all arms was deeply concerned about the attitude to counseling and specification.
This thesis research areas, is based on the international financial institutions in the development of transition for the pointer, analysis when financial institutions in the move towards globalization and liberalization of the direction of the reforms, their policies and development process. At the same time, Taiwan's Government in order to improve their financial institutions of international competitive advantage, the implementation of the method and means are also different, but these reform policy, means the difference between methods, if there is to learn from each other or the opportunity to cooperate, but the main objective of this study. In addition, the study of the analysis tool is as balanced scorecard advocate of four dimensions: financial, customer, internal process, learning and growth, as the analysis and comparison of each other. Finally, for continuing reform process in Taiwan finance for the banking industry development achievements do a show and analysis, and thus understand Taiwan administered by the financial reform and opening up policy meets the prescribed target.
This article includes:Chapter one:as information technology development for global liberalization trend, cause global financial environment of change and the development of national financial institution has a close relationship, it also explains the motivation and purpose. Chapter 2:for financial industry analysis of the global environment. Based on the world of the free flow of capital, financial liberalization continued expansion in each country.In the financial system and management theory basis, of the global economic environment. On the whole banking industry is concerned, following the global economic environment of change and transformation of international finance, international multinational banks to maintain a stable and secure financial order, the international financial specifications also changed,so has affected the development of the banking institutions and policies.
Through the financial industry analysis of the global environment, Taiwan's financial environment and financial institutions of evolution and reform achievements described in Chapter 3 and Chapter 4. Chapter 3:in-depth description of the evolution of the financial environment in Taiwan; studying Taiwan's recent financial reform strategy formulation and implementation, and analysis of the financial industry. Chapter 4:the Taiwan financial reform before and after, to do banking development achievements of data analysis. Chapter 5: summary of the results of this study. The balanced scorecard four facets as a basis, the financial industry in the larger environment of the conclusions, and the Taiwan financial industry internal environmental result, finishing out of the Taiwan financial institutions face the opportunities and threats, combined with its own advantages and disadvantages, raise Taiwan's financial reform of subsequent feasible direction and approach, with the Government and the industry future trading recommendations and reflection.
For Taiwan's financial reform measures, many papers and research reports are based on current policy commentary discussing, but this study is from international financial environment change of angle of Taiwan's financial reform and the implementation of the strategy of history, this one for innovation. Most research methods is to model quantification of ways to validate bank operating performance, so this study on the basis of long-term business banking industry financial statistics, to analyze the Bank in financial reform process and the results of the trend, this second for innovation. In the banking system as a range of research, most Bank individual performance, financial, or risk, and so on for individual research projects, this study is to bank financial market in the industry as the object, by market structure, customer, business process and learning innovation projects do market analysis, three of the innovation.
In response to changing international economic environment, Taiwan's financial reform policy, for the local banking sector as a result of the significant impact and change, its evaluation and development of recommendations for the future, as this study. Because of this thesis is based on the overall banking industry as the key study object, not for different types of banks (such as public, private, controlled, foreign) do individual differences and analysis, is inadequate for this article.
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51. Bacchetta, P., and E. Wincoop (1998) "Capital Flows to Emerging Markets: Liberalization, Overshooting, and Volatility," NBER Working Paper,61-103.
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79.金融界网站根据公开资料整理(2006)「银行业对外开放大事记」,金融界网站,http://www.jrj.com。
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47.欧阳勋、黄仁德(1990)国际贸易理论与政策,台北：三民出版社。
48.戴国良(2002)国际企业管理：理论与实务,台北：普林斯顿国际公司。
49.谢剑平(2004)当代金市场,台北：智胜文化。
50.简永光(2003)两岸银行业之互动环境与展望,台北：台湾金融研训院。
51. Bacchetta, P., and E. Wincoop (1998) "Capital Flows to Emerging Markets: Liberalization, Overshooting, and Volatility," NBER Working Paper,61-103.
52. Canals, J. (1997) Universal banking, Oxford:Oxford University Press.
53. Clarke, G., R. Cull, M. S. Peria, and S. M. Sanchez (2003) "Foreign Bank Entry:Experience, Implications for Developing Economies, and Agenda for Further Research," The Work Bank Research Observer,18,25-59.
54. Dunning, J. H. (1993) Multional Enterprises and the Global Economy, Addison-Wesley, UK.
55. Harrigan, K. R. (1985) Strategy for Joint-Venture, Lexington Books.
56. Hill, C. W. (2000) International Business:Competing in the Global Marketplace, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
57. IMF Working Paper (2004) "Foreign Bank Supervision and Challenges to Emerging Market Supervisors," Monetary and Financial Systems Department.
58. Kafalas, A. G. (1990) Global Business Strategy:A System Approval, South Western publishing.
59. Kaplan, R. S., and D. P. Norton (1996) "Using the Balanced Scorecard as a Strategic Management System," Harvard Business Review.
60. Kaplan, R. S., and D. P. Norton (2007) "Measuring Corporate Performance," Harvard Business Review.
61. Kim, W. C. (1989) "Global diversification strategy and corporate profit performance," Strategic Management Journal.
62. Koch, T. (1995) Bank Management,3rd ed., Dryden Press, New York.
63. Lin, J. Y. (2001) "WTO Accession and Financial Reform in China," Cato Journal,21,1.
64. OECD Global Forum on Investment (2001) "New Horizons and Policy Challenges for Foreign Direct Investment in the 21st Century," Mexico City, 26-27.
65. Robbins, S. P., and M. Coulter (2005) Management,8th ed., Pearson Education, Inc.
66. Saunders, A., and M. M. Cornett (2004) Financial Institutions Management:A Risk Management Approach,4th ed., McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
67. Schmidt, R. H. (1998) Disintermediation and the role of banks in Europe:an international comparison, Frankfurt:Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat.
68. Slager, A. (2007) The Internationalization of Banks:Patterns, Strategies and Performance, IG Knowledge Services, Ltd.
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70. Stonehouse, G. (2000) Global and Transnational Business, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
71. Stopford, J. M. (1972) Managing the Multinational Enterprise, Basic Books Inc.
72. Will, W. L. (2000) International Business:Competing in the Global Marketplace,3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, Inc.
73.大纪元时报纽约综合报导(2008)「高油价带来世界遽变」http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/8/6/8/n2147216.htm。
74.行政院全球信息网(2006)「金融市场背景分析」http://www.ey.gov.tw/fp.asp?xItem=26277&ctNode=447&mp=1。
75.行政院金融监督管理委员会-银行百宝箱,http://www.banking.gov.tw。
76.吴东明、王廷升(2005)「金融自由化下台湾信用合作社经营策略之探讨-平衡计分卡及模德菲层级分析法观点」,洄澜科技及商务集刊,241-290。http://www.it.dahan.edu.tw/file/forummain/2005/journal/3-3.pdfo
77.李新颖(2005)「外资对全球新兴资本市场影响之概述」http://tOmfinance.blogspot.com/2005/07/blog-post_08.html。
78.林宝安(2000)「台湾1990年代的金融挤兑、合并与金融秩序」,国科会专题研究计划成果报告http://soc.thu.edu.tw/tsa/data%20of%20Taiwan%20sociology%20association/ %B7s%B8%EA%AE%C6%A7%A8/Linpauanne.pdfo
79.金融界网站根据公开资料整理(2006)「银行业对外开放大事记」,金融界网站,http://www.jrj.com。
80.财政部金融局金融业务概况网站资料http://www.boma.gov. tw/index_dir04.htm。
81.张丽娟(2006)「台湾金融业策略群组与营运绩效之研究」,中华管理评论国际学报,http://cmr.ba.ouhk.edu.hk/cmr/webjournal/cmrv9n4.htm o
82.经济部国际贸易局经贸信息网,http://cweb.trade.gov.tw。
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