都市循环农业影响因素研究
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摘要
新世纪以来,我国工业化、城镇化、农业现代化加速推进,为都市循环农业创造了新的需求,提供了发展契机。一方面是资源粗放利用的现实,环境恶化的趋势,以及经济发展不成比例的低生态效率,另一方面是城市经济实力的快速提升和功能的日益完善,辐射带动能力的明显增强,这些都催动了都市循环农业的应运而生。在此背景下,本文旨在以北京地区为例,通过分析都市循环农业主体行为,把握都市循环农业主要影响因素,并对各主要影响因素的现状及其作用分别予以深入探讨和研究,同时结合都市循环农业理论界定,获得相关研究结论,提出可行对策建议。
本文运用Logistic模型、Cobb-Douglas生产函数、产业比较劳动生产率等计量和统计分析方法,以及企业行为理论、“涓滴效应”理论模型、罗杰斯创新扩散理论等理论分析方法,结合典型案例实证分析,对都市循环农业的内涵及其特征功能、都市循环农业的主体行为、都市循环农业的主要影响要素等作了较为深入系统地研究,得出如下主要研究结论和成果：
第一,对“都市循环农业”的概念、特征、趋势和功能等作出较为全面系统鲜明的理论界定。提出“都市循环农业”是指在都市外缘区发展起来的循环农业,具有区位独特性、环境友好性、技术驱动性、资源集约性和主体多元化的特征,呈现产业链条化、生产规模化、布局园区化和功能多元化的发展趋势,兼具经济功能、社会功能和生态功能。
第二,以都市循环农业主体行为分析为切入点,构建出都市循环农业影响因素理论分析框架。主要影响因素及作用机理如下：农户、农民专业合作社和农业产业化龙头企业是都市循环农业的主体,直接影响都市循环农业的生产活动；区域经济发展水平、产业间的合理融合是驱动都市循环农业发展的内在动力,从根本上影响都市循环农业的生产率和生态效率；资源禀赋是发展都市循环农业的基础,是其产生和发展的泉源,影响都市循环农业的模式和型态；技术进步是推动都市循环农业实现产业优化升级的高级手段,影响都市循环农业发展的路径；政策支持是都市循环农业永续发展的“扶手”,是解决市场失灵、确保经济效益与生态效益有效结合协调发展的保障,影响都市循环农业发展的效果。调动都市循环农业行为主体的积极性,以资源禀赋为基础,以区域经济发展为动力,以技术进步为手段,以政策扶持为保障,实现主体及各影响因素间的结合和互动,是推动都市循环农业发展的核心问题。
第三,都市循环农业的发展过程是农业产业优化升级的过程,贯穿着产业升级由要素驱动向创新驱动迈进的过程,走规模化、组织化的路子可能是其未来发展趋势。龙头企业以及带有龙头企业形态的农民专业合作社可能是都市循环农业发展的适合主体。在此产业升级过程中,资源禀赋状况、市场经济发育程度、技术创新能力以及政府的制度供给等,均是贯穿始终的关键影响因素。
第四,确保都市循环农业的经济收益,是其可持续发展并向规模化、园区化发展的关键。都市循环农业取得经济收益的关键在于投资(包括政府投资、社会投资等)、消费和政府的财税支持(如庇古税)等,这归根结底仍然取决于区域经济发展。北京地区都市循环农业要实现可持续发展,需要着重把握以下两点：一是若技术进步贡献率保持不变,以绿色投入替代石油农业投入时,要确保绿色投入对农业产出的贡献率至少达到274.02%；二是若农业劳动力投入不变,物质资本投入和技术进步贡献率同时改变时,其贡献率之和至少应达到337.06%。
第五,都市循环农业主要技术类型有：减量化技术、植株残体资源化利用技术、畜禽粪便资源化技术、污水处理技术、使用小型适用农机具、利用林下空间等。新型肥料、新型农药、节水灌溉、新型堆肥、沼气发电等技术在案例区的推广施用较为顺利。特别是一些规模较大的龙头企业、农业园区使用的循环农业技术,具有技术先进、资本密集、集成度高等特征。但同时存在以下问题：从技术装备自身看,有的设计制造过于复杂、精细,在应用中普适性、灵活性欠缺,有的成本高、收益低,采用后经济性较差；从技术推广应用看,有的技术推广部门后续服务不到位,不利于都市循环农业可持续发展,有的地方推广应用环境欠佳,都市循环农业发展受到限制；从应用技术的主体看,对都市循环农业技术缺乏足够的了解和认识,生产发展的资源环境约束不够严格,经济效益和生态效益相统一的激励不够充分。
第六,都市循环农业的发展,主要依托都市可利用的水资源、土地资源和生物资源。农业用水和用地数量短缺、质量下降,生物资源特别是农业废弃物资源化利用不充分,都对都市循环农业发展提出了较为迫切的需求。水、土和生物资源在空间上的组合方式不同,也决定了都市循环农业发展必然要因地制宜,立足产业发展、立足资源禀赋采取不同的组合形态和发展模式。在都市循环农业发展过程中,还存在再生水资源可能污染土壤和农作物、废弃物资源化再利用的有效需求不足等问题。
第七,政策是都市循环农业发展的保障,影响循环农业发展的效果。都市循环农业发展,需要财政、税收、金融、资源等各方面的政策。目前存在的问题有：政策支持未和地区整体规划挂钩,试点地区经验尚未完全推广,发展重形式轻效果,发展都市循环农业未纳入政府考核体系,扶持政策覆盖面积较小、优惠金额偏低,未能充分调动各社会群体的积极性。
根据研究结论,提出对策建议如下：
第一,培育都市循环农业发展的主体。培养农民、企业家等各群体采用循环农业方式发展农业的意识；提高各主体发展循环农业的能力；鼓励农户、农民专业合作社与龙头企业相互合作,实现废弃物资源化利用的对接；鼓励种植园区与规模化养殖场之间加强联系,形成产业间的物质循环；鼓励龙头企业之间发展多种形式的纵向一体化,形成物质和经济循环成规模、上下游相配套的农业循环经济园区。
第二,强化都市循环农业发展的经济支持。一是提供财税支持,对经济状况较差的农户等主体提供相应的经济支持,针对采用循环农业技术进行生产的农民专业合作社和龙头企业,提供税收优惠等。二是发挥集体经济优势,从项目实施、产业发展和社会服务上借助优势资源。三是完善都市循环农业产品市场体系,开展都市循环农业产品认证和市场准入行动,加强对都市循环农业产品的宣传和营销策划,通过市场机制引导都市循环农业发展。
第三,夯实都市循环农业发展的资源基础。一是提高再生水质量,加强对再生水处理工艺的研发力度,提高处理后再生水质量标准,降低再生水对农作物生长、土壤质量和地下水污染的风险。二是保障土地资源有效供给,一方面要严格划定和保护基本农田,另一方面要采取深耕、增施有机肥等农艺措施,为提高土地生产率打下基础。三是优化资源组合与配置,根据水、土、生物等资源的配置组合状况,探索都市循环农业发展型态与模式。
第四,加快都市循环农业发展技术推广。一是加快都市循环农业技术研发,提高循环农业新技术、新产品研发的适用性。二是改进农业技术推广服务,注重连续性、综合性和系统性,扩宽并稳定技术推广渠道,逐步实现项目商业化、服务社会化、推广市场化。三是建立专门技术推广机构,充分发挥大城市科技教育水平高的优势,建立公益性、综合性的都市循环农业发展中心。
第五,完善都市循环农业发展政策体系。一是完善对采用循环农业技术的补贴,建立生态补偿制度,促进循环农业发展。二是建立完善都市循环农业发展强制性规定,对在都市周边发展规模化种植、养殖,以及发展农村其他产业的,明确规定由生产者负责对农业生产废弃物进行妥善处理,力争实现资源化利用。三是制定都市循环农业发展规划,规划都市循环农业发展的重点地区、主要技术、发展步骤等,实现都市循环农业科学、有序发展。
本文具有以下创新之处：第一,对“都市循环农业”的概念、特征、趋势和功能等作出了较为全面系统鲜明的理论界定。第二,以都市循环农业主体行为分析为切入点,构建了都市循环农业影响因素理论分析框架。第三,运用“涓滴效应”理论模型、Cobb-Douglas生产函数、产业比较劳动生产率等方法进行了相关定性定量分析。第四,针对北京市都市循环农业发展的分析,初步提出了一些对策建议。
Since the entrance of the new century, China has been experiencing an acceleration in industrialization, urbanization and agricultural modernization, which triggers the demand of circular agriculture in city countryside and also provides an opportunity for its development. On the one hand, the circular agriculture in city countryside came into being due to the resources exhaustion and environmental deterioration caused by extensive utilization, which also results in a low ecological efficiency disproportional to economic growth rate. On the other hand, the economic power of urban areas has been strengthened fast with cities' functions being gradually improved and cities'capability of supporting surrounding areas being enhanced, which serves as an opportunity for the development of circular agriculture in city countryside. In the context mentioned above, this paper is taking Beijing as an example to analyze the behavior of main actors in circular agriculture in city countryside, figure out major factors that influence the circular agriculture in city countryside, then further discuss and research on the current status and function of these factors. Moreover, based on the definition of circular agriculture in city countryside and relevant research, this paper is putting forward feasible suggestions on this particular field.
Based on the statistic analysis of Logistic model, Cobb-Douglas production function and comparative labor productivity among industries, the enterprise behavior theory, the trickling-down effect model and Rogers innovation diffusion theory, the paper makes a systematic and through research on the contents, typical functions, behavior of main actors and major influencing factors of circular agriculture in city countryside through case studies. The research results are shown as follows:
Firstly, the paper makes a comprehensive and clear definition of the concept, characteristics, tendency and functions of the circular agriculture in city countryside. In this paper, the circular agriculture in city countryside refers to a kind of circular agriculture developed in the suburban areas of the cities. It is characterized with special location, environmental friendliness, technological innovation, intensive use of resources and multiple actors. With its tendency of industrial integration, scale production, industrial cluster and functional diversity, the circular agriculture in city countryside boasts its economic, social and ecological functions.
Secondly, the paper starts with an analysis of main actors in circular agriculture in city countryside, then establish a theoretical analysis framework of influencing factors of the circular agriculture in city countryside. The mechanism of circular agriculture in city countryside is illustrated as follows. The farm households, farmer cooperatives and leading agricultural enterprises are carriers who impact on the production activities directly. The regional economic capacity and reasonable industrial integration are inner drive, which affect fundamentally the productivity and ecological efficiency. Resources endowment, serving as the production and developmental basis, effects on its model and features. Technological innovation is a higher-level approach to update and optimize the agriculture industry, influencing on the development path. Policies and governmental support, serving to tackle the market failure and coordinate economic growth and ecological protection, ensure the sustainable development and its achievements. The key point of developing the circular agriculture in city countryside is to better coordinate the main actors and its influencing factors by setting the main actors as the carriers, resources endowment as the foundation, regional economic growth as the driving force, technological innovation as approaches and policies as support.
Thirdly, the development of circular agriculture in city countryside is actually a process of optimization and update of agricultural industry, with its driving force transformed from input to innovation. A large-scale and organized development is the possible tendency of the circular agriculture in city countryside. The appropriate main actors are likely to be leading enterprises and farmer cooperatives with features of leading enterprises. During the process of industrial update, resources endowment, market economy, technological innovation and governmental support are all key influencing factors.
Fourthly, the guaranteed economic benefits gained from circular agriculture in city countryside are the key to its sustainable development, also to its future large-scale and cluster. The economic benefits from the circular agriculture in city countryside are subject to investment (governmental investment, social investment, etc.), consumption and governmental revenue support (Pigovian Tax), which are in essence decided by the development of regional economy. Should circular agriculture in city countryside in Beijing realizes a long-term sustainable development, two points have to be emphasized:(1) provided the contribution of technology advancement remains stable, when petroleum agriculture input is substituted with green input, the contribution of green input to agricultural production should be no less than 274.02%; (2) provided the input of agricultural labor force remains stable, when the material input and technology input transformed together, the sum of both contribution should be no less than 337.06%.
Fifthly, major technologies applied in the circular agriculture in city countryside are reduction technologies, re-utilization of crop residues, re-utilization of animal wastes, sewage disposal technologies, application of small-size agricultural machines, utilization of underground space, etc. The extension and application of new fertilizers and pesticides, irrigation water-saving technology, new compost application and biogas electricity generation are successful in the region of case study. Particularly, the circular agricultural technologies applied by large-scale leading enterprises and agricultural industry cluster are featured with technological advancement, capital intensiveness and high integration. Nevertheless, there are problems:In terms of equipments, the design of some is too sophisticated to be universally used due to its lack of flexibility; some equipment is of high cost and less benefits. In terms of technology extension, some extension sectors make poor performance in continuous service which is not beneficial to the sustainable development of circular agriculture in city countryside; some sectors encounter unfavorable application environment which restrict the development of circular agriculture in city countryside. In terms of subjects of technology application, some lack of the understanding and recognition of technologies applied in circular agriculture in city countryside. There are no adequate incentives and relevant restriction on undertaking circular agriculture in city countryside.
Sixthly, the development of circular agriculture in city countryside depends on available water, land and biological resources. In current, the water and land used in agricultural production is suffering quantity shortage and quality deterioration. Biological resources are not fully utilized, especially for the re-utilization of agricultural wastes. The above-mentioned situation delivers an urgent requirement of the development of circular agriculture in city countryside. Due to the diversified distribution of water, land and biological resources, the circular agriculture in city countryside so has to be differently developed according to specific locations. Different integration forms and development models are to be adopted based on particular industrial development requirement and different resources endowment. In the process of promoting circular agriculture in city countryside, risks and problems are also posed, such as renewable water resources polluting the soil and crops, small demand of re-utilization of wastes, etc.
Seventhly, policies insure the development of circular agriculture in city countryside and affect its outcomes. The development of circular agriculture in city countryside requires policy support in areas such as revenue, taxation, finance, water and electricity usage, etc. Problems existing in circular agriculture are listed as follows:the policy-supporting projects do not coordinate with the overall regional plan; the experience gained from pilot project is not largely promoted; the task of developing circular agriculture in city countryside does not included in government performance assessment system, which leads to more emphasis on formality of development than on its outcome; the coverage of the supporting policies is relatively small and the charge preference is relatively low, which makes it harder to motivate the public's enthusiasm.
According to the research results, the paper puts forward the following suggestions:
Firstly, improve the main actors of circular agriculture in city countryside. The farmers, entrepreneurs and other participants'recognition of developing circular agriculture has to be formed, the capability of each actor has to be improved. The farm households, farmer cooperatives and leading enterprises have to be encouraged to collaborate with each other, in order to realize the re-utilization of wastes. Communication between planting park and standardized animal farms has to be strengthened so as to establish a material circulation between industries. Leading enterprises should be encouraged to form a vertical integration, so as to build a circular agricultural economic park which enjoys large-scale material and economic circulation and well-equipped upper-stream and lower-stream industries.
Secondly, intensify the economic support for the circular agriculture in city countryside. In the first place, relevant financial support should be given to those farmers of worse economic conditions; preferential taxes should be levied on farmer cooperatives and leading enterprises that adopted circular agricultural technologies. In the second place, the advantages of collective economy should be explored by making use of dominant resources during the process of project implementation, industrial development and social service. In the third place, the market system for products of circular agriculture in city countryside should be improved by establishing an authorization and market entrance campaign for its products. The promotion and sales plan for its products should be enhanced. Market mechanism should be adopted to lead the development of circular agriculture in city countryside.
Thirdly, the resources for the development of circular agriculture in city countryside should be guaranteed. In the first place, the quality of renewable water should be improved by strengthening the research and development of processing technique of renewable water, raising the quality standard for renewable water after the processing. By doing so, the risks of contamination of crops, soil and underground water will be reduced. In the second place, the land should be supplied effectively. On the one hand, the basic arable land should be cleared defined and protected; on the other hand, deep plowing and supplementary application of organic fertilizers should be adopted in order to improve the productivity of the land. In the third place, resources allocation should be optimized according to the distribution of water, land and biological resources, so as to explore the development form and model of the circular agriculture in city countryside.
Fourthly, the technology extension of circular agriculture in city countryside should be accelerated. In the first place, the research and development of its technologies should be push ahead; the applicability of new technologies and new products developed for the circular agriculture should be enhanced. In the second place, the service for the agricultural technology extension should be improved by emphasizing the continuity, comprehensiveness and systematicness. The technology extension channels should be stabilized and further expanded in order to realize project commercialization, service socialization and make extension activities suitable to the market. In the third place, a specialized technology extension agency should be established, so as to make full use of bigger cities' advantages of higher science and technology level and higher educational standard, and finally build a non-profitable and comprehensive center for the development of circular agriculture in city countryside.
Fifthly, the policy system for the circular agriculture in city countryside should be improved. In the first place, subsidies for the using of circular agricultural technologies should be concreted; a rule of eco-compensation should be formed. In the second place, mandatory provisions of developing circular agriculture in city countryside should be established. It should be clearly stipulated that whoever undertaking large-scale planting, breeding and other agricultural activities in the suburban should shoulder the responsibility of processing the wastes of agricultural production and trying to make re-utilization of these wastes. In the third place, a development plan for the circular agriculture in city countryside should be framed, with key regions of developing circular agriculture in city countryside, major technologies and development steps being clarified, so as to insure a scientific and orderly development of the circular agriculture in city countryside.
The present paper has the following four innovation points:first, the paper makes a comprehensive, systematic and clear definition of the concept, characteristics, tendency and functions of the circular agriculture in city countryside. Second, the paper starts with a behavior analysis of main actors of circular agriculture in city countryside, and then establishes a theoretical analysis framework for the influencing factors of the circular agriculture in city countryside. Third, the paper conducts analysis by applying the theoretical model of Trickling-down Effect, Cobb-Douglas production function, comparative labor productivity among industries, etc. fourth, based on the analysis of circular agriculture in city countryside in Beijing, the paper puts forward some suggestions.
本文运用Logistic模型、Cobb-Douglas生产函数、产业比较劳动生产率等计量和统计分析方法,以及企业行为理论、“涓滴效应”理论模型、罗杰斯创新扩散理论等理论分析方法,结合典型案例实证分析,对都市循环农业的内涵及其特征功能、都市循环农业的主体行为、都市循环农业的主要影响要素等作了较为深入系统地研究,得出如下主要研究结论和成果：
第一,对“都市循环农业”的概念、特征、趋势和功能等作出较为全面系统鲜明的理论界定。提出“都市循环农业”是指在都市外缘区发展起来的循环农业,具有区位独特性、环境友好性、技术驱动性、资源集约性和主体多元化的特征,呈现产业链条化、生产规模化、布局园区化和功能多元化的发展趋势,兼具经济功能、社会功能和生态功能。
第二,以都市循环农业主体行为分析为切入点,构建出都市循环农业影响因素理论分析框架。主要影响因素及作用机理如下：农户、农民专业合作社和农业产业化龙头企业是都市循环农业的主体,直接影响都市循环农业的生产活动；区域经济发展水平、产业间的合理融合是驱动都市循环农业发展的内在动力,从根本上影响都市循环农业的生产率和生态效率；资源禀赋是发展都市循环农业的基础,是其产生和发展的泉源,影响都市循环农业的模式和型态；技术进步是推动都市循环农业实现产业优化升级的高级手段,影响都市循环农业发展的路径；政策支持是都市循环农业永续发展的“扶手”,是解决市场失灵、确保经济效益与生态效益有效结合协调发展的保障,影响都市循环农业发展的效果。调动都市循环农业行为主体的积极性,以资源禀赋为基础,以区域经济发展为动力,以技术进步为手段,以政策扶持为保障,实现主体及各影响因素间的结合和互动,是推动都市循环农业发展的核心问题。
第三,都市循环农业的发展过程是农业产业优化升级的过程,贯穿着产业升级由要素驱动向创新驱动迈进的过程,走规模化、组织化的路子可能是其未来发展趋势。龙头企业以及带有龙头企业形态的农民专业合作社可能是都市循环农业发展的适合主体。在此产业升级过程中,资源禀赋状况、市场经济发育程度、技术创新能力以及政府的制度供给等,均是贯穿始终的关键影响因素。
第四,确保都市循环农业的经济收益,是其可持续发展并向规模化、园区化发展的关键。都市循环农业取得经济收益的关键在于投资(包括政府投资、社会投资等)、消费和政府的财税支持(如庇古税)等,这归根结底仍然取决于区域经济发展。北京地区都市循环农业要实现可持续发展,需要着重把握以下两点：一是若技术进步贡献率保持不变,以绿色投入替代石油农业投入时,要确保绿色投入对农业产出的贡献率至少达到274.02%；二是若农业劳动力投入不变,物质资本投入和技术进步贡献率同时改变时,其贡献率之和至少应达到337.06%。
第五,都市循环农业主要技术类型有：减量化技术、植株残体资源化利用技术、畜禽粪便资源化技术、污水处理技术、使用小型适用农机具、利用林下空间等。新型肥料、新型农药、节水灌溉、新型堆肥、沼气发电等技术在案例区的推广施用较为顺利。特别是一些规模较大的龙头企业、农业园区使用的循环农业技术,具有技术先进、资本密集、集成度高等特征。但同时存在以下问题：从技术装备自身看,有的设计制造过于复杂、精细,在应用中普适性、灵活性欠缺,有的成本高、收益低,采用后经济性较差；从技术推广应用看,有的技术推广部门后续服务不到位,不利于都市循环农业可持续发展,有的地方推广应用环境欠佳,都市循环农业发展受到限制；从应用技术的主体看,对都市循环农业技术缺乏足够的了解和认识,生产发展的资源环境约束不够严格,经济效益和生态效益相统一的激励不够充分。
第六,都市循环农业的发展,主要依托都市可利用的水资源、土地资源和生物资源。农业用水和用地数量短缺、质量下降,生物资源特别是农业废弃物资源化利用不充分,都对都市循环农业发展提出了较为迫切的需求。水、土和生物资源在空间上的组合方式不同,也决定了都市循环农业发展必然要因地制宜,立足产业发展、立足资源禀赋采取不同的组合形态和发展模式。在都市循环农业发展过程中,还存在再生水资源可能污染土壤和农作物、废弃物资源化再利用的有效需求不足等问题。
第七,政策是都市循环农业发展的保障,影响循环农业发展的效果。都市循环农业发展,需要财政、税收、金融、资源等各方面的政策。目前存在的问题有：政策支持未和地区整体规划挂钩,试点地区经验尚未完全推广,发展重形式轻效果,发展都市循环农业未纳入政府考核体系,扶持政策覆盖面积较小、优惠金额偏低,未能充分调动各社会群体的积极性。
根据研究结论,提出对策建议如下：
第一,培育都市循环农业发展的主体。培养农民、企业家等各群体采用循环农业方式发展农业的意识；提高各主体发展循环农业的能力；鼓励农户、农民专业合作社与龙头企业相互合作,实现废弃物资源化利用的对接；鼓励种植园区与规模化养殖场之间加强联系,形成产业间的物质循环；鼓励龙头企业之间发展多种形式的纵向一体化,形成物质和经济循环成规模、上下游相配套的农业循环经济园区。
第二,强化都市循环农业发展的经济支持。一是提供财税支持,对经济状况较差的农户等主体提供相应的经济支持,针对采用循环农业技术进行生产的农民专业合作社和龙头企业,提供税收优惠等。二是发挥集体经济优势,从项目实施、产业发展和社会服务上借助优势资源。三是完善都市循环农业产品市场体系,开展都市循环农业产品认证和市场准入行动,加强对都市循环农业产品的宣传和营销策划,通过市场机制引导都市循环农业发展。
第三,夯实都市循环农业发展的资源基础。一是提高再生水质量,加强对再生水处理工艺的研发力度,提高处理后再生水质量标准,降低再生水对农作物生长、土壤质量和地下水污染的风险。二是保障土地资源有效供给,一方面要严格划定和保护基本农田,另一方面要采取深耕、增施有机肥等农艺措施,为提高土地生产率打下基础。三是优化资源组合与配置,根据水、土、生物等资源的配置组合状况,探索都市循环农业发展型态与模式。
第四,加快都市循环农业发展技术推广。一是加快都市循环农业技术研发,提高循环农业新技术、新产品研发的适用性。二是改进农业技术推广服务,注重连续性、综合性和系统性,扩宽并稳定技术推广渠道,逐步实现项目商业化、服务社会化、推广市场化。三是建立专门技术推广机构,充分发挥大城市科技教育水平高的优势,建立公益性、综合性的都市循环农业发展中心。
第五,完善都市循环农业发展政策体系。一是完善对采用循环农业技术的补贴,建立生态补偿制度,促进循环农业发展。二是建立完善都市循环农业发展强制性规定,对在都市周边发展规模化种植、养殖,以及发展农村其他产业的,明确规定由生产者负责对农业生产废弃物进行妥善处理,力争实现资源化利用。三是制定都市循环农业发展规划,规划都市循环农业发展的重点地区、主要技术、发展步骤等,实现都市循环农业科学、有序发展。
本文具有以下创新之处：第一,对“都市循环农业”的概念、特征、趋势和功能等作出了较为全面系统鲜明的理论界定。第二,以都市循环农业主体行为分析为切入点,构建了都市循环农业影响因素理论分析框架。第三,运用“涓滴效应”理论模型、Cobb-Douglas生产函数、产业比较劳动生产率等方法进行了相关定性定量分析。第四,针对北京市都市循环农业发展的分析,初步提出了一些对策建议。
Since the entrance of the new century, China has been experiencing an acceleration in industrialization, urbanization and agricultural modernization, which triggers the demand of circular agriculture in city countryside and also provides an opportunity for its development. On the one hand, the circular agriculture in city countryside came into being due to the resources exhaustion and environmental deterioration caused by extensive utilization, which also results in a low ecological efficiency disproportional to economic growth rate. On the other hand, the economic power of urban areas has been strengthened fast with cities' functions being gradually improved and cities'capability of supporting surrounding areas being enhanced, which serves as an opportunity for the development of circular agriculture in city countryside. In the context mentioned above, this paper is taking Beijing as an example to analyze the behavior of main actors in circular agriculture in city countryside, figure out major factors that influence the circular agriculture in city countryside, then further discuss and research on the current status and function of these factors. Moreover, based on the definition of circular agriculture in city countryside and relevant research, this paper is putting forward feasible suggestions on this particular field.
Based on the statistic analysis of Logistic model, Cobb-Douglas production function and comparative labor productivity among industries, the enterprise behavior theory, the trickling-down effect model and Rogers innovation diffusion theory, the paper makes a systematic and through research on the contents, typical functions, behavior of main actors and major influencing factors of circular agriculture in city countryside through case studies. The research results are shown as follows:
Firstly, the paper makes a comprehensive and clear definition of the concept, characteristics, tendency and functions of the circular agriculture in city countryside. In this paper, the circular agriculture in city countryside refers to a kind of circular agriculture developed in the suburban areas of the cities. It is characterized with special location, environmental friendliness, technological innovation, intensive use of resources and multiple actors. With its tendency of industrial integration, scale production, industrial cluster and functional diversity, the circular agriculture in city countryside boasts its economic, social and ecological functions.
Secondly, the paper starts with an analysis of main actors in circular agriculture in city countryside, then establish a theoretical analysis framework of influencing factors of the circular agriculture in city countryside. The mechanism of circular agriculture in city countryside is illustrated as follows. The farm households, farmer cooperatives and leading agricultural enterprises are carriers who impact on the production activities directly. The regional economic capacity and reasonable industrial integration are inner drive, which affect fundamentally the productivity and ecological efficiency. Resources endowment, serving as the production and developmental basis, effects on its model and features. Technological innovation is a higher-level approach to update and optimize the agriculture industry, influencing on the development path. Policies and governmental support, serving to tackle the market failure and coordinate economic growth and ecological protection, ensure the sustainable development and its achievements. The key point of developing the circular agriculture in city countryside is to better coordinate the main actors and its influencing factors by setting the main actors as the carriers, resources endowment as the foundation, regional economic growth as the driving force, technological innovation as approaches and policies as support.
Thirdly, the development of circular agriculture in city countryside is actually a process of optimization and update of agricultural industry, with its driving force transformed from input to innovation. A large-scale and organized development is the possible tendency of the circular agriculture in city countryside. The appropriate main actors are likely to be leading enterprises and farmer cooperatives with features of leading enterprises. During the process of industrial update, resources endowment, market economy, technological innovation and governmental support are all key influencing factors.
Fourthly, the guaranteed economic benefits gained from circular agriculture in city countryside are the key to its sustainable development, also to its future large-scale and cluster. The economic benefits from the circular agriculture in city countryside are subject to investment (governmental investment, social investment, etc.), consumption and governmental revenue support (Pigovian Tax), which are in essence decided by the development of regional economy. Should circular agriculture in city countryside in Beijing realizes a long-term sustainable development, two points have to be emphasized:(1) provided the contribution of technology advancement remains stable, when petroleum agriculture input is substituted with green input, the contribution of green input to agricultural production should be no less than 274.02%; (2) provided the input of agricultural labor force remains stable, when the material input and technology input transformed together, the sum of both contribution should be no less than 337.06%.
Fifthly, major technologies applied in the circular agriculture in city countryside are reduction technologies, re-utilization of crop residues, re-utilization of animal wastes, sewage disposal technologies, application of small-size agricultural machines, utilization of underground space, etc. The extension and application of new fertilizers and pesticides, irrigation water-saving technology, new compost application and biogas electricity generation are successful in the region of case study. Particularly, the circular agricultural technologies applied by large-scale leading enterprises and agricultural industry cluster are featured with technological advancement, capital intensiveness and high integration. Nevertheless, there are problems:In terms of equipments, the design of some is too sophisticated to be universally used due to its lack of flexibility; some equipment is of high cost and less benefits. In terms of technology extension, some extension sectors make poor performance in continuous service which is not beneficial to the sustainable development of circular agriculture in city countryside; some sectors encounter unfavorable application environment which restrict the development of circular agriculture in city countryside. In terms of subjects of technology application, some lack of the understanding and recognition of technologies applied in circular agriculture in city countryside. There are no adequate incentives and relevant restriction on undertaking circular agriculture in city countryside.
Sixthly, the development of circular agriculture in city countryside depends on available water, land and biological resources. In current, the water and land used in agricultural production is suffering quantity shortage and quality deterioration. Biological resources are not fully utilized, especially for the re-utilization of agricultural wastes. The above-mentioned situation delivers an urgent requirement of the development of circular agriculture in city countryside. Due to the diversified distribution of water, land and biological resources, the circular agriculture in city countryside so has to be differently developed according to specific locations. Different integration forms and development models are to be adopted based on particular industrial development requirement and different resources endowment. In the process of promoting circular agriculture in city countryside, risks and problems are also posed, such as renewable water resources polluting the soil and crops, small demand of re-utilization of wastes, etc.
Seventhly, policies insure the development of circular agriculture in city countryside and affect its outcomes. The development of circular agriculture in city countryside requires policy support in areas such as revenue, taxation, finance, water and electricity usage, etc. Problems existing in circular agriculture are listed as follows:the policy-supporting projects do not coordinate with the overall regional plan; the experience gained from pilot project is not largely promoted; the task of developing circular agriculture in city countryside does not included in government performance assessment system, which leads to more emphasis on formality of development than on its outcome; the coverage of the supporting policies is relatively small and the charge preference is relatively low, which makes it harder to motivate the public's enthusiasm.
According to the research results, the paper puts forward the following suggestions:
Firstly, improve the main actors of circular agriculture in city countryside. The farmers, entrepreneurs and other participants'recognition of developing circular agriculture has to be formed, the capability of each actor has to be improved. The farm households, farmer cooperatives and leading enterprises have to be encouraged to collaborate with each other, in order to realize the re-utilization of wastes. Communication between planting park and standardized animal farms has to be strengthened so as to establish a material circulation between industries. Leading enterprises should be encouraged to form a vertical integration, so as to build a circular agricultural economic park which enjoys large-scale material and economic circulation and well-equipped upper-stream and lower-stream industries.
Secondly, intensify the economic support for the circular agriculture in city countryside. In the first place, relevant financial support should be given to those farmers of worse economic conditions; preferential taxes should be levied on farmer cooperatives and leading enterprises that adopted circular agricultural technologies. In the second place, the advantages of collective economy should be explored by making use of dominant resources during the process of project implementation, industrial development and social service. In the third place, the market system for products of circular agriculture in city countryside should be improved by establishing an authorization and market entrance campaign for its products. The promotion and sales plan for its products should be enhanced. Market mechanism should be adopted to lead the development of circular agriculture in city countryside.
Thirdly, the resources for the development of circular agriculture in city countryside should be guaranteed. In the first place, the quality of renewable water should be improved by strengthening the research and development of processing technique of renewable water, raising the quality standard for renewable water after the processing. By doing so, the risks of contamination of crops, soil and underground water will be reduced. In the second place, the land should be supplied effectively. On the one hand, the basic arable land should be cleared defined and protected; on the other hand, deep plowing and supplementary application of organic fertilizers should be adopted in order to improve the productivity of the land. In the third place, resources allocation should be optimized according to the distribution of water, land and biological resources, so as to explore the development form and model of the circular agriculture in city countryside.
Fourthly, the technology extension of circular agriculture in city countryside should be accelerated. In the first place, the research and development of its technologies should be push ahead; the applicability of new technologies and new products developed for the circular agriculture should be enhanced. In the second place, the service for the agricultural technology extension should be improved by emphasizing the continuity, comprehensiveness and systematicness. The technology extension channels should be stabilized and further expanded in order to realize project commercialization, service socialization and make extension activities suitable to the market. In the third place, a specialized technology extension agency should be established, so as to make full use of bigger cities' advantages of higher science and technology level and higher educational standard, and finally build a non-profitable and comprehensive center for the development of circular agriculture in city countryside.
Fifthly, the policy system for the circular agriculture in city countryside should be improved. In the first place, subsidies for the using of circular agricultural technologies should be concreted; a rule of eco-compensation should be formed. In the second place, mandatory provisions of developing circular agriculture in city countryside should be established. It should be clearly stipulated that whoever undertaking large-scale planting, breeding and other agricultural activities in the suburban should shoulder the responsibility of processing the wastes of agricultural production and trying to make re-utilization of these wastes. In the third place, a development plan for the circular agriculture in city countryside should be framed, with key regions of developing circular agriculture in city countryside, major technologies and development steps being clarified, so as to insure a scientific and orderly development of the circular agriculture in city countryside.
The present paper has the following four innovation points:first, the paper makes a comprehensive, systematic and clear definition of the concept, characteristics, tendency and functions of the circular agriculture in city countryside. Second, the paper starts with a behavior analysis of main actors of circular agriculture in city countryside, and then establishes a theoretical analysis framework for the influencing factors of the circular agriculture in city countryside. Third, the paper conducts analysis by applying the theoretical model of Trickling-down Effect, Cobb-Douglas production function, comparative labor productivity among industries, etc. fourth, based on the analysis of circular agriculture in city countryside in Beijing, the paper puts forward some suggestions.
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