长沙市边缘区城市森林景观梯度变化研究
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摘要
城市化进程中所产生的一系列环境问题已经不容再忽视。城市需要发展,不可避免的对生态环境造成负面影响,但人类可以通过改善城市环境,来尽可能地减少对生态环境的影响。城市森林在维护生态平衡、改善城市环境和增加城市生物多样性方面起着重要作用。而城市边缘区,作为连接城市郊区与城市中心的缓冲地带,最能体现其过程性及影响性。
本研究运用景观生态学的基本原理,再辅以景观格局分析和梯度分析的方法,在GIS技术平台支持下,以2003年长沙市森林资源二类清查数据和TM影像为主要数据源,对长沙市边缘区范围内的城市森林进行了景观格局的梯度分析,进而掌握了长沙市边缘区城市森林景观的整体状况和其基本特点,研究结果表明：
1在斑块类型水平上,城市森林景观、一般绿地景观、水域和非林地景观沿样带梯度上都有各自的“梯度特征”。
(1)城市森林景观类型在沿城市中心向外移动的过程中,大致呈“v”型分布,其景观比例在城市外边缘区处最大,而非林地景观却刚好相反。
(2)一般绿地景观在城市中心分布较少,曲线大致呈现“U”型分布,其斑块密度在城市边缘区与郊区结合部处达到最大,破碎化程度最高,形状最为不规则。
(3)水域景观类型沿样带梯度变化不大,破碎化程度不高,其受人为作用影响不大。
(4)在城市中心区域,非林地占据绝对优势地位,斑块面积均较大,连通性较好,破碎化程度不高；其沿样带梯度变化明显,随着距离城市中心距离的增大,其斑块面积、斑块密度逐渐递减,其形状指数增加,说明其破碎化程度增加。
2在对研究区域内景观异质性的梯度分析表明,两条样带上的景观指数曲线表现出相类似的趋势。景观形状指数和斑块密度表明城市中心区域城市森林景观分布最少,分布较为集中,破碎化程度不高,形状比较规则,在向城市郊区移动过程中,斑块密度不断增加,形状趋于自然。景观均匀度指数和多样性指数表明在城市外边缘区与城市郊区相结合的区域景观类型最为丰富,多样性最高。
3在对长沙市边缘区城市森林景观格局综合分析的基础上,对研究区的城市森林建设提出了几点对策：第一,在城市内缘区,积极创造条件,新建或者改造一些公园绿地,以满足人们的需求；第二,在城市外缘区中,在城市建设用地集中分布的同时,要在建设用地周边区域合理布置林带,改善居住环境；第三,在城市向外扩张过程中,注重城市森林和农田的保护,加大对大中型斑块的建设。
该文对长沙市边缘区城市森林景观格局的现状分析结果,以及针对长沙市边缘区城市森林景观格局现状提出的优化对策,为今后相关部门优化森林景观格局,合理经营城市森林提供了参考依据。
In the process of urbanization, a series of environment problems can no longer be ignored. Some inevitable ecological environment problems can be grown up, because of the negative impact in the process of developing city, however humans can reduce the influence of ecological environment by improving the urban environment. Urban forest plays an important role in maintaining ecological balance, improving the urban environment and increasing urban biodiversity. Moreover, urban marginal area is the buffer zone, which has a very important role on connecting the city suburb and urban center.
This paper applies the fundamental of landscape ecology, and utilizes the methods combined landscape pattern analysis and gradient analysis. The second type inventory data of changsha forest resource at 2003 and TM satellite image are used for the basic data, GIS technology are used for the technical support. The urban forest in changsha fringe areas was carried with landscape pattern gradient analysis, then we grasped the situation of urban forest space landscape pattern in changsha and the its basic characteristics of changsha The results show that:The results as followed:
1 At the level of class, urban forest landscape, the ordinary greenbelt landscape, water area and non-forest landscape that along the transect show respective gradient characteristics.
(1) From urban center to suburbs, urban forest landscape was obviously "v" distribution, the proportion of the landscape at the city fringe area was the biggest, but the non-forest landscape shows opposite phenomenon.
(2) The ordinary greenbelt landscape in the city center distribution is less; the curve of the ordinary greenbelt landscape was obviously "U" distribution. The plaques density of ordinary greenbelt landscape that conjuncts urban fringe area and suburbs takes the maximal density. The degree of fragmentation was the highest, the shape was complicated.
(3) The water area along the transect has little change. The degree of fragmentation was not high. It is little affected by human effects.
(4) In the city center area, non-forest area is the largest and the acre of patch area is larger. The degree of fragmentation was not high and the connectivity is better. The non-forest area along the transect was changes obviously. Along with the increase of distance from the city center, the plaques area and the plaques density gradually decreased, however its shape index is increased. These all explain the fragmentation degree increase.
2. The gradient analysis of landscape heterogeneity in survey region demonstrates that two landscape exponential curve on belt transect have similarity tendency. The characters of landscape shape exponential and plaque density indicate that, there are small urban forest landscape distributions in the city center, and these distributions are more concentrated, lower degree of fragmentation, and have comparison rules shape; The more close to the city suburbs, the more increase in patch density, and the shape becomes more natural. The characters of landscape homogeneity degree exponential and diversity index indicate that the conjunct region that between the outer edge of urban areas and suburban is the most plentiful types and the highest diversities.
3. on the basis of comprehensive analysis the urban forest landscape pattern in the marginal zone of Changsha City, this paper put forward some countermeasures to promote the construction of urban forest in this survey region:firstly, in order to satisfy the demand of people in this area, we should construct and transform some public garden; secondly, we should reasonably decorate forest belt in the surrounding area of construction land for improving living condition; last but not least, in the process of expanding urban, we need to emphasize on the protection of forest and farmland, at the same time, we should strengthen the construction of Medium and large plaques.
This paper analyzes the current situation of urban forest landscape pattern in the marginal zone of Changsha City, and put forward some countermeasures to relational departments for optimizing forest landscape pattern and rationally operating urban forest.
本研究运用景观生态学的基本原理,再辅以景观格局分析和梯度分析的方法,在GIS技术平台支持下,以2003年长沙市森林资源二类清查数据和TM影像为主要数据源,对长沙市边缘区范围内的城市森林进行了景观格局的梯度分析,进而掌握了长沙市边缘区城市森林景观的整体状况和其基本特点,研究结果表明：
1在斑块类型水平上,城市森林景观、一般绿地景观、水域和非林地景观沿样带梯度上都有各自的“梯度特征”。
(1)城市森林景观类型在沿城市中心向外移动的过程中,大致呈“v”型分布,其景观比例在城市外边缘区处最大,而非林地景观却刚好相反。
(2)一般绿地景观在城市中心分布较少,曲线大致呈现“U”型分布,其斑块密度在城市边缘区与郊区结合部处达到最大,破碎化程度最高,形状最为不规则。
(3)水域景观类型沿样带梯度变化不大,破碎化程度不高,其受人为作用影响不大。
(4)在城市中心区域,非林地占据绝对优势地位,斑块面积均较大,连通性较好,破碎化程度不高；其沿样带梯度变化明显,随着距离城市中心距离的增大,其斑块面积、斑块密度逐渐递减,其形状指数增加,说明其破碎化程度增加。
2在对研究区域内景观异质性的梯度分析表明,两条样带上的景观指数曲线表现出相类似的趋势。景观形状指数和斑块密度表明城市中心区域城市森林景观分布最少,分布较为集中,破碎化程度不高,形状比较规则,在向城市郊区移动过程中,斑块密度不断增加,形状趋于自然。景观均匀度指数和多样性指数表明在城市外边缘区与城市郊区相结合的区域景观类型最为丰富,多样性最高。
3在对长沙市边缘区城市森林景观格局综合分析的基础上,对研究区的城市森林建设提出了几点对策：第一,在城市内缘区,积极创造条件,新建或者改造一些公园绿地,以满足人们的需求；第二,在城市外缘区中,在城市建设用地集中分布的同时,要在建设用地周边区域合理布置林带,改善居住环境；第三,在城市向外扩张过程中,注重城市森林和农田的保护,加大对大中型斑块的建设。
该文对长沙市边缘区城市森林景观格局的现状分析结果,以及针对长沙市边缘区城市森林景观格局现状提出的优化对策,为今后相关部门优化森林景观格局,合理经营城市森林提供了参考依据。
In the process of urbanization, a series of environment problems can no longer be ignored. Some inevitable ecological environment problems can be grown up, because of the negative impact in the process of developing city, however humans can reduce the influence of ecological environment by improving the urban environment. Urban forest plays an important role in maintaining ecological balance, improving the urban environment and increasing urban biodiversity. Moreover, urban marginal area is the buffer zone, which has a very important role on connecting the city suburb and urban center.
This paper applies the fundamental of landscape ecology, and utilizes the methods combined landscape pattern analysis and gradient analysis. The second type inventory data of changsha forest resource at 2003 and TM satellite image are used for the basic data, GIS technology are used for the technical support. The urban forest in changsha fringe areas was carried with landscape pattern gradient analysis, then we grasped the situation of urban forest space landscape pattern in changsha and the its basic characteristics of changsha The results show that:The results as followed:
1 At the level of class, urban forest landscape, the ordinary greenbelt landscape, water area and non-forest landscape that along the transect show respective gradient characteristics.
(1) From urban center to suburbs, urban forest landscape was obviously "v" distribution, the proportion of the landscape at the city fringe area was the biggest, but the non-forest landscape shows opposite phenomenon.
(2) The ordinary greenbelt landscape in the city center distribution is less; the curve of the ordinary greenbelt landscape was obviously "U" distribution. The plaques density of ordinary greenbelt landscape that conjuncts urban fringe area and suburbs takes the maximal density. The degree of fragmentation was the highest, the shape was complicated.
(3) The water area along the transect has little change. The degree of fragmentation was not high. It is little affected by human effects.
(4) In the city center area, non-forest area is the largest and the acre of patch area is larger. The degree of fragmentation was not high and the connectivity is better. The non-forest area along the transect was changes obviously. Along with the increase of distance from the city center, the plaques area and the plaques density gradually decreased, however its shape index is increased. These all explain the fragmentation degree increase.
2. The gradient analysis of landscape heterogeneity in survey region demonstrates that two landscape exponential curve on belt transect have similarity tendency. The characters of landscape shape exponential and plaque density indicate that, there are small urban forest landscape distributions in the city center, and these distributions are more concentrated, lower degree of fragmentation, and have comparison rules shape; The more close to the city suburbs, the more increase in patch density, and the shape becomes more natural. The characters of landscape homogeneity degree exponential and diversity index indicate that the conjunct region that between the outer edge of urban areas and suburban is the most plentiful types and the highest diversities.
3. on the basis of comprehensive analysis the urban forest landscape pattern in the marginal zone of Changsha City, this paper put forward some countermeasures to promote the construction of urban forest in this survey region:firstly, in order to satisfy the demand of people in this area, we should construct and transform some public garden; secondly, we should reasonably decorate forest belt in the surrounding area of construction land for improving living condition; last but not least, in the process of expanding urban, we need to emphasize on the protection of forest and farmland, at the same time, we should strengthen the construction of Medium and large plaques.
This paper analyzes the current situation of urban forest landscape pattern in the marginal zone of Changsha City, and put forward some countermeasures to relational departments for optimizing forest landscape pattern and rationally operating urban forest.
引文
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