图像数字水印算法研究
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摘要
随着互联网的发展，人们越来越容易获取数字多媒体信息，而与此同时，数字多媒体信息的版权、保密等问题也变得日益突出起来。因此，多媒体的信息安全保护成了一个研究热点。本文侧重于研究和探讨该研究方向中的数字水印技术。在介绍数字水印的相关概念、特点和应用领域的基础上，对水印信号的数据预处理进行了系统的论述，并指出各种常用方法的优缺点；其次对水印信号的嵌入技术进行了翔实分析，并分析了各类嵌入方法的抗攻击能力；随后提出了两种分别基于DWT和DCT变换的嵌入灰度图水印的新方法，加以实现并对实验结果和算法性能进行初步分析讨论。实例分析表明第一种算法在抗对比度和亮度攻击方面性能优异但是抗压缩性很差，而第二种算法在抗压缩性攻击和缩放重采样攻击方面性能较好。但是本文也发现在抗噪声干扰方面，这两种算法的的性能仍然不够好有待进一步改进；最后展望了数字水印未来可能的研究方向。
Following the sharply development of Internet, it is more and more easy to get some digital multi-media information. However, it also causes some problems, such as copyright protection and information encryption, which become more urgency day by day. Therefore, many scholars are attracted by the multi-media information security problem. In this thesis, the author studies one of its branch - digital watermarking of images. First, some basic conceptions, specialties and application domains of it are introduced. Second, the pretreatment of digital watermarking data is discussed one by one, and their shortcomings and excellence are also pointed out. Third, many kinds of embedding technology of digital watermarking data is analyzed carefully, and their powers to resist some kinds of attacks arc introduced. Then, two new embedding technologies about gray digital watermarking are suggested, based on DWT and DCT separately. The author implements them and analyzes their results and performances. The experimental results demonstrate that the second has a better power to resist attack of robust. Finally, the author gives out some suggests on the possible research directions in the future.
Following the sharply development of Internet, it is more and more easy to get some digital multi-media information. However, it also causes some problems, such as copyright protection and information encryption, which become more urgency day by day. Therefore, many scholars are attracted by the multi-media information security problem. In this thesis, the author studies one of its branch - digital watermarking of images. First, some basic conceptions, specialties and application domains of it are introduced. Second, the pretreatment of digital watermarking data is discussed one by one, and their shortcomings and excellence are also pointed out. Third, many kinds of embedding technology of digital watermarking data is analyzed carefully, and their powers to resist some kinds of attacks arc introduced. Then, two new embedding technologies about gray digital watermarking are suggested, based on DWT and DCT separately. The author implements them and analyzes their results and performances. The experimental results demonstrate that the second has a better power to resist attack of robust. Finally, the author gives out some suggests on the possible research directions in the future.
引文
[1]易开祥．数字图像加密与数字水印技术研究．博士学位论文，浙江大学，2001年7月．
[2]薛小潭．数字水印算法研究及其在图像中的应用．硕士学位论文，福州大学，2001年1月．
[3]王振武．Theory of Wavelet Analysis and Digital Image Watermarking．博士学位论文，中山大学，2002年3月．
[4]Stefan Katzenbeisser, Fabien A. P. Petitcolas．信息隐藏技术—隐写术与数字水印技术．吴秋新等译，人民邮电出版社，Sept．，2001．
[5]汪小帆，戴跃伟，茅耀斌．信息隐藏技术．北京：机械工业出版社，2001．
[6]Press, W. H. Teulkolsky, S. A. Vetterling,W. T., et al. Flannery. Numerical Recipes in C. 2nd ed, London: Cambridge University Press, 1996: 636-639.
[7]牛夏牧，陆哲明，孙圣和．基于多分辨率分解的数字水印技术．电子学报，Aug．2000，28(8)：1～4．
[8]Chiou-Ting Hsu and Ja-Ling Wu. Hidden digital watermarks in images [J]. IEEE Trans. on IP, Jan. 1999, 8(1): 58～68.
[9]Chuan-Fu Wu, Wen-Shyong Hsieh. Digital watermarking using zerotree of DCT [A]. Proceeding & Instruments [C], Aug. 1999, 2:820-824.
[10]Ingemar J.Cox, Joe Kilian, F.Thomson Leighton, Talal Shamoon. Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia [J]. IEEE Trans. on IP, Dec., 1997, 6(12): 1673～1687.
[11]Van Schyndel, R..Tirkel.A. and Osborne. C. A digital watermark. In Proceedings of ICIP (Austin, Tex., Nov.) IEEE Press, 1994:86-90.
[12]尹康康，石教英，潘志庚．一种鲁棒性好的图像水印算法．软件学报，2001，12(5)：668～676．
[13]Qi Dong-Xu, Zou Jiang-Cheng, Han Xiao-You. A new class of scrambling
transformation and its application in the image information covering. Science in China(Series E), 2000, 43(3):304-312.
[14]丁玮，闫伟齐，齐东旭．基于Arnold变换的数字图像置乱技术．计算机辅助设计与图形学学报，May，2001，13(4)：338～341．
[15]Ding Wei, Yan Wei-Qi, Qi Dong-Xu. Digital Image Scrambling Technology Based on Gray Code. Proc. of the 6th International Conference on Computer Aided Design & Computer Graphics, Wen Hui Publishers, Dec. 1999, 3:900-904.
[15]李国富等．椭圆曲线在数字图像隐藏中的应用．北方工业大学学报，2000，12(3)：17-20．
[16]丁玮，闫伟齐，齐东旭．基于生命游戏的数字图象冒乱与数字水印技术．北方工业大学学报，2000，12(1)：1～5．
[17]张军，王能超，曹奎．一种新的基于小波变换的数字图象水印技术．Vol．18 No．7 20
[18]Wolfgang R B, Delp E J. A watermark for digital images. In: Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Image Processing, Piscataway: IEEE Press, 1996,3:219-222.
[19]李忠源，郭全成，任亚萍．图像中的信息隐含及水印技术．电子学报，2000，28(4)：4：61-63．
[20]丁玮，闫伟齐，齐东旭．基于置乱与融合的数字水印隐藏技术及其应用．中国图像图形学报，2000，5(8)：644-649．
[21]易开祥，石教英．自适应二维数字水印系统．中国图象图形学报，2001，6A(5)：444-449．
[22]C. Y. Lin, M. Wu, J. A. Bloom, I. J. Cox, M. L. Miller and Y. M. Lui. Rotation, scale, and translation resilient watermarking for image. IEEE Trans. on Image Processing; 200, 10(5): 767～782.
[23]J. J. K. Q Ruanaidh and T.Pun. Rotation, scale and translation invariant spread spectrum digital image watermarking. Signal Processing, 1998.66(3): 303—317.
[24]S. Pereira and T. Pun. Fast robust template matching for affine resistant image watermarks. IEEE Trans. On Image Processing, 2000, 9(6): 1123～1129.
[25]V. Solachidis and I. Pitas. Circularly symmetric watermark embedding in 2-D DFT domain. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing
(ICASSP'99), Phoenix, 1999, 6: 3469～3472.
[26]V. Licks, R. Jordan. Geometric transformation robust watermark. IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Vancouver, Canada, 2000.
[27]Q Ruanaidh, J. J. K., W. J. Dowling, and F. M. Boland. Phase Watermarking of Digital Image. Proceedings of the IEEE International conference on Image Processing; Vol.3, Sep. 1996: 239～242.
[28]Hays, M. H. The Reconstruction of a Multidimensional Sequence. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Apr. 1 99: 140～154.
[29]Ganzalez R C. Wintz P. Digital image processing.2nd Edition, New York:Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1987.
[30]王卫卫．杨波，宋国乡．数字图像的一种相位水印算法．西安公路交通大学学报，2001，Vol．21，No．2．
[31]Kutter, M., F.Tanaka. Video-steganography: How to Secretly Embed a Signature in a Picture. Proceedings of the SPIE 3022, Storage and Retrieval for Image and Video Databases Ⅴ 1997:518～526.
[32]沈庭芝，方子文．数字图像处理及模式识别．北京理工大学出版社，1998年1月．
[33]I J Cox, J Kilian, T Leighton et al. Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia. IEEE Trans on Image Processing, 1997, 12(6): 1673～1687.
[34]I J Cox, J Kilian, T Leighton et al. Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia. NEC Research Institute, Technical Report 95-10, 1995.
[35]Koch, E. and J.Zhao. Towards Robust and Hidden Image Copyright Labeling IEEE Workshop on Nonlinear Signal and Image Processing. Oct., 1995: 452-455.
[36]黄继武，SHI Yun Q．一种自适应图象水印算法．自动化学报，1999，125(4)：477～482．
[37]黄继武，Yun Q．SHI，程卫东．DCT域图像水印：嵌入对策和算法．电子学报，Vol．28，2000．4：57～60．
[38]牛夏牧，陆哲明，孙圣和．彩色数字水印嵌入技术．电子学报，Vol．28 2000，9：10-12．
[39]Andrew B Waston, Gloria Y Yang, Joshua A Solomon et al. Visibility of wavelet
quantization noise. IEEE Trans on Image Processing, 1997.
[40]Raymond B Wolfgang, Christine I Podilchuk, Edward J Delp. Perceptual watermarks for digital images and video. Proceeding of the IEEE Special issue on Identification and Protection of Multimedia Information, 1999, 87(7): 1108-1126.
[41]Deepa Kundur and Dimitrios Hatzinakos. Digital Watermarking Using Multiresolution Wavelet Decomposition. Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. On Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Seattle, Washington, Vol.5, May 1998: 2969～2972.
[42]周四清，余英林．基于多分辨率和HVS的盲图像水印隐藏方法．计算机工程与应用，Vol．13 No．2001：70-72
[43]王卫卫，杨波，宋国乡．基于图像小波变换的自适应数字水印．计算机科学，Vol．29 No．1 2002：62-64．
[44]刘炎，施鹏飞．一种基于HVS的数字水印算法．计算机工程与应用，Vol．No．：133-134
[45]N. Kaewkamnerd and K.R.Rao. Wavelet based image adaptive watermarking Scheme. IEE Electronics Letters, Feb.2000, 36(17): 312-313.
[46]Jian-Guo Cao, James E.Fowler, and Nicholas H. Younan. An Image_adaptive Watermark Based on A Redundant Wavelet Transform. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Image Processing, Thessaloniki, Greece, October 2001: 277～280.
[47]Deepa Kundur and Diitrios Hatzinakos. A Robust Digital Image Watermarking Method using Wavelet-Based Fusion. IEEE Signal Processing Society 1997 International Conference on Image Processing.
[48]Liehua Xie and Gonzalo R.Arce. Joint wavelet compression and authentication watermarking. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, ICIP '98, Chicago, IL, USA, 1998.
[49]J.J. Chae and B.S. Manjunath. A Robust Embedded Data from Wavelet. Coefficients, Proceedings of the SPIE EI'98, Vol. 3312:308-317.
[50]宿富林，马国强，李明江．一种新的图像灰度数字水印嵌入算法．系统工程与电子技术，2001，23(8)：89-91．
[51] 张荣，刘传才，郭文忠．数字水印技术．引进与咨询，Feb．，2001：62-64．
[2]薛小潭．数字水印算法研究及其在图像中的应用．硕士学位论文，福州大学，2001年1月．
[3]王振武．Theory of Wavelet Analysis and Digital Image Watermarking．博士学位论文，中山大学，2002年3月．
[4]Stefan Katzenbeisser, Fabien A. P. Petitcolas．信息隐藏技术—隐写术与数字水印技术．吴秋新等译，人民邮电出版社，Sept．，2001．
[5]汪小帆，戴跃伟，茅耀斌．信息隐藏技术．北京：机械工业出版社，2001．
[6]Press, W. H. Teulkolsky, S. A. Vetterling,W. T., et al. Flannery. Numerical Recipes in C. 2nd ed, London: Cambridge University Press, 1996: 636-639.
[7]牛夏牧，陆哲明，孙圣和．基于多分辨率分解的数字水印技术．电子学报，Aug．2000，28(8)：1～4．
[8]Chiou-Ting Hsu and Ja-Ling Wu. Hidden digital watermarks in images [J]. IEEE Trans. on IP, Jan. 1999, 8(1): 58～68.
[9]Chuan-Fu Wu, Wen-Shyong Hsieh. Digital watermarking using zerotree of DCT [A]. Proceeding & Instruments [C], Aug. 1999, 2:820-824.
[10]Ingemar J.Cox, Joe Kilian, F.Thomson Leighton, Talal Shamoon. Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia [J]. IEEE Trans. on IP, Dec., 1997, 6(12): 1673～1687.
[11]Van Schyndel, R..Tirkel.A. and Osborne. C. A digital watermark. In Proceedings of ICIP (Austin, Tex., Nov.) IEEE Press, 1994:86-90.
[12]尹康康，石教英，潘志庚．一种鲁棒性好的图像水印算法．软件学报，2001，12(5)：668～676．
[13]Qi Dong-Xu, Zou Jiang-Cheng, Han Xiao-You. A new class of scrambling
transformation and its application in the image information covering. Science in China(Series E), 2000, 43(3):304-312.
[14]丁玮，闫伟齐，齐东旭．基于Arnold变换的数字图像置乱技术．计算机辅助设计与图形学学报，May，2001，13(4)：338～341．
[15]Ding Wei, Yan Wei-Qi, Qi Dong-Xu. Digital Image Scrambling Technology Based on Gray Code. Proc. of the 6th International Conference on Computer Aided Design & Computer Graphics, Wen Hui Publishers, Dec. 1999, 3:900-904.
[15]李国富等．椭圆曲线在数字图像隐藏中的应用．北方工业大学学报，2000，12(3)：17-20．
[16]丁玮，闫伟齐，齐东旭．基于生命游戏的数字图象冒乱与数字水印技术．北方工业大学学报，2000，12(1)：1～5．
[17]张军，王能超，曹奎．一种新的基于小波变换的数字图象水印技术．Vol．18 No．7 20
[18]Wolfgang R B, Delp E J. A watermark for digital images. In: Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Image Processing, Piscataway: IEEE Press, 1996,3:219-222.
[19]李忠源，郭全成，任亚萍．图像中的信息隐含及水印技术．电子学报，2000，28(4)：4：61-63．
[20]丁玮，闫伟齐，齐东旭．基于置乱与融合的数字水印隐藏技术及其应用．中国图像图形学报，2000，5(8)：644-649．
[21]易开祥，石教英．自适应二维数字水印系统．中国图象图形学报，2001，6A(5)：444-449．
[22]C. Y. Lin, M. Wu, J. A. Bloom, I. J. Cox, M. L. Miller and Y. M. Lui. Rotation, scale, and translation resilient watermarking for image. IEEE Trans. on Image Processing; 200, 10(5): 767～782.
[23]J. J. K. Q Ruanaidh and T.Pun. Rotation, scale and translation invariant spread spectrum digital image watermarking. Signal Processing, 1998.66(3): 303—317.
[24]S. Pereira and T. Pun. Fast robust template matching for affine resistant image watermarks. IEEE Trans. On Image Processing, 2000, 9(6): 1123～1129.
[25]V. Solachidis and I. Pitas. Circularly symmetric watermark embedding in 2-D DFT domain. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing
(ICASSP'99), Phoenix, 1999, 6: 3469～3472.
[26]V. Licks, R. Jordan. Geometric transformation robust watermark. IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Vancouver, Canada, 2000.
[27]Q Ruanaidh, J. J. K., W. J. Dowling, and F. M. Boland. Phase Watermarking of Digital Image. Proceedings of the IEEE International conference on Image Processing; Vol.3, Sep. 1996: 239～242.
[28]Hays, M. H. The Reconstruction of a Multidimensional Sequence. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Apr. 1 99: 140～154.
[29]Ganzalez R C. Wintz P. Digital image processing.2nd Edition, New York:Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1987.
[30]王卫卫．杨波，宋国乡．数字图像的一种相位水印算法．西安公路交通大学学报，2001，Vol．21，No．2．
[31]Kutter, M., F.Tanaka. Video-steganography: How to Secretly Embed a Signature in a Picture. Proceedings of the SPIE 3022, Storage and Retrieval for Image and Video Databases Ⅴ 1997:518～526.
[32]沈庭芝，方子文．数字图像处理及模式识别．北京理工大学出版社，1998年1月．
[33]I J Cox, J Kilian, T Leighton et al. Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia. IEEE Trans on Image Processing, 1997, 12(6): 1673～1687.
[34]I J Cox, J Kilian, T Leighton et al. Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia. NEC Research Institute, Technical Report 95-10, 1995.
[35]Koch, E. and J.Zhao. Towards Robust and Hidden Image Copyright Labeling IEEE Workshop on Nonlinear Signal and Image Processing. Oct., 1995: 452-455.
[36]黄继武，SHI Yun Q．一种自适应图象水印算法．自动化学报，1999，125(4)：477～482．
[37]黄继武，Yun Q．SHI，程卫东．DCT域图像水印：嵌入对策和算法．电子学报，Vol．28，2000．4：57～60．
[38]牛夏牧，陆哲明，孙圣和．彩色数字水印嵌入技术．电子学报，Vol．28 2000，9：10-12．
[39]Andrew B Waston, Gloria Y Yang, Joshua A Solomon et al. Visibility of wavelet
quantization noise. IEEE Trans on Image Processing, 1997.
[40]Raymond B Wolfgang, Christine I Podilchuk, Edward J Delp. Perceptual watermarks for digital images and video. Proceeding of the IEEE Special issue on Identification and Protection of Multimedia Information, 1999, 87(7): 1108-1126.
[41]Deepa Kundur and Dimitrios Hatzinakos. Digital Watermarking Using Multiresolution Wavelet Decomposition. Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. On Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Seattle, Washington, Vol.5, May 1998: 2969～2972.
[42]周四清，余英林．基于多分辨率和HVS的盲图像水印隐藏方法．计算机工程与应用，Vol．13 No．2001：70-72
[43]王卫卫，杨波，宋国乡．基于图像小波变换的自适应数字水印．计算机科学，Vol．29 No．1 2002：62-64．
[44]刘炎，施鹏飞．一种基于HVS的数字水印算法．计算机工程与应用，Vol．No．：133-134
[45]N. Kaewkamnerd and K.R.Rao. Wavelet based image adaptive watermarking Scheme. IEE Electronics Letters, Feb.2000, 36(17): 312-313.
[46]Jian-Guo Cao, James E.Fowler, and Nicholas H. Younan. An Image_adaptive Watermark Based on A Redundant Wavelet Transform. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Image Processing, Thessaloniki, Greece, October 2001: 277～280.
[47]Deepa Kundur and Diitrios Hatzinakos. A Robust Digital Image Watermarking Method using Wavelet-Based Fusion. IEEE Signal Processing Society 1997 International Conference on Image Processing.
[48]Liehua Xie and Gonzalo R.Arce. Joint wavelet compression and authentication watermarking. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, ICIP '98, Chicago, IL, USA, 1998.
[49]J.J. Chae and B.S. Manjunath. A Robust Embedded Data from Wavelet. Coefficients, Proceedings of the SPIE EI'98, Vol. 3312:308-317.
[50]宿富林，马国强，李明江．一种新的图像灰度数字水印嵌入算法．系统工程与电子技术，2001，23(8)：89-91．
[51] 张荣，刘传才，郭文忠．数字水印技术．引进与咨询，Feb．，2001：62-64．