以鳞片石墨为原料的多功能碳材料的制备与应用研究
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摘要
多功能碳材料是一种石墨层间化合物(GIC),它的热膨胀产物—膨胀石墨具有发达的网络状孔型结构,以及比较高的比表面积和表面活性。这种材料具有耐热、耐辐射,密封和自润滑性,耐腐蚀性和各向异性等特点,可制成优异的导电、导热、隔热、保温等材料,也可以作为催化剂或催化剂载体。为深入开发和利用多功能碳材料,本研究主要做了一下工作：
1.进一步研究和探索了制备制备多功能碳材料的新工艺和新方法,主要涉及：将实验室制备与工业生产紧密地结合,成功地研究制备出完全拥有知识产权的不使用浓硝酸、稀硝酸等含硝基化合物的不含硫的、低温可膨胀的多功能碳材料的制备方法,并采用这些技术制备了多功能碳材料,它不仅满足了本的研究需要,还为大规模生产奠定了基础。另外,制备了应用研究过程中需要的起始膨胀温度高的多功能碳材料,为生产市场需要的该种材料提供了技术。更重要的是还用超声波技术建立了制备多功能碳材料的技术,它是继电化学法和化学氧化法之后,制备多功能碳材料的第三种技术,也是对生产多功能碳材料工艺路线的一次重要革新。
2.以鳞片石墨为原料,采用化学氧化法和超声波法制备多功能碳材料路线为基础,制备出膨胀石墨负载的含硫的和不含硫的纳米二氧化钛的复合物(Nano-TiO2/EGC)。用X-衍射、扫描电镜和透射电镜对膨胀石墨负载的纳米二氧化钛复合材料进行了表征。模拟研究了含硫的Nano-TiO2/EGC对甲基橙与农药污水的吸附和光催化降解作用,结果说明Nano-TiO2/EGC对甲基橙和多种农药的有良好的吸附作用和光催化降解功能。实验还发现不同的膨化温度对纳米二氧化钛的晶形结构有影响,硫含量对光催化降解甲基橙和农药也有影响。
3.建立了以多功能碳材料作为石墨固体膨胀剂,与苯胺单体原位聚合合成可膨胀聚苯胺／石墨固体膨胀剂复合物,然后进行热膨胀的原位聚合-热膨胀的技术。用这种原位聚合-热膨胀技术,并且成功地合成了聚苯胺／膨胀石墨复合物。X-衍射、扫描电镜和红外等手段表征显示聚苯胺／膨胀石墨复合物具有聚苯胺包覆在膨胀石墨上的结构,这种复合材料将聚苯胺的形貌改变成泡沫状,增强了其导电性能,降低了密度,它有望在航天及其它高科技领域得到应用。
综上所述,本研究不仅为制被性能各异的多种多功能碳材料提供了工艺路线,同时也为制备可回收利用催化剂、环境污染治理和导电复合材料奠定了理论与实验基础,因此具有较好的理论与应用价值。
Preparation and application research of multifunction carbon materials (MCM; trade name: Expandable graphite) had been reported. In the paper, Flake graphite was applied as raw materials, and the methods of chemistry oxidation and ultrasonic were used to prepare MCM. On the basement of the methods, the characteristic of heat expansion was applied to prepare the composites, of which exfoliated graphite loaded sulfur-containing and sulfur-free nanometer TiO2 (Nano-TiO2/expanded graphite composites, Nano-TiO2/EGC), and containing-sulfur nano-TiO2/EGC was used to photocatalyze degradation and adsorb for methyl orange (MO) and pesticides simulation wastewater. Meanwhile, Flake graphite was applied as as raw materials, and the methods of chemistry oxidation and ultrasonic were used to prepare MCM which had the characteristic of sulfur-free and low temperature expansion. The MCM was applied as graphite solid vesicant, and polyaniline/graphite composites were prepared in situ synthesis by the heat expansion technology. The morphlogy of polyaniline was changed in the process of heat expansion, and the conductivity of polyaniline was also enhanced.
In the process of MCM preparation, the research was combined with the production close. Sulfur-free MCM was prepared successfully by the chemistry oxidation method which possessed intellectual property right completely and concentrated or thin nitric acid or nitrogen-containing compounds was not applied. Meanwhile, sulfur-MCM provided with the characteristics of low temperature expansion. The method not only satisfied with the research in the paper, but also established a foundation for producing MCM on a large scale. In addition, MCM which possessed higher expansion temperature was also prepared by the methods of chemistry oxidation and ultrasonic, and the methods would also supply a foundation for producing the MCM. It was very important that ultrasound irradiation technology was applied to prepare MCM. Meanwhile, the technology was also a renovation of technics route.
In the process of MCM application, the characteristic of heat expansion was applied to prepare sulfur-containing and sulfur-free Nano-TiO2/EGC for the first time via changing the intercalation compounds. The characterization of XRD, SEM and TEM exhibited that they were composed by nanometer TiO2 and exfoliated graphite. The experiment results illuminated that Nano-TiO2/EGC owned the photocatalysis degradation of Nano-TiO2 and the adsorption capability of exfoliated graphite for MO and pesticides simulation wastewater synchronously. Meanwhile, the experiment results also exhibited that the crystal structure of Nano-TiO2 were influenced by the expansion temperatures, and the photocatalysis degradation for MO and pesticides was influenced by the sulfur content inside Nano-TiO2/EGC. In addition, MCM was used as graphite solid vesicant (GSV), and the technology of which polyaniline/exfoliated graphite composites (PAN/EGC) were prepared by in situ synthesis and heat expansion was set up by synthesizing expandable polyaniline/GSV composites (EPAN/GSVC) and heating the expansion of EPAN/GSVC later. The characterization of XRD, SEM and IR shew that PAN/EGC provided with the spumous morphology and the structure which polyaniline covered on exfoliated graphite.
1.进一步研究和探索了制备制备多功能碳材料的新工艺和新方法,主要涉及：将实验室制备与工业生产紧密地结合,成功地研究制备出完全拥有知识产权的不使用浓硝酸、稀硝酸等含硝基化合物的不含硫的、低温可膨胀的多功能碳材料的制备方法,并采用这些技术制备了多功能碳材料,它不仅满足了本的研究需要,还为大规模生产奠定了基础。另外,制备了应用研究过程中需要的起始膨胀温度高的多功能碳材料,为生产市场需要的该种材料提供了技术。更重要的是还用超声波技术建立了制备多功能碳材料的技术,它是继电化学法和化学氧化法之后,制备多功能碳材料的第三种技术,也是对生产多功能碳材料工艺路线的一次重要革新。
2.以鳞片石墨为原料,采用化学氧化法和超声波法制备多功能碳材料路线为基础,制备出膨胀石墨负载的含硫的和不含硫的纳米二氧化钛的复合物(Nano-TiO2/EGC)。用X-衍射、扫描电镜和透射电镜对膨胀石墨负载的纳米二氧化钛复合材料进行了表征。模拟研究了含硫的Nano-TiO2/EGC对甲基橙与农药污水的吸附和光催化降解作用,结果说明Nano-TiO2/EGC对甲基橙和多种农药的有良好的吸附作用和光催化降解功能。实验还发现不同的膨化温度对纳米二氧化钛的晶形结构有影响,硫含量对光催化降解甲基橙和农药也有影响。
3.建立了以多功能碳材料作为石墨固体膨胀剂,与苯胺单体原位聚合合成可膨胀聚苯胺／石墨固体膨胀剂复合物,然后进行热膨胀的原位聚合-热膨胀的技术。用这种原位聚合-热膨胀技术,并且成功地合成了聚苯胺／膨胀石墨复合物。X-衍射、扫描电镜和红外等手段表征显示聚苯胺／膨胀石墨复合物具有聚苯胺包覆在膨胀石墨上的结构,这种复合材料将聚苯胺的形貌改变成泡沫状,增强了其导电性能,降低了密度,它有望在航天及其它高科技领域得到应用。
综上所述,本研究不仅为制被性能各异的多种多功能碳材料提供了工艺路线,同时也为制备可回收利用催化剂、环境污染治理和导电复合材料奠定了理论与实验基础,因此具有较好的理论与应用价值。
Preparation and application research of multifunction carbon materials (MCM; trade name: Expandable graphite) had been reported. In the paper, Flake graphite was applied as raw materials, and the methods of chemistry oxidation and ultrasonic were used to prepare MCM. On the basement of the methods, the characteristic of heat expansion was applied to prepare the composites, of which exfoliated graphite loaded sulfur-containing and sulfur-free nanometer TiO2 (Nano-TiO2/expanded graphite composites, Nano-TiO2/EGC), and containing-sulfur nano-TiO2/EGC was used to photocatalyze degradation and adsorb for methyl orange (MO) and pesticides simulation wastewater. Meanwhile, Flake graphite was applied as as raw materials, and the methods of chemistry oxidation and ultrasonic were used to prepare MCM which had the characteristic of sulfur-free and low temperature expansion. The MCM was applied as graphite solid vesicant, and polyaniline/graphite composites were prepared in situ synthesis by the heat expansion technology. The morphlogy of polyaniline was changed in the process of heat expansion, and the conductivity of polyaniline was also enhanced.
In the process of MCM preparation, the research was combined with the production close. Sulfur-free MCM was prepared successfully by the chemistry oxidation method which possessed intellectual property right completely and concentrated or thin nitric acid or nitrogen-containing compounds was not applied. Meanwhile, sulfur-MCM provided with the characteristics of low temperature expansion. The method not only satisfied with the research in the paper, but also established a foundation for producing MCM on a large scale. In addition, MCM which possessed higher expansion temperature was also prepared by the methods of chemistry oxidation and ultrasonic, and the methods would also supply a foundation for producing the MCM. It was very important that ultrasound irradiation technology was applied to prepare MCM. Meanwhile, the technology was also a renovation of technics route.
In the process of MCM application, the characteristic of heat expansion was applied to prepare sulfur-containing and sulfur-free Nano-TiO2/EGC for the first time via changing the intercalation compounds. The characterization of XRD, SEM and TEM exhibited that they were composed by nanometer TiO2 and exfoliated graphite. The experiment results illuminated that Nano-TiO2/EGC owned the photocatalysis degradation of Nano-TiO2 and the adsorption capability of exfoliated graphite for MO and pesticides simulation wastewater synchronously. Meanwhile, the experiment results also exhibited that the crystal structure of Nano-TiO2 were influenced by the expansion temperatures, and the photocatalysis degradation for MO and pesticides was influenced by the sulfur content inside Nano-TiO2/EGC. In addition, MCM was used as graphite solid vesicant (GSV), and the technology of which polyaniline/exfoliated graphite composites (PAN/EGC) were prepared by in situ synthesis and heat expansion was set up by synthesizing expandable polyaniline/GSV composites (EPAN/GSVC) and heating the expansion of EPAN/GSVC later. The characterization of XRD, SEM and IR shew that PAN/EGC provided with the spumous morphology and the structure which polyaniline covered on exfoliated graphite.
引文
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