三维城市模型的数据内容
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摘要
作为地球表面人口、经济、技术、基础设施和信息最密集的地区，城市是人口与资源和社会经济要素高度密集的地理综合体，也是地球上最为复杂与活跃，人际交流强度最高的组成部分。随着城市的急剧膨胀，城市建设和管理的难题日益尖锐起来。就城市的建设者和决策者来说，城市建设需要解决问题的复杂性和需要处理信息的广义性，都是前所未有的。在城市建设一些重要的应用领域，虽然也关注于社会经济与发展问题，但已更多地关注于能够表征局部环境的美学、功能和感知的一些主题。与此相适应，城市逼真的三维数字表示由于其在城市基础设施管理、无线通讯网络规划、城市开发决策支持、污染分布仿真、土木工程与军事行动支持等众多领域显现出巨大的应用潜力，已经成为普遍关注的热点问题。城市的三维逼真描述——三维城市模型(3D City Models，3DCM)不仅具有传统虚拟现实表现的高度真实感，而且具有3DGIS数据库管理与分析应用等功能并能与其他社会经济信息互联，因而在城市空间信息科学领域受到了越来越多的关注。
自上世纪90年代于欧洲提出并在城市建设领域得到应用，目前三维城市模型已得到一定程度的发展，许多研究者从不同角度对三维城市模型进行了研究，而很多数据服务商已经能够提供全球范围内不同城市的三维模型。三维城市模型可以认为是3DGIS一种并不成熟但得到一定程度应用的系统原型，当前的研究，集中于三维城市模型的数据获取、数据模型、数据管理、可视化、空间分析模塑等方面，但在数据规范和标准方面，鲜有系统而成熟的研究。作为一种空间数据，规范与标准对三维城市模型的应用和发展具有至关重要的意义。目前这一方面研究的缺乏，已直接阻碍了三维城市模型的发展。在三维城市模型不同类型的规范和标准中，三维城市模型的数据内容及其细节层次的表达是一个非常重要与基础的部分，它一方面决定数据生产者与使用者对数据的定义，另一方面也直接决定了三维城市模型在数据模型、可视化等其他领域的研究。
本文涉及的研究内容集中在三个方面：(1)基于不同应用分类的三维城市模型数据内容定义，主要包括分类依据的定义、各分类应用的特点、三维城市模型对象的属性特征、各分类具体的数据内容目录与列表。(2)三维城市模型多细节层次的定义，主要包括三维城市模型数据生产中多细节层次的特点、适合三维城市模型表达的数据模型、基于部件识别(Recognition By Components，RBC)理论应用于三维城市模型多细节层次的可行性分析、三维城市模型对象的纹理数据与几何数据的统一、对应三维城市模型不同应用类型的多细节层次定义。(3)三维城市模型的生产工艺与质量控制方案的制定，主要包括与三维城市模型数据生产相关的生产计划制定、不同三维模型数据类型(几何、纹理、属性等)完整的生产工艺流程、三维城市模型生产(包括DEM、数据源、三维几何建模、纹理数据采集、属性数据采集等相关方面)的全面质量控制。
(1) 基于不同应用分类的三维城市模型数据内容定义
■ 提出了三维城市模型应用的分类框架。三维城市模型目前在不同领域的应用繁杂而多样，而三维城市模型的很多实践已经证明，三维城市模型应用的数据内容定义是基于应用导向的，因此缺乏统一的三维城市模型应用分类框架直接影响了数据内容标准的制定。传统上对三维城市模型不同应用的分类和统一，一般依据应用的功能进行，但这种区分是随意和难以统一的。因为不同的群体对具体功能的理解可能存在极大的差异，而同时应用类型也是随着应用的发展在时刻变化的。考虑三维城市模型是一种注重与用户基于可视化进行信
息交流的数据类型，本文提出基于不同应用与人的可视和认知交流进行三维城市模型应用
划分的观点。在对三维城市模型不同应用特点考察的基础上，将三维城市模型的不同应用
分为基于还真可视的三维城市模型应用、基于三维空间寻径与导航的三级城市机型应用以
及针对特定分析模型的三维城市模型应用三个类别．这三种分类的提出，将所有三维城市
模型种类繁多的应用归纳于统一的应用框架之下，为三维城市模型＆据内容的规范化奠定
了基础．
回 提出了三维城市模型对象的用性特征．由于在三维空间的扩展，三维城市用型在表达城市
空间地物时更加复杂和多样．传统上对一维空间对象单一的包括位置（Posnion）、尺寸（She）
与形状（Shape）的几何特性描述，己不能完整地描述三维城市模型对象的特性．本文对三
维城市模型对象从几何和可视两方面的特性，定义了三维城市模型在几何、纹理、多细节
层次、可识别性、技体性、美观性等六个方面的对象目性特征．
回 实现了三维城市模型不同应用类别的数据内容目录定义．根据每一应用类别所依＠的分类
依据，对多应用类别的应用环境与应用特点进行了分析．在城市所需要表达的空间与非空
间对象中，对空间对象依据三维城市模型的六个对家属性特征，建立了每一应用类别的空
间对象目录列表．
（2）三维城市模型细节层次的定义
回 提出了基于RBC理论
As the most densely distributed district of population, economics, technology, infrastructure and information on earth surface, City is the geographic integration of population and social economy .It is also the most complex and active segment which contains frequent communication among people. With the explosion of city, the problem on city construction and management becomes more and more acute day by day. The complexity of problems and width of information processed before strategists and workers is the obviously great Although the issue on social economy and development is concentrated in some important fields in the past, now the focus is often esthetic, function mode, and apperception about local environment To adapt the development, the three dimension digital representation of city becomes hot issue attracting common attention because of its potential application in management of infrastructure, planning of mobile communication networks, strategy support of city development, emulation of pollution sc
attering, civil engineering and military supporting. The real three dimension description of city -Three Dimension City Models (3DCM) not only has the reality feeling of traditional VR representation, but also has function of 3D CIS database management and analysis application associated with other social economical information, so it's attention is more and more in the field of city special information.
Since its appearance and application in 90's of last century, nowadays 3DCM has already been developed in a certain degree. Many researchers study 3DCM in different aspect, and many data providers can supply 3D models of different cities allover the world. 3DCM can be looked as a kind of non-mature archetype of 3DGIS.The current research mainly includes data capture, data model. data management. visualization and spatial analysis model etc., but in the fields of data criterions and standards there is few systemic and mature study. As a kind of special data, criterions and standards is vital to the application and development 3DCM.Lack of study in mis field has become obstacle of development of 3DCM.In different kind of criterions and standards, data content and its representation of detailed levels are important and basic. On one hand it controls the definition of data to data producer and user, on the other hand it controls the data model, visualization, and study in corresponding field.
The content of this paper mainly includes two aspects: (1) data definition based on different 3DCM application classification, which mainly includes definition of classification data, characteristic of classification application, attribute features of 3DCM object, data content catalog and index of different classification.(2) multiple detailed levels definition of 3DCM, which mainly includes characteristics of multiple detailed levels, adaptive data model to 3DCM representation, feasibility analyst of 3DCM multiple detailed levels based on Recognition By Components(RBC) theory, decomposing and composing of object body cell based on RBC theory, unification of texture data and geometry data in 3DCM, definition of multiple detailed levels in different 3DCM application type.
(1) data definition based on different 3DCM application classification
?Provide application framework of 3DCM. At present the applications of 3DCM in different fields are complex and various. Many application practice proves that data content definition of 3DCM application are based on the direction of application, so lack of 3DCM application classification
framework requires data content standard. Traditional classification of 3DCM application are usually depends on function of application, but this classification is random and can't be unified, so different colony have great difference in understanding the detained functions, and the application type are changing ceaselessly. Considering that 3DCM is a kind of data type which pays attention to information communication based on visualization. This paper provides the viewpoint that 3DCM application plann
自上世纪90年代于欧洲提出并在城市建设领域得到应用，目前三维城市模型已得到一定程度的发展，许多研究者从不同角度对三维城市模型进行了研究，而很多数据服务商已经能够提供全球范围内不同城市的三维模型。三维城市模型可以认为是3DGIS一种并不成熟但得到一定程度应用的系统原型，当前的研究，集中于三维城市模型的数据获取、数据模型、数据管理、可视化、空间分析模塑等方面，但在数据规范和标准方面，鲜有系统而成熟的研究。作为一种空间数据，规范与标准对三维城市模型的应用和发展具有至关重要的意义。目前这一方面研究的缺乏，已直接阻碍了三维城市模型的发展。在三维城市模型不同类型的规范和标准中，三维城市模型的数据内容及其细节层次的表达是一个非常重要与基础的部分，它一方面决定数据生产者与使用者对数据的定义，另一方面也直接决定了三维城市模型在数据模型、可视化等其他领域的研究。
本文涉及的研究内容集中在三个方面：(1)基于不同应用分类的三维城市模型数据内容定义，主要包括分类依据的定义、各分类应用的特点、三维城市模型对象的属性特征、各分类具体的数据内容目录与列表。(2)三维城市模型多细节层次的定义，主要包括三维城市模型数据生产中多细节层次的特点、适合三维城市模型表达的数据模型、基于部件识别(Recognition By Components，RBC)理论应用于三维城市模型多细节层次的可行性分析、三维城市模型对象的纹理数据与几何数据的统一、对应三维城市模型不同应用类型的多细节层次定义。(3)三维城市模型的生产工艺与质量控制方案的制定，主要包括与三维城市模型数据生产相关的生产计划制定、不同三维模型数据类型(几何、纹理、属性等)完整的生产工艺流程、三维城市模型生产(包括DEM、数据源、三维几何建模、纹理数据采集、属性数据采集等相关方面)的全面质量控制。
(1) 基于不同应用分类的三维城市模型数据内容定义
■ 提出了三维城市模型应用的分类框架。三维城市模型目前在不同领域的应用繁杂而多样，而三维城市模型的很多实践已经证明，三维城市模型应用的数据内容定义是基于应用导向的，因此缺乏统一的三维城市模型应用分类框架直接影响了数据内容标准的制定。传统上对三维城市模型不同应用的分类和统一，一般依据应用的功能进行，但这种区分是随意和难以统一的。因为不同的群体对具体功能的理解可能存在极大的差异，而同时应用类型也是随着应用的发展在时刻变化的。考虑三维城市模型是一种注重与用户基于可视化进行信
息交流的数据类型，本文提出基于不同应用与人的可视和认知交流进行三维城市模型应用
划分的观点。在对三维城市模型不同应用特点考察的基础上，将三维城市模型的不同应用
分为基于还真可视的三维城市模型应用、基于三维空间寻径与导航的三级城市机型应用以
及针对特定分析模型的三维城市模型应用三个类别．这三种分类的提出，将所有三维城市
模型种类繁多的应用归纳于统一的应用框架之下，为三维城市模型＆据内容的规范化奠定
了基础．
回 提出了三维城市模型对象的用性特征．由于在三维空间的扩展，三维城市用型在表达城市
空间地物时更加复杂和多样．传统上对一维空间对象单一的包括位置（Posnion）、尺寸（She）
与形状（Shape）的几何特性描述，己不能完整地描述三维城市模型对象的特性．本文对三
维城市模型对象从几何和可视两方面的特性，定义了三维城市模型在几何、纹理、多细节
层次、可识别性、技体性、美观性等六个方面的对象目性特征．
回 实现了三维城市模型不同应用类别的数据内容目录定义．根据每一应用类别所依＠的分类
依据，对多应用类别的应用环境与应用特点进行了分析．在城市所需要表达的空间与非空
间对象中，对空间对象依据三维城市模型的六个对家属性特征，建立了每一应用类别的空
间对象目录列表．
（2）三维城市模型细节层次的定义
回 提出了基于RBC理论
As the most densely distributed district of population, economics, technology, infrastructure and information on earth surface, City is the geographic integration of population and social economy .It is also the most complex and active segment which contains frequent communication among people. With the explosion of city, the problem on city construction and management becomes more and more acute day by day. The complexity of problems and width of information processed before strategists and workers is the obviously great Although the issue on social economy and development is concentrated in some important fields in the past, now the focus is often esthetic, function mode, and apperception about local environment To adapt the development, the three dimension digital representation of city becomes hot issue attracting common attention because of its potential application in management of infrastructure, planning of mobile communication networks, strategy support of city development, emulation of pollution sc
attering, civil engineering and military supporting. The real three dimension description of city -Three Dimension City Models (3DCM) not only has the reality feeling of traditional VR representation, but also has function of 3D CIS database management and analysis application associated with other social economical information, so it's attention is more and more in the field of city special information.
Since its appearance and application in 90's of last century, nowadays 3DCM has already been developed in a certain degree. Many researchers study 3DCM in different aspect, and many data providers can supply 3D models of different cities allover the world. 3DCM can be looked as a kind of non-mature archetype of 3DGIS.The current research mainly includes data capture, data model. data management. visualization and spatial analysis model etc., but in the fields of data criterions and standards there is few systemic and mature study. As a kind of special data, criterions and standards is vital to the application and development 3DCM.Lack of study in mis field has become obstacle of development of 3DCM.In different kind of criterions and standards, data content and its representation of detailed levels are important and basic. On one hand it controls the definition of data to data producer and user, on the other hand it controls the data model, visualization, and study in corresponding field.
The content of this paper mainly includes two aspects: (1) data definition based on different 3DCM application classification, which mainly includes definition of classification data, characteristic of classification application, attribute features of 3DCM object, data content catalog and index of different classification.(2) multiple detailed levels definition of 3DCM, which mainly includes characteristics of multiple detailed levels, adaptive data model to 3DCM representation, feasibility analyst of 3DCM multiple detailed levels based on Recognition By Components(RBC) theory, decomposing and composing of object body cell based on RBC theory, unification of texture data and geometry data in 3DCM, definition of multiple detailed levels in different 3DCM application type.
(1) data definition based on different 3DCM application classification
?Provide application framework of 3DCM. At present the applications of 3DCM in different fields are complex and various. Many application practice proves that data content definition of 3DCM application are based on the direction of application, so lack of 3DCM application classification
framework requires data content standard. Traditional classification of 3DCM application are usually depends on function of application, but this classification is random and can't be unified, so different colony have great difference in understanding the detained functions, and the application type are changing ceaselessly. Considering that 3DCM is a kind of data type which pays attention to information communication based on visualization. This paper provides the viewpoint that 3DCM application plann
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