MPCF&UV除藻灭菌法参数优化及放大试验研究
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摘要
由于人类不合理地利用水资源,导致水体出现不同类别,不同程度的污染。其中水中藻类及微生物因其危害的普遍性和爆发性,引起人们越来越多的关注。
在调研了国内外现有技术之后,综合对比各技术优劣势,本实验室采用多孔过滤与紫外辐射(MPCF&UV)相结合的方式处理水中藻类及细菌。本文在前期实验的基础上,分析MPCF&UV系统除藻灭菌的作用机理,为本系统的进一步研究提供理论依据。通过实验研究滤芯结构参数对处理结果的影响规律,优化运行条件,以期获得系统设计及运行时的关键因素,同时还对处理后水中藻类和细菌的损伤机制、过滤器运行的持续稳定性及再生机制进行研究。建立中试试验装置进行放大试验研究,考察不同操作条件下该系统对典型藻类、细菌的去除结果,确定放大试验中系统处理能力的稳定性。此外,本文还评估了该系统经济可行性。
首先,通过文献调研和前期实验研究,分别对MPCF除藻、UV除藻、MPCF&UV协同除藻进行分析。揭示壁流式结构的多孔陶瓷过滤器在除藻过程中,主要依靠拦截、沉淀、惯性沉积、附着作用和架桥等作用去除海水中的藻,主导作用会因环境条件不同而异。紫外线主要通过直接辐射作用,摧毁微生物的DNA或RNA,使其死亡。实验中搭建了多孔过滤除藻实验装置平台,以总悬浮颗粒物(TSS)截留率和特征藻种除藻效率为指标,通过正交实验优化多孔滤芯结构参数.包括滤芯通道长度、通道数量和壁孔尺寸,进而获得了优化的处理流量。结果表明：在MPCF过滤器可加工范围内,以壁孔尺寸200目,通道长度152.4mm,通道数1824个型号的过滤器截留效果最佳；单位体积(L)滤芯的优化处理流量为0.6m3/h。同时以优化流量进行持续性实验,获得累计处理水量(V)与水头损失(H)关系,并以滤芯通量恢复率和截留率恢复率为评价指标对滤芯反冲洗时间、流量等条件进行优化设计。
另外,分别建立UV法和MPCF&UV法实验装置。采用正交分析法实验考察紫外辐射剂量、指示藻种密度和指示藻种尺寸各因素对灭菌效率的影响。比较UV法灭菌和MPCF&UV法灭菌结果,并用扫描电镜(SEM)分析处理前后的细菌形态。结果证实MPCF&UV法的灭菌效果明显优于UV法,MPCF的一级处理能够有效提高紫外线的透射率从而提升紫外的灭菌效果。
前期实验中研究了MPCF&UV系统在低流量(小于10m3/h)下除藻灭菌效果,初步验证了该系统在除藻灭菌方面的高效性和稳定性。考虑实际应用的需要,在前期实验基础上,放大试验规模,设计、加工一套处理流量为50～100m3/h的中试试验装置。分别对添加指示生物(盐藻)测试用海水和原生海水进行了处理试验,结果表明：放大后的MPCF&UV系统对于盐藻及原生海水中的浮游生物、海洋细菌均保持较高的截留率和灭活率,无放大效应,同时系统的持久性也得到了验证。
最后,初步分析了多孔陶瓷过滤与紫外辐射相结合法处理含藻废水技术的安装费用和运行费用。其中安装费用主要包括主体部件费用,附件费用及材料费、加工费等：运行费用主要包括电费、设备折旧费和人工费等。计算结果显示：中试试验系统安装费用与系统处理流量的比值低于小试实验系统的比值；通过对比现有技术运行费用,认为MPCF&UV法结合处理含藻废水的方法比同类方法具有更好的经济性。
综上所述,MPCF&UV系统在处理水体的藻类和细菌方面,具有高效性、稳定性及经济性。放大过程中无放大效应,可直接放大,适用于不同的处理规模,应用前景广阔。
As unreasonable usage of water, different types and different levels of pollution occur in waters. Among these pollution, algae and bacteria have drawn increasingly attention for its universal existance and explosive and unexpected hazards.
By investigation of the existing technologies, and by comparing the advantages and disadvantages of them, the combination treatment of multi-porous ceramic filtration and ultraviolet radiation (MPCF&UV) is poposed for algae and bacteria in water. On the basis of preliminary experiments, the mechanism of MPCF&UV system on algae and bateria is studied, which provides a theoretical basis for further research. By experimental study on the effects of structure parameters of filter, operating conditions are optimized, and key factors of the design and operation are obtained. Meanwhile, damage of treated algae and bacteria are studied, as well as the sustainability and regeneration of the filter. In the sale-up experiments, typical alga removal effects and bateria inactivation effects are compared under different operation conditions, in order to verify the stabilization of MPCF&UV treatment. Additionally, economic feasibility of the system is also evaluated.
Firstly, depending on literature investigation and preliminary experimental study, alga removal efficiencies were compared on MPCF, UV, andMPCF&UV treatment respectively. The result showed that wall-flow structure porous ceramic filter removes algae mainly relying on the effects of interception, deposition, inertial sedimentation, asorption and bridging, and the key effects may change with environment. UV lights mainly destroy DNA or RNA of the bacteria via UV radiation to inactivate bacteria.
MPCF experimental equipment was set up to remove alga, and total suspended solids (TSS) removal efficiencies and typical alga removal efficiencis were chosen as indicators. Orthogonal experiments were designed to optimize the structural parameters of the MPCF, including filtration channel length, number of channels and size of wall pore. Furthermore, optimal flow rate was obtained. The results showed that considering the limitation of processing, the highest removing effects can be achieved by the filter with the following parameters:the size of wall pore is200meshes, the channel length is152.4mm, and the channel number is1824, and the optimal flow rate is0.6m3/h for a1L filter.Meanwhile, a series of experiments were carried out at the optimal flow rate, and the relationship between accumulated treatment volum (V) and head loss (H) was studied. Backwashing conditions include time span and flow rate were detected by evaluating recovery rates on flux and removal efficiencies.
In addition, the UV and MPCF&UV experimental equipements were set up. By orthogonal analysis, the effects of UV dose, the density and size of indicating algae species on the efficiency of bacteria inactivation were studied experimentally. The inactivation results of UV and MPCF&UV were compared, and the morphology of treated bacteria was analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). It concluded that MPCF&UV is obviously superior to UV on bacteria treatment, and first stage treatment of MPCF can effectively raise transmission rate of UV lights and then improve the inactivation effects.
The previous study of MPCF&UV system at low flow rates (less than10m3/h) has verified the efficiency and stability in the algae and bacteria treatment. For the practical application, a pilot device at the flow rates of50-100m3/h was designed and established on the basis of the previous study. Water with Dunaliella salina and native seawater have been used respectively to carry treatment tests. The results show that the scale-up MPCF&UV system maintains a high removal efficiency and inactivation efficiency on Dunaliella salina, plankton, and marine bacteria, with no negative amplification effect, and the persistence of the system is verified.
Finally, the economic feasibility including installment costs and operation costs of MPCF&UV system was evaluated. The installment costs mainly include costs of main component, the accessories, material, and equipment processing. The operation cost mainly includes power consumption fee, equipment depreciation cost, and labor cost. It indicates that the ratio of installment capital to flow rate of the scale-up system is lower than the small-scale equipment. The combination method has better economy than any other similar method.
In summary, MPCF&UV system has high efficiency, stability and economy on algae and bacteria in water. There is no negative amplification effect for scale-up experiment, and it has broad prospects on application.
在调研了国内外现有技术之后,综合对比各技术优劣势,本实验室采用多孔过滤与紫外辐射(MPCF&UV)相结合的方式处理水中藻类及细菌。本文在前期实验的基础上,分析MPCF&UV系统除藻灭菌的作用机理,为本系统的进一步研究提供理论依据。通过实验研究滤芯结构参数对处理结果的影响规律,优化运行条件,以期获得系统设计及运行时的关键因素,同时还对处理后水中藻类和细菌的损伤机制、过滤器运行的持续稳定性及再生机制进行研究。建立中试试验装置进行放大试验研究,考察不同操作条件下该系统对典型藻类、细菌的去除结果,确定放大试验中系统处理能力的稳定性。此外,本文还评估了该系统经济可行性。
首先,通过文献调研和前期实验研究,分别对MPCF除藻、UV除藻、MPCF&UV协同除藻进行分析。揭示壁流式结构的多孔陶瓷过滤器在除藻过程中,主要依靠拦截、沉淀、惯性沉积、附着作用和架桥等作用去除海水中的藻,主导作用会因环境条件不同而异。紫外线主要通过直接辐射作用,摧毁微生物的DNA或RNA,使其死亡。实验中搭建了多孔过滤除藻实验装置平台,以总悬浮颗粒物(TSS)截留率和特征藻种除藻效率为指标,通过正交实验优化多孔滤芯结构参数.包括滤芯通道长度、通道数量和壁孔尺寸,进而获得了优化的处理流量。结果表明：在MPCF过滤器可加工范围内,以壁孔尺寸200目,通道长度152.4mm,通道数1824个型号的过滤器截留效果最佳；单位体积(L)滤芯的优化处理流量为0.6m3/h。同时以优化流量进行持续性实验,获得累计处理水量(V)与水头损失(H)关系,并以滤芯通量恢复率和截留率恢复率为评价指标对滤芯反冲洗时间、流量等条件进行优化设计。
另外,分别建立UV法和MPCF&UV法实验装置。采用正交分析法实验考察紫外辐射剂量、指示藻种密度和指示藻种尺寸各因素对灭菌效率的影响。比较UV法灭菌和MPCF&UV法灭菌结果,并用扫描电镜(SEM)分析处理前后的细菌形态。结果证实MPCF&UV法的灭菌效果明显优于UV法,MPCF的一级处理能够有效提高紫外线的透射率从而提升紫外的灭菌效果。
前期实验中研究了MPCF&UV系统在低流量(小于10m3/h)下除藻灭菌效果,初步验证了该系统在除藻灭菌方面的高效性和稳定性。考虑实际应用的需要,在前期实验基础上,放大试验规模,设计、加工一套处理流量为50～100m3/h的中试试验装置。分别对添加指示生物(盐藻)测试用海水和原生海水进行了处理试验,结果表明：放大后的MPCF&UV系统对于盐藻及原生海水中的浮游生物、海洋细菌均保持较高的截留率和灭活率,无放大效应,同时系统的持久性也得到了验证。
最后,初步分析了多孔陶瓷过滤与紫外辐射相结合法处理含藻废水技术的安装费用和运行费用。其中安装费用主要包括主体部件费用,附件费用及材料费、加工费等：运行费用主要包括电费、设备折旧费和人工费等。计算结果显示：中试试验系统安装费用与系统处理流量的比值低于小试实验系统的比值；通过对比现有技术运行费用,认为MPCF&UV法结合处理含藻废水的方法比同类方法具有更好的经济性。
综上所述,MPCF&UV系统在处理水体的藻类和细菌方面,具有高效性、稳定性及经济性。放大过程中无放大效应,可直接放大,适用于不同的处理规模,应用前景广阔。
As unreasonable usage of water, different types and different levels of pollution occur in waters. Among these pollution, algae and bacteria have drawn increasingly attention for its universal existance and explosive and unexpected hazards.
By investigation of the existing technologies, and by comparing the advantages and disadvantages of them, the combination treatment of multi-porous ceramic filtration and ultraviolet radiation (MPCF&UV) is poposed for algae and bacteria in water. On the basis of preliminary experiments, the mechanism of MPCF&UV system on algae and bateria is studied, which provides a theoretical basis for further research. By experimental study on the effects of structure parameters of filter, operating conditions are optimized, and key factors of the design and operation are obtained. Meanwhile, damage of treated algae and bacteria are studied, as well as the sustainability and regeneration of the filter. In the sale-up experiments, typical alga removal effects and bateria inactivation effects are compared under different operation conditions, in order to verify the stabilization of MPCF&UV treatment. Additionally, economic feasibility of the system is also evaluated.
Firstly, depending on literature investigation and preliminary experimental study, alga removal efficiencies were compared on MPCF, UV, andMPCF&UV treatment respectively. The result showed that wall-flow structure porous ceramic filter removes algae mainly relying on the effects of interception, deposition, inertial sedimentation, asorption and bridging, and the key effects may change with environment. UV lights mainly destroy DNA or RNA of the bacteria via UV radiation to inactivate bacteria.
MPCF experimental equipment was set up to remove alga, and total suspended solids (TSS) removal efficiencies and typical alga removal efficiencis were chosen as indicators. Orthogonal experiments were designed to optimize the structural parameters of the MPCF, including filtration channel length, number of channels and size of wall pore. Furthermore, optimal flow rate was obtained. The results showed that considering the limitation of processing, the highest removing effects can be achieved by the filter with the following parameters:the size of wall pore is200meshes, the channel length is152.4mm, and the channel number is1824, and the optimal flow rate is0.6m3/h for a1L filter.Meanwhile, a series of experiments were carried out at the optimal flow rate, and the relationship between accumulated treatment volum (V) and head loss (H) was studied. Backwashing conditions include time span and flow rate were detected by evaluating recovery rates on flux and removal efficiencies.
In addition, the UV and MPCF&UV experimental equipements were set up. By orthogonal analysis, the effects of UV dose, the density and size of indicating algae species on the efficiency of bacteria inactivation were studied experimentally. The inactivation results of UV and MPCF&UV were compared, and the morphology of treated bacteria was analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). It concluded that MPCF&UV is obviously superior to UV on bacteria treatment, and first stage treatment of MPCF can effectively raise transmission rate of UV lights and then improve the inactivation effects.
The previous study of MPCF&UV system at low flow rates (less than10m3/h) has verified the efficiency and stability in the algae and bacteria treatment. For the practical application, a pilot device at the flow rates of50-100m3/h was designed and established on the basis of the previous study. Water with Dunaliella salina and native seawater have been used respectively to carry treatment tests. The results show that the scale-up MPCF&UV system maintains a high removal efficiency and inactivation efficiency on Dunaliella salina, plankton, and marine bacteria, with no negative amplification effect, and the persistence of the system is verified.
Finally, the economic feasibility including installment costs and operation costs of MPCF&UV system was evaluated. The installment costs mainly include costs of main component, the accessories, material, and equipment processing. The operation cost mainly includes power consumption fee, equipment depreciation cost, and labor cost. It indicates that the ratio of installment capital to flow rate of the scale-up system is lower than the small-scale equipment. The combination method has better economy than any other similar method.
In summary, MPCF&UV system has high efficiency, stability and economy on algae and bacteria in water. There is no negative amplification effect for scale-up experiment, and it has broad prospects on application.
引文
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