面向陆地边界场景的三维建模方法研究
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摘要
“数字陆地边界”三维建模常用的方法有两种,一是将数字高程模型与影像相结合,在边界地带构建本质上为2.5维的LOD 0级数字地形模型；二是在边界口岸等局部范围,采用实体模型与纹理贴面相结合的方法,构建多级LODs三维模型。用这两种方法构建的边界三维模型均有一定的局限性,前者的现势性往往不高、纹理细节不够,后者构建技术复杂、更新较为困难,往往不能满足边界突发事件处置和勘界联检等对局部高细节、现势性三维场景的需求。研究发展适合边界场景特点的三维建模方法,是“数字陆地边界”的一个重要研究任务。
为此,本论文以研究发展适合边界场景特点的三维建模方法为目标,提出一种立体全景建模方法,并结合界碑等分界标志物的三维重构以及边界局部地区综合多类信息浏览与分析表达集成方法等科学问题展开相关深入的研究,最后开发实验系统对研究的成果进行了验证与分析。论文的主要研究内容和成果总结如下：
(1)提出了适用于边界地区的一种全景建模方法。该方法可构建具备量测操作分析功能的三维全景模型,在“数字陆地边界”景观表达中,易与3DGIS结合。通过构建立体全景模型,分析其内在的双球面投影几何关系,推导出其核线几何关系的形式化描述,并由此建立数据量测计算的理论依据,研究构建相对定向、绝对定向以及立体量测等算法。最后,通过采集的陆地边界地区数据对具体的量测方法进行了验证。
(2)提出一种基于横向切片的分界标志物三维重构方法。该方法利用平面单应变换和未标定的多视图完成三维重建。通过对重构物体成像轮廓约束及场景约束,求得各层轮廓线的三维值以及重构物体的高度。该方法无需相机标定,无需计算基本矩阵,无需进行重构物体的特征匹配。因此与传统摄影测量方法相比具有简便易行的优点。实验表明该方法对规则与非规则物体的三维重建均具有良好的效果。
(3)提出了一种综合多类信息浏览与分析表达的集成方法。针对边界突发事件、勘界等局部地区的应用需求,在构建“数字陆地边界”系统时,必须集成各方面的数据,包括覆盖该区域的数字地形模型,地表各类对象的三维模型,重点路段的序列全景模型,以及界碑等分界物的三维显示等等。为此,论文提出了基于Web环境的各类数据多层次细节模型集成方法,包括集成的架构设计,以及集成的功能设计与实现技术等。
(4)开发原型验证系统。针对本论文提出的原理与算法,利用Matlab实现了立体全景建模、分界标志物三维重构。在Web环境下,应用Java编程,开发了边界局部地区综合多类信息浏览与分析的原型系统。实验验证了文章所提出的边界三维建模方法。全景建模数据采集简便灵活、现势性强、细节表达丰富且构模效率高、并具备可量测性；三维重构能实现分界物的简便、快速建模；集成方法能有效集成各种层次细节模型。
There are two three-dimensional modeling (3D) methods used commonly in "Digital Land Boundary ". The one is the digital terrain model, constructed by the digital elevation model and orthophoto images (LOD 0) in the boundary zone. The other is the surface features model (block model added texture) constructed in boundary towns (LODs), usually constructed by automatic or semi-automatic interactive approach. However, both these two types of three-dimensional methods have certain limitations:The terrain model is not strong potential and has not enough rich texture detail, and the surface features model construction has disadvantages of technical complexity and more difficult update. These two kinds of 3D modeling methods can not often satisfy the local high detail and potential demands of boundary emergency disposal, boundary demarcation and boundary joint inspection.
So this thesis is to study the characteristics of boundary scene, focus on developing a kind of boundary three-dimensional modeling method, which proposes a kind of three-dimensional panorama modeling approach, combined with boundary markers three-dimensional reconstruction, integrated multi-class information and analysis of the expressions view in some boundary local areas, and other scientific issues related to in-depth study. Finally, an antitype system is developed to evaluate and test the method and algorithms proposed by the dissertation. The main research programs and results derived are as follows:
(1) This dissertation proposes a kind of measurable three-dimensional reconstruction approach based on spherical panoramas. Which applied in the background of China's land boundaries. This approach firstly constructs a stereo panoramic model, then analyzes the internal geometry of two-spherical projection, presents spherical panoramic epipolar geometry, thereby establishing a data calculation basis for measuring. The experiment shows that the approach is much validated, which could be applied for boundary 3D scene modeling, and something useful is obtained.
(2) This dissertation proposes a metric approach to recover the object based on slicing planes by homography transformation. The approach done here based on the constraints of silhouette and the scene, a set of hypothetical planes to intersect the reconstructed object to obtain every slicing plane of the reconstructed object by homography transformation and recover it to 3D, moreover, calculate the reconstructed object height by reference height. This approach requires no camera calibration, the estimation of the fundamental matrix or feature matches; hence, it reduces the computational complexity. By proving the scaling factor invariance after the point in the image on the line and corresponding algorithms proposed to complete this three-dimensional reconstruction.
(3) This dissertation proposes a kind of multiple levels of detail (LODs) integration modeling method for the land boundary region to integrate multi-class information and analysis of the expressions view in some boundary local areas. The method is integrated in the Web containing panoramic roaming, panoramic measurement, boundary markers three-dimensional visualization and image display, it realized an idea of the data granularity, complexity, and accuracy.
(4) A prototype system is developed to test and evaluate the method and algorithms proposed by the dissertation. Experiments in Matlab platform verify spherical panorama modeling, calculating orientation parameters, measuring the boundary scene, and verify the boundary markers reconstruction based on slicing planes, calculating related parameters. Finally, the prototype system in the Web is developed to verify the multiple levels of detail (LODs) integration modeling method to integrate multi-class information and analysis of the expressions view for some boundary local areas. Experimental results show that the proposed land boundary three-dimensional modeling method is effective and feasible, and something useful is obtained.
为此,本论文以研究发展适合边界场景特点的三维建模方法为目标,提出一种立体全景建模方法,并结合界碑等分界标志物的三维重构以及边界局部地区综合多类信息浏览与分析表达集成方法等科学问题展开相关深入的研究,最后开发实验系统对研究的成果进行了验证与分析。论文的主要研究内容和成果总结如下：
(1)提出了适用于边界地区的一种全景建模方法。该方法可构建具备量测操作分析功能的三维全景模型,在“数字陆地边界”景观表达中,易与3DGIS结合。通过构建立体全景模型,分析其内在的双球面投影几何关系,推导出其核线几何关系的形式化描述,并由此建立数据量测计算的理论依据,研究构建相对定向、绝对定向以及立体量测等算法。最后,通过采集的陆地边界地区数据对具体的量测方法进行了验证。
(2)提出一种基于横向切片的分界标志物三维重构方法。该方法利用平面单应变换和未标定的多视图完成三维重建。通过对重构物体成像轮廓约束及场景约束,求得各层轮廓线的三维值以及重构物体的高度。该方法无需相机标定,无需计算基本矩阵,无需进行重构物体的特征匹配。因此与传统摄影测量方法相比具有简便易行的优点。实验表明该方法对规则与非规则物体的三维重建均具有良好的效果。
(3)提出了一种综合多类信息浏览与分析表达的集成方法。针对边界突发事件、勘界等局部地区的应用需求,在构建“数字陆地边界”系统时,必须集成各方面的数据,包括覆盖该区域的数字地形模型,地表各类对象的三维模型,重点路段的序列全景模型,以及界碑等分界物的三维显示等等。为此,论文提出了基于Web环境的各类数据多层次细节模型集成方法,包括集成的架构设计,以及集成的功能设计与实现技术等。
(4)开发原型验证系统。针对本论文提出的原理与算法,利用Matlab实现了立体全景建模、分界标志物三维重构。在Web环境下,应用Java编程,开发了边界局部地区综合多类信息浏览与分析的原型系统。实验验证了文章所提出的边界三维建模方法。全景建模数据采集简便灵活、现势性强、细节表达丰富且构模效率高、并具备可量测性；三维重构能实现分界物的简便、快速建模；集成方法能有效集成各种层次细节模型。
There are two three-dimensional modeling (3D) methods used commonly in "Digital Land Boundary ". The one is the digital terrain model, constructed by the digital elevation model and orthophoto images (LOD 0) in the boundary zone. The other is the surface features model (block model added texture) constructed in boundary towns (LODs), usually constructed by automatic or semi-automatic interactive approach. However, both these two types of three-dimensional methods have certain limitations:The terrain model is not strong potential and has not enough rich texture detail, and the surface features model construction has disadvantages of technical complexity and more difficult update. These two kinds of 3D modeling methods can not often satisfy the local high detail and potential demands of boundary emergency disposal, boundary demarcation and boundary joint inspection.
So this thesis is to study the characteristics of boundary scene, focus on developing a kind of boundary three-dimensional modeling method, which proposes a kind of three-dimensional panorama modeling approach, combined with boundary markers three-dimensional reconstruction, integrated multi-class information and analysis of the expressions view in some boundary local areas, and other scientific issues related to in-depth study. Finally, an antitype system is developed to evaluate and test the method and algorithms proposed by the dissertation. The main research programs and results derived are as follows:
(1) This dissertation proposes a kind of measurable three-dimensional reconstruction approach based on spherical panoramas. Which applied in the background of China's land boundaries. This approach firstly constructs a stereo panoramic model, then analyzes the internal geometry of two-spherical projection, presents spherical panoramic epipolar geometry, thereby establishing a data calculation basis for measuring. The experiment shows that the approach is much validated, which could be applied for boundary 3D scene modeling, and something useful is obtained.
(2) This dissertation proposes a metric approach to recover the object based on slicing planes by homography transformation. The approach done here based on the constraints of silhouette and the scene, a set of hypothetical planes to intersect the reconstructed object to obtain every slicing plane of the reconstructed object by homography transformation and recover it to 3D, moreover, calculate the reconstructed object height by reference height. This approach requires no camera calibration, the estimation of the fundamental matrix or feature matches; hence, it reduces the computational complexity. By proving the scaling factor invariance after the point in the image on the line and corresponding algorithms proposed to complete this three-dimensional reconstruction.
(3) This dissertation proposes a kind of multiple levels of detail (LODs) integration modeling method for the land boundary region to integrate multi-class information and analysis of the expressions view in some boundary local areas. The method is integrated in the Web containing panoramic roaming, panoramic measurement, boundary markers three-dimensional visualization and image display, it realized an idea of the data granularity, complexity, and accuracy.
(4) A prototype system is developed to test and evaluate the method and algorithms proposed by the dissertation. Experiments in Matlab platform verify spherical panorama modeling, calculating orientation parameters, measuring the boundary scene, and verify the boundary markers reconstruction based on slicing planes, calculating related parameters. Finally, the prototype system in the Web is developed to verify the multiple levels of detail (LODs) integration modeling method to integrate multi-class information and analysis of the expressions view for some boundary local areas. Experimental results show that the proposed land boundary three-dimensional modeling method is effective and feasible, and something useful is obtained.
引文
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