碳/碳复合材料微细观结构的表征及对有效性能的影响研究
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摘要
多向编织碳/碳复合材料作为重要的高温热结构材料在航空航天等领域得到了广泛的应用。然而在多向编织碳/碳复合材料的制备、加工以及使用过程中,不可避免地会产生微裂纹、孔洞以及界面脱层,这些微观结构特征对材料的使用性能有着十分显著的影响。多向编织碳/碳复合材料内部的微观结构具有非均匀性、随机性特征,直接导致了其力学性能也具有随机性分布,然而由于长期以来难以获得材料内部原位、无损的微观结构特征,多向编织碳/碳复合材料力学性能的随机性研究还处于初始阶段。因此,本文对多向编织碳/碳复合材料内部微细观结构特征进行了观测和表征,以此为基础分析了碳/碳复合材料的组分材料以及界面层的有效性能,并对碳/碳复合材料的有效性能进行了分析,研究了微细观结构对有效性能的影响。主要研究内容如下:
多向编织碳/碳复合材料内部的基体和界面层为多相非均质材料,将孔洞和脱层视为均匀介质内部的夹杂相,使用了多相非均质材料的等效夹杂理论,推导出有效弹性性能计算公式,并使用了多孔介质的强度理论推导出强度计算公式及其影响因素。纤维束为横观各向同性材料,使用了平均场近似和自洽近似,对其有效弹性性能进行了分析,并使用了细观强度理论分析了纤维束的强度及其分布,结果显示纤维束的强度满足正态分布。
对多向编织碳/碳复合材料的宏-细-微观结构特征进行了研究。首先研究了多向编织碳/碳复合材料的周期性结构特征,根据其编织方式并结合体视显微镜、偏光显微镜等观测分析将材料划分为周期性单胞以及子单胞,由于在观测中发现材料的内部基体与纤维束之间存在明显的界面层,在子单胞中特别提出界面层作为材料的重要组元。然后重点研究了多向编织碳/碳复合材料内部微观结构,使用高分辨Mirco-CT观测系统对多向编织碳/碳复合材料的内部微观结构进行了系统的观测分析,获取了无损、原位的内部微观结构信息,发现在多向编织碳/碳复合材料内部,基体中存在大量的孔洞而界面层中存在大量的脱层,其直径集中分布于20微米至150微米之间。此外还使用了压汞法对多向编织碳/碳复合材料内部的孔隙进行了测试分析,结果显示材料内部的孔隙尺寸分布与Micro-CT的观测结果一致。
研究了多向编织碳/碳复合材料的组分材料(基体和纤维束)的力学性能及其分布。使用纳米压痕技术测试获得多向编织碳/碳复合材料中无孔碳基体的弹性性能,获得其弹性模量。对基体内部的微观结构特征进行统计分析,发现基体内部孔洞的孔径分布满足对数正态分布,在此基础上计算含有孔洞的基体的有效弹性性能和强度,获得其均值以及离散度等数据。分析了多向编织碳/碳复合材料中纤维束的有效弹性性能,并对纤维束的强度及其分布规律进行了计算和分析。
对界面层的微观结构信息进行统计分析,发现界面上脱层的直径分布同样满足对数正态分布,以此为基础对界面层的力学性能进行了计算分析。通过纤维束顶出实验对界面层力学性能进行了测试,并与计算结果进行对比,发现实验获得的剪切强度低于计算值。对纤维束顶出建立有限元模型,对顶出实验中界面层的应力分布进行分析,解释纤维束顶出实验结果低于计算结果的原因。
建立多向编织碳/碳复合材料子单胞的有限元模型,将组分材料和界面层的力学性能导入子单胞模型,作为组元性能的输入参数,分析子单胞的力学行为,获得子单胞的有效弹性性能。将子单胞的有效弹性性能导入单胞模型,分析了多向编织碳/碳复合材料的有效性能,并分析了组元特征对有效性能及其离散程度的影响。结果显示,纤维束对材料的有效性能及其离散度的影响大于基体和界面层;材料在承受Z向荷载时受力均匀,有效性能分散性小;而承受X或Y向荷载时,在碳布交叠处纤维弯曲部分存在应力集中,对纤维束性能的分散性产生放大效应,造成材料在XY向强度分散性较大。最后测试多向编织碳/碳复合材料力学性能,获得不同方向的拉伸强度和拉伸模量,并与有限元模型计算结果进行对比分析,发现实验结果与计算结果吻合较好。
Multi directional braided Carbon/carbon (C/C) composites are considered as the most important structural materials for high temperature application in Aviation and Aerospace. However,the microstructure characteristics such as micro-crack, hole,.interface debonding inevitably formed in composite manufacturing, processing and utilizing have significant effect on service performance of materials. Due to the nonhomogeneity and randomness of Multi directional braided Carbon/carbon (C/C) composites microstructure characteristics, the mechanical properties behave random distribution; however, for long period it is difficult to acquire In Situ /Nondestructive microstructure characteristics, the research of mechanical properties discreteness and its mechanism for Multi directional braided Carbon/carbon (C/C) composites at its beginning stage. So in this paper, the micro and meso structures of Multi directional braided Carbon/carbon (C/C) are observed and characterized. Based on the results of these characterizations, the mechanical properties of the component materials and the interfaces in Multi directional braided Carbon/carbon (C/C) are investigated. The effective properties of the C/C composites are analysed in this paper, and the relationship between the micro and meso structures and the effective properties are obtained also. The main research contents are as follows:
The matrix and the interfacial layer are supposed for the multi-phase non-homogeneous materials, The holes and delamination as a constituent phase in homogeneous medium, Derive the formula for calculating the effective elastic properties, by using Micro-structural mechanics, and micro-mechanics and the derived its strength calculating formula and its influencing factors by using the porous media strength theory. Suppose fiber bundle for the transversely isotropic material, by Means of mean-field approximation and self-consistent Approximation, analyzing the effective elastic properties, and analyzing the intensity and distribution of fiber bundle through micromechanics strength theory, results showed that the strength of fiber bundles fitted the normal distribution.
Macro-meso-micro structure characteristics of Multi directional braided Carbon/carbon (C/C) composites were studied. First, researched the Periodical structure characteristics, based on its braiding ways combines observational analysis gained by stereomicroscope and polarizing microscope, the materials are classified into periodical unit-cell and sub unit-cell, because of obvious interface layer between matrix and fiber bundle, witch is founded in observations, particularly propose interface as composition unit in sub unit-cell. Then focuses on the internal micro-structure, using the latest high-resolution Mirco-CT observation systems, conducted systematic observation and analysis for micro-structure of 3D-Carbon/carbon (C/C) composites. Obtained non-destructive, situ micro-structural information, Founded in Multi directional braided Carbon/ carbon(C/C) composites, within the matrix exists in a large number of holes, in the interface layer exists in a large number of delamination, its diameter, concentrated on between 20 microns to 150 microns. In addition, using the mercury intrusion method, the pores of the material were tested; results showed the pore size distribution were consistent with the Micro-CT observations.
Studied the the mechanical properties and its distribution of component materials (matrix and fiber bundles). Nanoindentation tests used to obtain the theory elastic properties of pure carbon matrix to obtain the elastic modulus. Statistical analysis of t microstructural characteristics found that within the matrix pore size distribution fitted the log-normal distribution, calculated on this basis, the matrix containing the hole analyzed the effective elastic properties of fiber bundles, the fiber bundle strength and its distribution were calculated.
The interface layer micro-structure information for statistical analysis and found that the interfacial layer delamination exists to meet the scale of the distribution of the same log-normal distribution, The statistical analysis for interface layer micro-structure information found that the delamination interface layer size distribution fitted the log-normal distribution, as a basis,the mechanical properties of the interfacial layer was calculated and analyzed. Through the fiber bundle push-out test , the mechanical properties calculation results of the interfacial layer are verified and found that the shear strength test was lower than the calculated values. On the fiber bundle push-out to establish the finite element model of push-out test analysis of the stress distribution, explaining the fiber bundle push-out reasons for the low results. FEM analysis of fiber bundle push-out test, analyzed the stress distribution, explaining the low results of the fiber bundle push-out.
Finite element model for Fine Weave Pierced Carbon/Carbon Composites is founded. Conducted FEM Simulation analysis of carbon / carbon composite mechanical behavior,then Comparative analysed With the experimental results. Simulate the mechanical behavior of sub-unit cell by means of seting the mechanical properties of component materials and interfacial layer as a sub-unit cell model input parameters,obtained its Effective Elastic Properties,on this basis,molding the unit-cell of 3D-Carbon/carbon (C/C) composites,simulated and analyzed the macroscopic mechanical properties of materials. The influences on effective properties by component materials are investigated also. The results showed that Z-load The materials is under a uniform load, so the strength bears little dispersibility.; that the X or Y -load within overlap in the carbon cloth the bending part of fiber produce stress concentration, generated the amplification effect to the strength of the fiber bundle dispersion, causing the material to the intensity of XY greater dispersion; and that the influences on effective properties by fiber bundles are more notable than by matrixes and interfaces. Testing Fine Weave Pierced Carbon/carbon (C/C) composites mechanical properties, the Carbon/Carbon Composites taked as specimen measured in different directions gained the tensile strength and tensile modulus, found that Z-dirction test a small discrete pieces to the XorY–directions a great dispersion of the specimen. Comparing the calculation results with the experimental results, it is found that these two results are accordant
多向编织碳/碳复合材料内部的基体和界面层为多相非均质材料,将孔洞和脱层视为均匀介质内部的夹杂相,使用了多相非均质材料的等效夹杂理论,推导出有效弹性性能计算公式,并使用了多孔介质的强度理论推导出强度计算公式及其影响因素。纤维束为横观各向同性材料,使用了平均场近似和自洽近似,对其有效弹性性能进行了分析,并使用了细观强度理论分析了纤维束的强度及其分布,结果显示纤维束的强度满足正态分布。
对多向编织碳/碳复合材料的宏-细-微观结构特征进行了研究。首先研究了多向编织碳/碳复合材料的周期性结构特征,根据其编织方式并结合体视显微镜、偏光显微镜等观测分析将材料划分为周期性单胞以及子单胞,由于在观测中发现材料的内部基体与纤维束之间存在明显的界面层,在子单胞中特别提出界面层作为材料的重要组元。然后重点研究了多向编织碳/碳复合材料内部微观结构,使用高分辨Mirco-CT观测系统对多向编织碳/碳复合材料的内部微观结构进行了系统的观测分析,获取了无损、原位的内部微观结构信息,发现在多向编织碳/碳复合材料内部,基体中存在大量的孔洞而界面层中存在大量的脱层,其直径集中分布于20微米至150微米之间。此外还使用了压汞法对多向编织碳/碳复合材料内部的孔隙进行了测试分析,结果显示材料内部的孔隙尺寸分布与Micro-CT的观测结果一致。
研究了多向编织碳/碳复合材料的组分材料(基体和纤维束)的力学性能及其分布。使用纳米压痕技术测试获得多向编织碳/碳复合材料中无孔碳基体的弹性性能,获得其弹性模量。对基体内部的微观结构特征进行统计分析,发现基体内部孔洞的孔径分布满足对数正态分布,在此基础上计算含有孔洞的基体的有效弹性性能和强度,获得其均值以及离散度等数据。分析了多向编织碳/碳复合材料中纤维束的有效弹性性能,并对纤维束的强度及其分布规律进行了计算和分析。
对界面层的微观结构信息进行统计分析,发现界面上脱层的直径分布同样满足对数正态分布,以此为基础对界面层的力学性能进行了计算分析。通过纤维束顶出实验对界面层力学性能进行了测试,并与计算结果进行对比,发现实验获得的剪切强度低于计算值。对纤维束顶出建立有限元模型,对顶出实验中界面层的应力分布进行分析,解释纤维束顶出实验结果低于计算结果的原因。
建立多向编织碳/碳复合材料子单胞的有限元模型,将组分材料和界面层的力学性能导入子单胞模型,作为组元性能的输入参数,分析子单胞的力学行为,获得子单胞的有效弹性性能。将子单胞的有效弹性性能导入单胞模型,分析了多向编织碳/碳复合材料的有效性能,并分析了组元特征对有效性能及其离散程度的影响。结果显示,纤维束对材料的有效性能及其离散度的影响大于基体和界面层;材料在承受Z向荷载时受力均匀,有效性能分散性小;而承受X或Y向荷载时,在碳布交叠处纤维弯曲部分存在应力集中,对纤维束性能的分散性产生放大效应,造成材料在XY向强度分散性较大。最后测试多向编织碳/碳复合材料力学性能,获得不同方向的拉伸强度和拉伸模量,并与有限元模型计算结果进行对比分析,发现实验结果与计算结果吻合较好。
Multi directional braided Carbon/carbon (C/C) composites are considered as the most important structural materials for high temperature application in Aviation and Aerospace. However,the microstructure characteristics such as micro-crack, hole,.interface debonding inevitably formed in composite manufacturing, processing and utilizing have significant effect on service performance of materials. Due to the nonhomogeneity and randomness of Multi directional braided Carbon/carbon (C/C) composites microstructure characteristics, the mechanical properties behave random distribution; however, for long period it is difficult to acquire In Situ /Nondestructive microstructure characteristics, the research of mechanical properties discreteness and its mechanism for Multi directional braided Carbon/carbon (C/C) composites at its beginning stage. So in this paper, the micro and meso structures of Multi directional braided Carbon/carbon (C/C) are observed and characterized. Based on the results of these characterizations, the mechanical properties of the component materials and the interfaces in Multi directional braided Carbon/carbon (C/C) are investigated. The effective properties of the C/C composites are analysed in this paper, and the relationship between the micro and meso structures and the effective properties are obtained also. The main research contents are as follows:
The matrix and the interfacial layer are supposed for the multi-phase non-homogeneous materials, The holes and delamination as a constituent phase in homogeneous medium, Derive the formula for calculating the effective elastic properties, by using Micro-structural mechanics, and micro-mechanics and the derived its strength calculating formula and its influencing factors by using the porous media strength theory. Suppose fiber bundle for the transversely isotropic material, by Means of mean-field approximation and self-consistent Approximation, analyzing the effective elastic properties, and analyzing the intensity and distribution of fiber bundle through micromechanics strength theory, results showed that the strength of fiber bundles fitted the normal distribution.
Macro-meso-micro structure characteristics of Multi directional braided Carbon/carbon (C/C) composites were studied. First, researched the Periodical structure characteristics, based on its braiding ways combines observational analysis gained by stereomicroscope and polarizing microscope, the materials are classified into periodical unit-cell and sub unit-cell, because of obvious interface layer between matrix and fiber bundle, witch is founded in observations, particularly propose interface as composition unit in sub unit-cell. Then focuses on the internal micro-structure, using the latest high-resolution Mirco-CT observation systems, conducted systematic observation and analysis for micro-structure of 3D-Carbon/carbon (C/C) composites. Obtained non-destructive, situ micro-structural information, Founded in Multi directional braided Carbon/ carbon(C/C) composites, within the matrix exists in a large number of holes, in the interface layer exists in a large number of delamination, its diameter, concentrated on between 20 microns to 150 microns. In addition, using the mercury intrusion method, the pores of the material were tested; results showed the pore size distribution were consistent with the Micro-CT observations.
Studied the the mechanical properties and its distribution of component materials (matrix and fiber bundles). Nanoindentation tests used to obtain the theory elastic properties of pure carbon matrix to obtain the elastic modulus. Statistical analysis of t microstructural characteristics found that within the matrix pore size distribution fitted the log-normal distribution, calculated on this basis, the matrix containing the hole analyzed the effective elastic properties of fiber bundles, the fiber bundle strength and its distribution were calculated.
The interface layer micro-structure information for statistical analysis and found that the interfacial layer delamination exists to meet the scale of the distribution of the same log-normal distribution, The statistical analysis for interface layer micro-structure information found that the delamination interface layer size distribution fitted the log-normal distribution, as a basis,the mechanical properties of the interfacial layer was calculated and analyzed. Through the fiber bundle push-out test , the mechanical properties calculation results of the interfacial layer are verified and found that the shear strength test was lower than the calculated values. On the fiber bundle push-out to establish the finite element model of push-out test analysis of the stress distribution, explaining the fiber bundle push-out reasons for the low results. FEM analysis of fiber bundle push-out test, analyzed the stress distribution, explaining the low results of the fiber bundle push-out.
Finite element model for Fine Weave Pierced Carbon/Carbon Composites is founded. Conducted FEM Simulation analysis of carbon / carbon composite mechanical behavior,then Comparative analysed With the experimental results. Simulate the mechanical behavior of sub-unit cell by means of seting the mechanical properties of component materials and interfacial layer as a sub-unit cell model input parameters,obtained its Effective Elastic Properties,on this basis,molding the unit-cell of 3D-Carbon/carbon (C/C) composites,simulated and analyzed the macroscopic mechanical properties of materials. The influences on effective properties by component materials are investigated also. The results showed that Z-load The materials is under a uniform load, so the strength bears little dispersibility.; that the X or Y -load within overlap in the carbon cloth the bending part of fiber produce stress concentration, generated the amplification effect to the strength of the fiber bundle dispersion, causing the material to the intensity of XY greater dispersion; and that the influences on effective properties by fiber bundles are more notable than by matrixes and interfaces. Testing Fine Weave Pierced Carbon/carbon (C/C) composites mechanical properties, the Carbon/Carbon Composites taked as specimen measured in different directions gained the tensile strength and tensile modulus, found that Z-dirction test a small discrete pieces to the XorY–directions a great dispersion of the specimen. Comparing the calculation results with the experimental results, it is found that these two results are accordant
引文
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