基于组合双向拍卖和信任的网格资源分配与定价算法研究及应用
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摘要
网格的本质是在动态、多机构的虚拟组织内实现协同的资源共享和问题求解。由于网格资源具有异构性、动态性等特点,传统的资源管理方式在网格中并不适用。而网格经济模型以市场机制对用户和资源提供者调节,有利于用户公平合理地使用资源,还可激励更多资源提供者加入网格,在网格资源分配中具有广阔前景。信任问题对于网格资源分配也非常重要,关系到资源交易中的安全性和服务质量。
本文的主要研究内容是网格资源分配与定价算法。本文以网格经济中的组合双向拍卖模型和网格信任模型为基础,对基于各类资源单价的单回合组合双向拍卖算法、基于供求价格弹性理论的多回合组合双向拍卖算法、定价机制与信任机制相结合的算法以及组合双向拍卖算法的具体应用场景进行了深入研究。
本文的主要研究成果和创新点包括以下几方面：
(1)提出了基于各类资源单价的组合双向拍卖算法,改进了传统组合双向拍卖中以资源包的平均价格进行定价的不足。仿真表明,在定价误差、激励机制、价格竞争力衡量以及负效用等方面,基于单价的算法都优于基于平均价格的算法。
(2)提出了基于供求价格弹性理论的多回合组合双向拍卖算法,将网格经济中的商品市场机制和拍卖机制进行了有效结合。根据各回合内的市场状态(供给过度或需求过度),利用各类资源的供给／需求价格弹性系数,分别计算并发布低于或高于资源真实价值的市场指导价格,引导拍卖参与者在此基础上竞价。仿真表明,该算法有效均衡了市场供求,提高了系统交易率,各回合内市场平均交易价格的变化规律与经济学中的价值规律吻合较好。
(3)提出了一种等效竞价算法,研究了组合双向拍卖与信任相结合进行网格资源分配与定价的机制。设计了基于信任度的竞价调整系数,将不同信任度的各节点的竞价都调整为基准信任度下的等效竞价,并基于该等效竞价,进一步以组合双向拍卖算法进行网格资源分配。仿真表明,该算法交易率较高,能防止恶意节点参与交易,所得效用可激励各买家提高、各卖家降低其等效单价。
(4)提出了一种加权平均算法,研究了另一类将组合双向拍卖与信任相结合进行网格资源分配与定价的机制。首先以信任度阈值的加权平均来鉴别恶意节点,然后设计了买家和卖家单价的归一化算法,以归一化竞价与信任度的加权平均来衡量正常节点的综合竞争力评分值。仿真表明,该算法交易率较高,可在交易之前剔除恶意节点,所得效用可激励正常节点提高其综合竞争力评分值。
(5)研究了大文件传输中GridFTP协议的流量特性,搭建GridFTP测试平台,分别对所监测的流量进行定性分析和定量分析。在平台上部署随机传输文件的程序,从数据包长度和吞吐量分布两方面对流量进行了定性研究；采用小波系数方差法,分别对广域网和局域网内GridFTP流量的自相似性进行了定量研究,结果表明,自相似参数值和平均吞吐量都随GridFTP并行数据流的增多而增大。
(6)提出了基于组合双向拍卖的大文件传输LFT-CoDA模型和算法,将资源分配与定价算法应用到实际的网格场景。设计了大文件传输中“多传输请求-多条并行路径”的体系结构,研究了LFT-CoDA场景的资源分配与定价算法,设计了整个场景的实现流程,搭建了LFT-CoDA测试平台,在平台上部署由Java语言编写的相关组件,实现了场景的运行和演示,并从激励机制角度对运行结果进行了分析。
The essence of grid is coordinated resource sharing and problem solving in dynamic, multi-institutional virtual organizations. Due to the dynamic and heterogeneous natures of the grid resources, traditional resource management is not suitable for the grid. The grid economy model, which adjusts the actions of grid users and resource providers using market mechanism, has broad prospects in grid resource allocation. It is beneficial to the reasonable and fair uses of the grid resources, and can attract more service providers to participate in grid. The trust issue is also very important for the grid resource allocation, which relates to the security and quality of service in grid resource trading.
The main research interest of the thesis is grid resource allocation and pricing. Based on the CoDA (combinatorial double auction) model and grid trust model, it makes deep researches on these points:the unit price based CoDA algorithm; the price elasticity of supply-and-demand based multi-round CoDA algorithm; the algorithms which combine pricing and trust mechanisms; concrete use-case of the CoDA algorithm.
The main achievements of the thesis include:
(1) A unit price based CoDA algorithm is proposed, which improves the deficiency of the mean price based pricing in traditional CoDA algorithm. The simulation results show that the unit price based algorithm has advantages over the mean price based algorithm from the aspects of pricing error, incentive mechanism, price competitiveness measurement and negative utility.
(2) A price elasticity of supply-and-demand based multi-round CoDA algorithm is proposed, which effectively combines the commodity market mechanism and auction mechanism. Based on the supply/demand price elasticity coefficients and the supply-and-demand relationship of the resource market, it computes and announces a market guiding price. Then the auction participators can bid based on this guiding price. Simulation results show that the algorithm efficiently equilibrates the market supply-and-demand, increases the trade rate, and the average trading price accords well with the "law or value" in economics.
(3) An equivalent price algorithm is proposed, which combines the CoDA and trust to solve the grid resource allocation and pricing issues. Firstly, it designs the price adjusting coefficients, which map the participators'bid prices under various trust degrees into the equivalent prices under the base trust degree. Then the grid resources are allocated and priced based on these equivalent prices using CoDA. Simulations show that the algorithm has high trade rate, can prevent malicious nodes from entering trade system, and the unit utility can give buyers or sellers incentives to increase or decrease their equivalent unit prices respectively.
(4) A weighted average algorithm is proposed, which provides another way of combining the CoDA and trust in grid resource allocation and pricing. Firstly, it identifies malicious nodes according to the weighted average of the trust degree thresholds. Then it designs the normalization methods for the buyer unit price and seller unit price, and measures the comprehensive scores of normal nodes by the weighted average of normalized bid prices and trust degrees. Simulations show that the algorithm has high trade rate, can reliably identify malicious nodes before the auction, and the unit utility can give nodes incentives to increase their comprehensive scores.
(5) The traffic features of GridFTP used by the "large file transfer" application are researched, by establishing the GridFTP test-bed and making qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis on the captured traffic, respectively. Firstly, a script which can control the stochastic file transfers is deployed on the test-bed, and the qualitative research on the captured traffic is given from the aspects of packet size and throughput distribution. Then the self-similarity parameters of the GridFTP traffic both in WAN and in LAN are computed using the wavelet coefficient variance method. The results show that both the self-similarity parameter values and the average throughputs increase with the increase of the parallel GridFTP data-flows.
(6) The LFT-CoDA (large file transfer based on combinatorial double auction) model and algorithm are proposed, which apply the resource allocation and pricing algorithm into the concrete grid use-case. The architecture of "multi transfer requests and multi parallel paths" is designed, the resource allocation and pricing algorithm of LFT-CoDA is researched, the implementation procedure of the scenario is designed, the LFT-CoDA test-bed is established, and the necessary and related Java-coded components are deployed on the test-bed. Finally, the whole scenario is implemented and demonstrated on the test-bed, and the running results are evaluated from the aspect of incentive mechanism.
本文的主要研究内容是网格资源分配与定价算法。本文以网格经济中的组合双向拍卖模型和网格信任模型为基础,对基于各类资源单价的单回合组合双向拍卖算法、基于供求价格弹性理论的多回合组合双向拍卖算法、定价机制与信任机制相结合的算法以及组合双向拍卖算法的具体应用场景进行了深入研究。
本文的主要研究成果和创新点包括以下几方面：
(1)提出了基于各类资源单价的组合双向拍卖算法,改进了传统组合双向拍卖中以资源包的平均价格进行定价的不足。仿真表明,在定价误差、激励机制、价格竞争力衡量以及负效用等方面,基于单价的算法都优于基于平均价格的算法。
(2)提出了基于供求价格弹性理论的多回合组合双向拍卖算法,将网格经济中的商品市场机制和拍卖机制进行了有效结合。根据各回合内的市场状态(供给过度或需求过度),利用各类资源的供给／需求价格弹性系数,分别计算并发布低于或高于资源真实价值的市场指导价格,引导拍卖参与者在此基础上竞价。仿真表明,该算法有效均衡了市场供求,提高了系统交易率,各回合内市场平均交易价格的变化规律与经济学中的价值规律吻合较好。
(3)提出了一种等效竞价算法,研究了组合双向拍卖与信任相结合进行网格资源分配与定价的机制。设计了基于信任度的竞价调整系数,将不同信任度的各节点的竞价都调整为基准信任度下的等效竞价,并基于该等效竞价,进一步以组合双向拍卖算法进行网格资源分配。仿真表明,该算法交易率较高,能防止恶意节点参与交易,所得效用可激励各买家提高、各卖家降低其等效单价。
(4)提出了一种加权平均算法,研究了另一类将组合双向拍卖与信任相结合进行网格资源分配与定价的机制。首先以信任度阈值的加权平均来鉴别恶意节点,然后设计了买家和卖家单价的归一化算法,以归一化竞价与信任度的加权平均来衡量正常节点的综合竞争力评分值。仿真表明,该算法交易率较高,可在交易之前剔除恶意节点,所得效用可激励正常节点提高其综合竞争力评分值。
(5)研究了大文件传输中GridFTP协议的流量特性,搭建GridFTP测试平台,分别对所监测的流量进行定性分析和定量分析。在平台上部署随机传输文件的程序,从数据包长度和吞吐量分布两方面对流量进行了定性研究；采用小波系数方差法,分别对广域网和局域网内GridFTP流量的自相似性进行了定量研究,结果表明,自相似参数值和平均吞吐量都随GridFTP并行数据流的增多而增大。
(6)提出了基于组合双向拍卖的大文件传输LFT-CoDA模型和算法,将资源分配与定价算法应用到实际的网格场景。设计了大文件传输中“多传输请求-多条并行路径”的体系结构,研究了LFT-CoDA场景的资源分配与定价算法,设计了整个场景的实现流程,搭建了LFT-CoDA测试平台,在平台上部署由Java语言编写的相关组件,实现了场景的运行和演示,并从激励机制角度对运行结果进行了分析。
The essence of grid is coordinated resource sharing and problem solving in dynamic, multi-institutional virtual organizations. Due to the dynamic and heterogeneous natures of the grid resources, traditional resource management is not suitable for the grid. The grid economy model, which adjusts the actions of grid users and resource providers using market mechanism, has broad prospects in grid resource allocation. It is beneficial to the reasonable and fair uses of the grid resources, and can attract more service providers to participate in grid. The trust issue is also very important for the grid resource allocation, which relates to the security and quality of service in grid resource trading.
The main research interest of the thesis is grid resource allocation and pricing. Based on the CoDA (combinatorial double auction) model and grid trust model, it makes deep researches on these points:the unit price based CoDA algorithm; the price elasticity of supply-and-demand based multi-round CoDA algorithm; the algorithms which combine pricing and trust mechanisms; concrete use-case of the CoDA algorithm.
The main achievements of the thesis include:
(1) A unit price based CoDA algorithm is proposed, which improves the deficiency of the mean price based pricing in traditional CoDA algorithm. The simulation results show that the unit price based algorithm has advantages over the mean price based algorithm from the aspects of pricing error, incentive mechanism, price competitiveness measurement and negative utility.
(2) A price elasticity of supply-and-demand based multi-round CoDA algorithm is proposed, which effectively combines the commodity market mechanism and auction mechanism. Based on the supply/demand price elasticity coefficients and the supply-and-demand relationship of the resource market, it computes and announces a market guiding price. Then the auction participators can bid based on this guiding price. Simulation results show that the algorithm efficiently equilibrates the market supply-and-demand, increases the trade rate, and the average trading price accords well with the "law or value" in economics.
(3) An equivalent price algorithm is proposed, which combines the CoDA and trust to solve the grid resource allocation and pricing issues. Firstly, it designs the price adjusting coefficients, which map the participators'bid prices under various trust degrees into the equivalent prices under the base trust degree. Then the grid resources are allocated and priced based on these equivalent prices using CoDA. Simulations show that the algorithm has high trade rate, can prevent malicious nodes from entering trade system, and the unit utility can give buyers or sellers incentives to increase or decrease their equivalent unit prices respectively.
(4) A weighted average algorithm is proposed, which provides another way of combining the CoDA and trust in grid resource allocation and pricing. Firstly, it identifies malicious nodes according to the weighted average of the trust degree thresholds. Then it designs the normalization methods for the buyer unit price and seller unit price, and measures the comprehensive scores of normal nodes by the weighted average of normalized bid prices and trust degrees. Simulations show that the algorithm has high trade rate, can reliably identify malicious nodes before the auction, and the unit utility can give nodes incentives to increase their comprehensive scores.
(5) The traffic features of GridFTP used by the "large file transfer" application are researched, by establishing the GridFTP test-bed and making qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis on the captured traffic, respectively. Firstly, a script which can control the stochastic file transfers is deployed on the test-bed, and the qualitative research on the captured traffic is given from the aspects of packet size and throughput distribution. Then the self-similarity parameters of the GridFTP traffic both in WAN and in LAN are computed using the wavelet coefficient variance method. The results show that both the self-similarity parameter values and the average throughputs increase with the increase of the parallel GridFTP data-flows.
(6) The LFT-CoDA (large file transfer based on combinatorial double auction) model and algorithm are proposed, which apply the resource allocation and pricing algorithm into the concrete grid use-case. The architecture of "multi transfer requests and multi parallel paths" is designed, the resource allocation and pricing algorithm of LFT-CoDA is researched, the implementation procedure of the scenario is designed, the LFT-CoDA test-bed is established, and the necessary and related Java-coded components are deployed on the test-bed. Finally, the whole scenario is implemented and demonstrated on the test-bed, and the running results are evaluated from the aspect of incentive mechanism.
引文
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