OKP企业分散式项目计划与调度优化方法研究
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摘要
OKP(One-of-a-Kind Production，单件生产模式)是一种客户需求驱动的通用现代生产模式，诸如大型船舶、航空航天设备等关系国计民生的高端战略性装备制造均属OKP生产范畴。OKP企业的产品生产具有项目制组织、按订单设计与生产、产品单件小批，以及跨组织协同、多项目并行等特点，决定了OKP企业的项目计划与调度不仅具有传统项目调度问题的复杂性，而且具有跨组织、分散式、动态化、协调决策等特点和复杂性，环境不确定性及计划与调度的鲁棒性需求也更加突出。针对OKP企业项目计划与调度问题的现有研究大多从集中决策角度研究模型及优化方法；另一方面，博弈论与信息经济学领域所取得的相关研究成果对于解决具有分散式决策特点的OKP企业项目计划与调度问题具有很好的借鉴价值。因此，有必要在分析OKP企业项目计划与调度问题的分散式决策特征基础上，研究OKP企业分散式项目计划与调度优化方法，从而提高组织间协同运作水平，缩短项目周期，增强订单交付能力。
本文主要研究工作包括以下几个方面：
(1)针对分散式项目计划与调度问题的多个局部决策在决策目标、决策内容、决策模型等方面存在较大的异构性，同时局部决策之间的依赖关系多样化的特点，探讨能够完整表达问题复杂要素的表示方法。分析了问题分散式特征和相应的建模、求解方法，提出了分散式项目计划与调度问题的表示方法，并依据所提出表示方法将本文研究的OKP企业典型分散式项目计划与调度问题与相关工作进行映射与比较，为问题建模、方法设计和求解效果对比提供依据。
(2)针对OKP企业复杂环境下的订单接受与计划问题，研究跨组织订单协同接受与能力计划优化方法。建立了局部决策模型和协商模型，提出了基于单元局部决策与多元协商的三元分散式协调决策方法。该方法将客户、总装企业和战略供应商（三元）的多目标决策问题转换为多个单目标决策问题加上三元多议题协商问题，通过单元单/多目标的优化、公共可接受协商域的确定以及一系列让步调整策略的设计，有效解决复杂环境下订单接受决策中的三元共赢以及多议题同时快速收敛难题。针对候选订单动态性和潜在订单未知性等不确定性提出了基于不同启发规则的能力计划优化方法。最后，通过仿真实验，分别验证分析了协商方法的寻优效果、获得三元共赢满意解的频度、协商收敛速度等性能。
(3)融合考虑工期弹性的分散式项目局部优化和市场竞争判优协调的思想，研究分散式项目调度优化方法。探讨了任务工期弹性特点以及对项目成本和工期的影响，提出基于禁忌搜索的项目工期优化方法，通过弹性工期调整获得以项目成本最小为目标的项目最佳工期；进而扩展到多项目共享资源争用与协调环境，建立基于MAS的多项目协调模型和共享资源拍卖品模型，提出基于组合拍卖的分散式项目调度协调优化方法，通过多项目分散式工期寻优与资源竞标、资源分配市场竞争判优与价格迭代调整的手段，减小多项目工期与最佳工期的平均差距。通过仿真实验，分别验证分析了项目工期优化方法的寻优误差和收敛速度，以及分散式项目调度协调优化方法的项目最佳工期寻优效果、多项目平均工期差距、多项目平均相对差距、弹性工期对结果的影响以及市场竞争判优方式对共享资源分配的协调效果等性能。
(4)针对多项目、多资源主体协同决策的计划变更与跨组织资源调整协调问题研究分散式项目再调度优化方法。建立了基于MAS的分散式项目再调度协调模型，提出基于组合交换的分散式项目再调度协调优化方法，通过引入多项目之间的资源组合交换弥补单纯依靠项目与资源主体之间资源再分配实现计划调整的局限性，提高了资源调整的供需匹配效率，减小变更对计划调整范围的影响，提高再调度解鲁棒性；针对其中的多对多关系下角色变换的拍卖/交换协商问题，提出基于进化策略的再调度附加成本优化获胜者判定算法，减小变更对计划调整幅度的影响，提高项目计划的质量鲁棒性。通过仿真实验验证了所提出方法通过多主体间分散式决策与资源交换协调能够有效减少任务调整次数，从而提高解鲁棒性，同时能够在控制再调度附加成本前提下缩短项目计划延迟，提高质量鲁棒性。
(5)基于本文提出的策略、模型及算法，设计并开发了船舶建造协同项目计划管理系统。结合黄海造船有限公司的船舶建造协同项目计划管理过程中的实际问题进行应用验证与初步推广，从实际应用角度对本文方法论进行检验。
OKP (One-of-a-Kind Production) is a customer-driven modern productionmode, and most of the high level strategy productions, such as shipbuilding, voyageequipment manufacturing, belong to this mode. The OKP production has thecharacteristics of organized by projects, designed and manufactured according tothe orders, small batch of product, inter-organization coordination, andmulti-project parallel. All of these characteristics cause the project planning andscheduling in OKP enterprise has the complexity not just of traditional projectscheduling problem, and also the features and complexities such asinter-organization, decentralized, dynamic and coordinative decision making. Mostof the existing research works on the project planning and scheduling problem inOKP enterprise focus on the models and optimization solutions from the viewpointof centralized decision making; on the other hand, the achievements such as marketbased coordination mechanism in the research domains of game theory andinformation economics have much value for the project planning and schedulingproblems which has the feature of decentralized decision making in OKP enterprise.Consequently, it is necessary to study the decentralized characteristics of the projectplanning and scheduling in OKP enterprise, and research the optimization solutionfor decentralized project planning and scheduling, to coordinative operation ofmultiple organizations and projects, shorten project makespan and enhance theorder delivery ability.
The main study work in this thesis contains the following parts:
(1) Firstly, analyze the nature characteristics of decentralized project planningand scheduling problems in OKP enterprise. Compare the ideas between centralizedand decentralized solutions for project planning and scheduling problem, andpropose the features and modeling method. Then, based on the analysis above andtypical problems in OKP enterprise, propose the express method for decentralizedproject planning and scheduling problem. From the express method, we couldcompare and analyze different types of decentralized problems, models, solutionsand performances. Meanwhile, map and locate the work in this thesis and existingresearch based on the expression to guide the future research.
(2) Study the solution for inter-organization order coordinative acceptance andcapacity planning. Focused on the three-component coordination order acceptanceand planning participated by the erection enterprise, customer and strategy supplier,analyze the influence by the dynamic candidate orders and potential order, andpropose local decision making model and three-component staged negotiationmechanism. Focused on the non-equivalence concession problem inthree-component structure, propose majority combined concession strategy andmulti-issue adjustment strategy for decentralized local decision makings. And thenpropose staged negotiation solution for three-component multi-issue decentralizedcoordination, and focused on the deficiency of stochastic programming for highuncertain problem, propose three different heuristic rules and present orderacceptance and capacity planning solution based on approximate dynamicprogramming. The computational results showed that the models and solutions hadbetter performance for order acceptance and planning problem than othernegotiation solutions.
(3) Focused on the parallel multi-project scheduling problem which theseprojects have relationship of shared resource demand, analyze the influence by thedecentralized decision-making and coordination, and study the characteristic ofactivity duration elasticity for the project optimal makespan. Propose MAS basedmulti-project coordination model and project scheduling model with durationelasticity. Focused on the competition and coordination for shared resources amongmultiple projects, propose the shared resource combinatorial auction model andcombinatorial auction based decentralized multi-project scheduling andcoordination mechanism, and propose tabu search based project scheduling optimalalgorithm. The combination of project local optimization and multi-projectcoordination realize more reasonable shared resource allocation and optimalaverage project makespans. The computational results show that the decentralizedsolution has higher efficiency for multi-project scheduling than centralized method.
(4) Study solutions for the robustness oriented decentralized project reactivescheduling problem with rescheduling added cost. Focused on the problem whichmultiple projects and multiple resource subjects participate in, introduce theresource exchange mechanism among multiple subjects to raise efficiency andrescheduling robustness. Propose MAS based decentralized project reactive scheduling model, and present combinatorial exchange based decentralized projectreactive scheduling and coordination mechanism. Introduce and expand theOR-XOR bidding language for the auction/exchange among multiple buyers andmultiple sellers to reduce trade cost of decision subjects. The computational resultsshow that the combinatorial exchange mechanism could raise scheduling robustnessand reduce added cost for project reactive scheduling.
(5) Based on the strategies, models and algorithms in this thesis design anddevelop one coordinative project planning management system for shipbuildingenterprise. Faced the actual problems in Huanghai Shipbuilding Limited Companyand other master shipbuilding enterprises in China, apply and test the system andsolutions to examine the performance of the theories in this thesis.
本文主要研究工作包括以下几个方面：
(1)针对分散式项目计划与调度问题的多个局部决策在决策目标、决策内容、决策模型等方面存在较大的异构性，同时局部决策之间的依赖关系多样化的特点，探讨能够完整表达问题复杂要素的表示方法。分析了问题分散式特征和相应的建模、求解方法，提出了分散式项目计划与调度问题的表示方法，并依据所提出表示方法将本文研究的OKP企业典型分散式项目计划与调度问题与相关工作进行映射与比较，为问题建模、方法设计和求解效果对比提供依据。
(2)针对OKP企业复杂环境下的订单接受与计划问题，研究跨组织订单协同接受与能力计划优化方法。建立了局部决策模型和协商模型，提出了基于单元局部决策与多元协商的三元分散式协调决策方法。该方法将客户、总装企业和战略供应商（三元）的多目标决策问题转换为多个单目标决策问题加上三元多议题协商问题，通过单元单/多目标的优化、公共可接受协商域的确定以及一系列让步调整策略的设计，有效解决复杂环境下订单接受决策中的三元共赢以及多议题同时快速收敛难题。针对候选订单动态性和潜在订单未知性等不确定性提出了基于不同启发规则的能力计划优化方法。最后，通过仿真实验，分别验证分析了协商方法的寻优效果、获得三元共赢满意解的频度、协商收敛速度等性能。
(3)融合考虑工期弹性的分散式项目局部优化和市场竞争判优协调的思想，研究分散式项目调度优化方法。探讨了任务工期弹性特点以及对项目成本和工期的影响，提出基于禁忌搜索的项目工期优化方法，通过弹性工期调整获得以项目成本最小为目标的项目最佳工期；进而扩展到多项目共享资源争用与协调环境，建立基于MAS的多项目协调模型和共享资源拍卖品模型，提出基于组合拍卖的分散式项目调度协调优化方法，通过多项目分散式工期寻优与资源竞标、资源分配市场竞争判优与价格迭代调整的手段，减小多项目工期与最佳工期的平均差距。通过仿真实验，分别验证分析了项目工期优化方法的寻优误差和收敛速度，以及分散式项目调度协调优化方法的项目最佳工期寻优效果、多项目平均工期差距、多项目平均相对差距、弹性工期对结果的影响以及市场竞争判优方式对共享资源分配的协调效果等性能。
(4)针对多项目、多资源主体协同决策的计划变更与跨组织资源调整协调问题研究分散式项目再调度优化方法。建立了基于MAS的分散式项目再调度协调模型，提出基于组合交换的分散式项目再调度协调优化方法，通过引入多项目之间的资源组合交换弥补单纯依靠项目与资源主体之间资源再分配实现计划调整的局限性，提高了资源调整的供需匹配效率，减小变更对计划调整范围的影响，提高再调度解鲁棒性；针对其中的多对多关系下角色变换的拍卖/交换协商问题，提出基于进化策略的再调度附加成本优化获胜者判定算法，减小变更对计划调整幅度的影响，提高项目计划的质量鲁棒性。通过仿真实验验证了所提出方法通过多主体间分散式决策与资源交换协调能够有效减少任务调整次数，从而提高解鲁棒性，同时能够在控制再调度附加成本前提下缩短项目计划延迟，提高质量鲁棒性。
(5)基于本文提出的策略、模型及算法，设计并开发了船舶建造协同项目计划管理系统。结合黄海造船有限公司的船舶建造协同项目计划管理过程中的实际问题进行应用验证与初步推广，从实际应用角度对本文方法论进行检验。
OKP (One-of-a-Kind Production) is a customer-driven modern productionmode, and most of the high level strategy productions, such as shipbuilding, voyageequipment manufacturing, belong to this mode. The OKP production has thecharacteristics of organized by projects, designed and manufactured according tothe orders, small batch of product, inter-organization coordination, andmulti-project parallel. All of these characteristics cause the project planning andscheduling in OKP enterprise has the complexity not just of traditional projectscheduling problem, and also the features and complexities such asinter-organization, decentralized, dynamic and coordinative decision making. Mostof the existing research works on the project planning and scheduling problem inOKP enterprise focus on the models and optimization solutions from the viewpointof centralized decision making; on the other hand, the achievements such as marketbased coordination mechanism in the research domains of game theory andinformation economics have much value for the project planning and schedulingproblems which has the feature of decentralized decision making in OKP enterprise.Consequently, it is necessary to study the decentralized characteristics of the projectplanning and scheduling in OKP enterprise, and research the optimization solutionfor decentralized project planning and scheduling, to coordinative operation ofmultiple organizations and projects, shorten project makespan and enhance theorder delivery ability.
The main study work in this thesis contains the following parts:
(1) Firstly, analyze the nature characteristics of decentralized project planningand scheduling problems in OKP enterprise. Compare the ideas between centralizedand decentralized solutions for project planning and scheduling problem, andpropose the features and modeling method. Then, based on the analysis above andtypical problems in OKP enterprise, propose the express method for decentralizedproject planning and scheduling problem. From the express method, we couldcompare and analyze different types of decentralized problems, models, solutionsand performances. Meanwhile, map and locate the work in this thesis and existingresearch based on the expression to guide the future research.
(2) Study the solution for inter-organization order coordinative acceptance andcapacity planning. Focused on the three-component coordination order acceptanceand planning participated by the erection enterprise, customer and strategy supplier,analyze the influence by the dynamic candidate orders and potential order, andpropose local decision making model and three-component staged negotiationmechanism. Focused on the non-equivalence concession problem inthree-component structure, propose majority combined concession strategy andmulti-issue adjustment strategy for decentralized local decision makings. And thenpropose staged negotiation solution for three-component multi-issue decentralizedcoordination, and focused on the deficiency of stochastic programming for highuncertain problem, propose three different heuristic rules and present orderacceptance and capacity planning solution based on approximate dynamicprogramming. The computational results showed that the models and solutions hadbetter performance for order acceptance and planning problem than othernegotiation solutions.
(3) Focused on the parallel multi-project scheduling problem which theseprojects have relationship of shared resource demand, analyze the influence by thedecentralized decision-making and coordination, and study the characteristic ofactivity duration elasticity for the project optimal makespan. Propose MAS basedmulti-project coordination model and project scheduling model with durationelasticity. Focused on the competition and coordination for shared resources amongmultiple projects, propose the shared resource combinatorial auction model andcombinatorial auction based decentralized multi-project scheduling andcoordination mechanism, and propose tabu search based project scheduling optimalalgorithm. The combination of project local optimization and multi-projectcoordination realize more reasonable shared resource allocation and optimalaverage project makespans. The computational results show that the decentralizedsolution has higher efficiency for multi-project scheduling than centralized method.
(4) Study solutions for the robustness oriented decentralized project reactivescheduling problem with rescheduling added cost. Focused on the problem whichmultiple projects and multiple resource subjects participate in, introduce theresource exchange mechanism among multiple subjects to raise efficiency andrescheduling robustness. Propose MAS based decentralized project reactive scheduling model, and present combinatorial exchange based decentralized projectreactive scheduling and coordination mechanism. Introduce and expand theOR-XOR bidding language for the auction/exchange among multiple buyers andmultiple sellers to reduce trade cost of decision subjects. The computational resultsshow that the combinatorial exchange mechanism could raise scheduling robustnessand reduce added cost for project reactive scheduling.
(5) Based on the strategies, models and algorithms in this thesis design anddevelop one coordinative project planning management system for shipbuildingenterprise. Faced the actual problems in Huanghai Shipbuilding Limited Companyand other master shipbuilding enterprises in China, apply and test the system andsolutions to examine the performance of the theories in this thesis.
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