基于DCT域的图像数字盲水印算法设计及硬件实现
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摘要
近年来,半导体技术不断发展,CMOS图像传感器以其集成度高、成本低、功耗低、设计简单等优点,在卫星遥感、视觉监控、工业检测、军事侦察、医疗诊断等许多领域取得了越来越广泛的应用。随着集成电路工艺尺寸的缩小,越来越多的图像处理功能被集成到CMOS图像传感器上,这使得数字水印技术作为图像处理功能的一部分与CMOS图像传感器的结合成为可能。本文提出了一种用于图像和视频版权保护的基于DCT域的数字盲水印算法,并对该算法进行了硬件实现。
在分析了CMOS图像传感器的发展趋势及数字水印技术的发展历史和现状的基础上,本文阐述了将水印算法硬件实现并与CMOS图像传感器结合的可行性与必要性。本文详细介绍了数字水印技术的基本原理、特征和分类,分析了基于DCT域的水印算法的原理、优势和评价标准,并提出了一种盲水印算法。该算法基于DCT,通过对DCT域中中频系数的修改来嵌入水印,以达到保护图像和视频版权的目的。采用了CMOS图像传感器的固定模式噪声作为水印置乱的密钥,将水印与CMOS图像传感器绑定,具有更高的安全性。经验证,该算法具有较好的不可感知性和鲁棒性,嵌入水印后载体图像质量不会受到很大影响,经过一般攻击后仍能提取出水印信息。
然后,对FDCT、IDCT和本文提出的水印嵌入算法进行了硬件实现。FDCT和IDCT采用行列分解法,一维变换采用W.H.Chen快速算法,运算量大大减少。采用多级流水结构,能够满足数据实时性处理的要求。将水印嵌入模块嵌入到FDCT电路中,充分利用FDCT电路数据转置输出的时间,减少了数据的延迟时间,使FDCT电路的输出数据即为嵌入水印后的频域系数。对电路进行了功能仿真和逻辑综合,并在由CMOS图像传感器、硬件开发板和上位机软件组成的硬件验证平台上进行了FPGA验证,经调试能够正常工作,输出的含有水印的图像质量良好,并且能够提取出清晰的水印图像。对电路进行了ASIC后端设计,采用Chartered 0.18μm工艺进行流片。
In recent years, as the continueous development of semiconductor technology, CMOS image sensors are used more and more widely in satellite remote sensing, visual surveillance, industrial inspection, military reconnaissance and medical diagnostics etc. because of their high integration, low cost, low power dissipation and simplification of design. With the shrinking size of integrated circuit technology, more and more image processing functions are integrated into CMOS image sensor, which makes it possible that digital watermarking technology combines with CMOS image sensor. In this paper, a watermarking algorithm in DCT domain for copyright protection of images and video is proposed and implemented.
Based on analyzing development trend of CMOS image sensor and history of digital watermarking technology, this dissertation discusses the feasibility and necessity of combining digital watermarking technology with CMOS image sensor. This paper describes the basic principles of digital watermarking technology and the advantages of watermarking algorithm in DCT domain and proposes a blind watermarking algorithm which embeds watermark by modifying DCT coefficients. Fixed pattern noise of CMOS image sensor is used as key to scramble watermark in order to reach greater security. Verification show that the algorithm has good performance.
Then FDCT, IDCT and proposed watermarking algorithm are implemented in hardware. Computation is greatly reduced by using the RCM structure and W.H.Chen fast algorithm. Multi-level pipeline structure is used to meet real-time data processing requirements. Watermark embedding module is embedded in FDCT circuit to reduce data latency. The circuit was simulated, logic synthesised, and verified on hardware verification platform. After debugging it can work properly that the watermarked image has a good quality and clear watermark can be extracted. The ASIC backend design is fabricated with Chartered 0.18μm CMOS process.
在分析了CMOS图像传感器的发展趋势及数字水印技术的发展历史和现状的基础上,本文阐述了将水印算法硬件实现并与CMOS图像传感器结合的可行性与必要性。本文详细介绍了数字水印技术的基本原理、特征和分类,分析了基于DCT域的水印算法的原理、优势和评价标准,并提出了一种盲水印算法。该算法基于DCT,通过对DCT域中中频系数的修改来嵌入水印,以达到保护图像和视频版权的目的。采用了CMOS图像传感器的固定模式噪声作为水印置乱的密钥,将水印与CMOS图像传感器绑定,具有更高的安全性。经验证,该算法具有较好的不可感知性和鲁棒性,嵌入水印后载体图像质量不会受到很大影响,经过一般攻击后仍能提取出水印信息。
然后,对FDCT、IDCT和本文提出的水印嵌入算法进行了硬件实现。FDCT和IDCT采用行列分解法,一维变换采用W.H.Chen快速算法,运算量大大减少。采用多级流水结构,能够满足数据实时性处理的要求。将水印嵌入模块嵌入到FDCT电路中,充分利用FDCT电路数据转置输出的时间,减少了数据的延迟时间,使FDCT电路的输出数据即为嵌入水印后的频域系数。对电路进行了功能仿真和逻辑综合,并在由CMOS图像传感器、硬件开发板和上位机软件组成的硬件验证平台上进行了FPGA验证,经调试能够正常工作,输出的含有水印的图像质量良好,并且能够提取出清晰的水印图像。对电路进行了ASIC后端设计,采用Chartered 0.18μm工艺进行流片。
In recent years, as the continueous development of semiconductor technology, CMOS image sensors are used more and more widely in satellite remote sensing, visual surveillance, industrial inspection, military reconnaissance and medical diagnostics etc. because of their high integration, low cost, low power dissipation and simplification of design. With the shrinking size of integrated circuit technology, more and more image processing functions are integrated into CMOS image sensor, which makes it possible that digital watermarking technology combines with CMOS image sensor. In this paper, a watermarking algorithm in DCT domain for copyright protection of images and video is proposed and implemented.
Based on analyzing development trend of CMOS image sensor and history of digital watermarking technology, this dissertation discusses the feasibility and necessity of combining digital watermarking technology with CMOS image sensor. This paper describes the basic principles of digital watermarking technology and the advantages of watermarking algorithm in DCT domain and proposes a blind watermarking algorithm which embeds watermark by modifying DCT coefficients. Fixed pattern noise of CMOS image sensor is used as key to scramble watermark in order to reach greater security. Verification show that the algorithm has good performance.
Then FDCT, IDCT and proposed watermarking algorithm are implemented in hardware. Computation is greatly reduced by using the RCM structure and W.H.Chen fast algorithm. Multi-level pipeline structure is used to meet real-time data processing requirements. Watermark embedding module is embedded in FDCT circuit to reduce data latency. The circuit was simulated, logic synthesised, and verified on hardware verification platform. After debugging it can work properly that the watermarked image has a good quality and clear watermark can be extracted. The ASIC backend design is fabricated with Chartered 0.18μm CMOS process.
引文
[1]王军,李国宏,CMOS图像传感器在航天遥感中的应用,航天返回与遥感,2008,29(2):42~47
[2]曾朝阳,曾德贤,CMOS图像传感器新技术综述,光学仪器,2005,27(2):86~89
[3]Jianping Zhou, John Glotzbach, Image pipeline tuning for digital cameras, Consumer Electronics, 2007
[4]王颖,肖俊,王蕴红,数字水印原理与技术,北京:科学出版社,2007,3
[5]A.Z.Tirkel, G.A.Rankin, R.M.Van Schyndel, Electronic Watermark, Digital Image Computing, Technology and Applications DICTA 93, Sidney: Maquarie University, 1993, 666~673
[6]R.G.Schyndel, A.Z.Tirkel, C.F.Osborne, A Digital Watermark, First IEEE International Image Processing Conference, Austin: University of Texas, 1994, 86~90
[7]I.J.Cox, J.Kilian, T.Leighton, Secure Spread Specture Watermarking for Image,Audio and Video, IEEE Transaction on Image Processing, 1997, 6: 1673~1687
[8]I.Pitas, A Method for Signature Casting on Digital Images, IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, 1996, 3: 215~218
[9]G.Voyatzis, I.Pitas, Embedding Robust Watermarks by Chaotic Mixing, 13th International Conference on Digital Signal Processing, 1997, 1: 213~216
[10]B.Chen, G.W.Wornell, Provably Robust Digital Watermarking, Multimedia Systems and Applications II, Bellingham: Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, 1999, 43~54应用,西安:西安电
[11]王炳锡,陈琦,邓峰森,数字水印技术,西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2003,15
[12]孙圣和,陆哲明,数字水印处理技术,电子学报,2000,28(8):83~90
[13]钟桦,张小华,焦李成,数字水印与图像认证—算法及子科技大学出版社,2006,4
[14]N.Ahmed, T.Natarajan, and K.R.Rao, Discrete Cosine Transform, IEEE Trans.Comput.Jan, 1974, 23: 90~93
[15]W.H.Chen, C.H.Smith, S.C.Fralick, A Fast Computational Algorithm for theDiscrete Cosine Transform, IEEE Trans.Commun., 1977, COM-25: 1004~1009
[16]B.G.Lee, A New Algorith the Discrete Cosine Transform, IEEE Trans., Acoust. , Speech. , Signal Processing. , 1984, ASSP-32(6): 1341~1344
[17]Luciano Volcan Agostini, Ivan Saraiva Silva, Sergio Bampi, Pipelined Fast 2D thgn, 2001: 266~231 4):436~439 ultidimensional DCT, IEEE Transactions on Signal Proc
[20]傅宇卓,王佳芳,胡铭曾,基于行列变换结构的2D-DCT/IDCT的误差分析,ine Transform, 1990 2002005,22(中的攻击和对策综述,通信学报,,2005,24(5Images, Information Hiding, 1998: 258~272 115~117水印图像盲水印技术研究,硕士,河南科技大学,200Data hiding for Multimedia Personalization, Interm to ComputeDCT Architecture for JPEG Image Compression, 14 Symposium on Integrated Circuits and Systems Desi
[18]司马苗,周源华,基于FPGA的二维DCT变换的实现,红外与激光工程,2003,32(
[19]Yonghong Zeng, Guoan Bi, Abdul Rahim Leyman, New Polynomial Transform Algorithm for Messing, 2000, 48(10): 2814~2821小型微型计算机系统,2004,24(7):1286~1289
[21] IEEE Std. 1180-1990, IEEE Standard Specification for the Implementations of 8×8 Inverse Discrete Cos
[22]唐永亮,离散余弦变换的设计与实现,硕士,天津大学,2008
[23]傅俊,基于DCT域的静态图像数字水印算法研究,硕士,武汉科技大学,7
[24]李春茹,王保保,数字水印稳健性攻击及相应策略,计算机仿真,4):82~85
[25]王志雄,王慧琴,李人厚,数字水印应用2002,23(11):75~79
[26]季智,戴旭初,数字水印攻击技术及其对策分析,测控技术):14~17
[27]J.Paul, M.G.Linnartz, M.V.Dijk, Analysis of the Sensitivity Attack Against Electronic Watermarks in
[28]李庆诚,窦毅,数字水印的解释攻击与关联性特征,计算机应用研究,2005,22(5):
[29]王向阳,杨红颖,赵岩,基于人眼视觉特性的自适应空域彩色图像数字算法,辽宁师范大学学报,2004,27(2)
[30]杨蕊,基于DCT域的数字5
[31]A.H.Tewfik, M.Swanson, action, and Protection, The Past, Present, and Future of Multimedia Signal图像水印,上海交通大学学报,2001,35(ital Image Processing, 2nd Edition, Addison-Wesley PubProcessing, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 1997, 14(7): 41~44
[32]M.Bami, F.Bartolini, V.Cappellini, A DCT-domain system for Robust Image Watermarking, Signal Processing, 1999, 66(3): 357~372
[33]黄继武,Yun Q.Shi,程卫东,DCT域3图像水印:嵌入对策和算法,电子学报,2000,28(4):57~60
[34]局利军,周源华,基于m序列的多重9):1317~1320
[35]C.Gonzalez, P.Wintz, Diglishing Co., 1987
[36]汪小帆,戴跃伟,茅耀斌,信息隐藏技术—方法与应用,北京:机械工业出版社,2001
[2]曾朝阳,曾德贤,CMOS图像传感器新技术综述,光学仪器,2005,27(2):86~89
[3]Jianping Zhou, John Glotzbach, Image pipeline tuning for digital cameras, Consumer Electronics, 2007
[4]王颖,肖俊,王蕴红,数字水印原理与技术,北京:科学出版社,2007,3
[5]A.Z.Tirkel, G.A.Rankin, R.M.Van Schyndel, Electronic Watermark, Digital Image Computing, Technology and Applications DICTA 93, Sidney: Maquarie University, 1993, 666~673
[6]R.G.Schyndel, A.Z.Tirkel, C.F.Osborne, A Digital Watermark, First IEEE International Image Processing Conference, Austin: University of Texas, 1994, 86~90
[7]I.J.Cox, J.Kilian, T.Leighton, Secure Spread Specture Watermarking for Image,Audio and Video, IEEE Transaction on Image Processing, 1997, 6: 1673~1687
[8]I.Pitas, A Method for Signature Casting on Digital Images, IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, 1996, 3: 215~218
[9]G.Voyatzis, I.Pitas, Embedding Robust Watermarks by Chaotic Mixing, 13th International Conference on Digital Signal Processing, 1997, 1: 213~216
[10]B.Chen, G.W.Wornell, Provably Robust Digital Watermarking, Multimedia Systems and Applications II, Bellingham: Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, 1999, 43~54应用,西安:西安电
[11]王炳锡,陈琦,邓峰森,数字水印技术,西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2003,15
[12]孙圣和,陆哲明,数字水印处理技术,电子学报,2000,28(8):83~90
[13]钟桦,张小华,焦李成,数字水印与图像认证—算法及子科技大学出版社,2006,4
[14]N.Ahmed, T.Natarajan, and K.R.Rao, Discrete Cosine Transform, IEEE Trans.Comput.Jan, 1974, 23: 90~93
[15]W.H.Chen, C.H.Smith, S.C.Fralick, A Fast Computational Algorithm for theDiscrete Cosine Transform, IEEE Trans.Commun., 1977, COM-25: 1004~1009
[16]B.G.Lee, A New Algorith the Discrete Cosine Transform, IEEE Trans., Acoust. , Speech. , Signal Processing. , 1984, ASSP-32(6): 1341~1344
[17]Luciano Volcan Agostini, Ivan Saraiva Silva, Sergio Bampi, Pipelined Fast 2D thgn, 2001: 266~231 4):436~439 ultidimensional DCT, IEEE Transactions on Signal Proc
[20]傅宇卓,王佳芳,胡铭曾,基于行列变换结构的2D-DCT/IDCT的误差分析,ine Transform, 1990 2002005,22(中的攻击和对策综述,通信学报,,2005,24(5Images, Information Hiding, 1998: 258~272 115~117水印图像盲水印技术研究,硕士,河南科技大学,200Data hiding for Multimedia Personalization, Interm to ComputeDCT Architecture for JPEG Image Compression, 14 Symposium on Integrated Circuits and Systems Desi
[18]司马苗,周源华,基于FPGA的二维DCT变换的实现,红外与激光工程,2003,32(
[19]Yonghong Zeng, Guoan Bi, Abdul Rahim Leyman, New Polynomial Transform Algorithm for Messing, 2000, 48(10): 2814~2821小型微型计算机系统,2004,24(7):1286~1289
[21] IEEE Std. 1180-1990, IEEE Standard Specification for the Implementations of 8×8 Inverse Discrete Cos
[22]唐永亮,离散余弦变换的设计与实现,硕士,天津大学,2008
[23]傅俊,基于DCT域的静态图像数字水印算法研究,硕士,武汉科技大学,7
[24]李春茹,王保保,数字水印稳健性攻击及相应策略,计算机仿真,4):82~85
[25]王志雄,王慧琴,李人厚,数字水印应用2002,23(11):75~79
[26]季智,戴旭初,数字水印攻击技术及其对策分析,测控技术):14~17
[27]J.Paul, M.G.Linnartz, M.V.Dijk, Analysis of the Sensitivity Attack Against Electronic Watermarks in
[28]李庆诚,窦毅,数字水印的解释攻击与关联性特征,计算机应用研究,2005,22(5):
[29]王向阳,杨红颖,赵岩,基于人眼视觉特性的自适应空域彩色图像数字算法,辽宁师范大学学报,2004,27(2)
[30]杨蕊,基于DCT域的数字5
[31]A.H.Tewfik, M.Swanson, action, and Protection, The Past, Present, and Future of Multimedia Signal图像水印,上海交通大学学报,2001,35(ital Image Processing, 2nd Edition, Addison-Wesley PubProcessing, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 1997, 14(7): 41~44
[32]M.Bami, F.Bartolini, V.Cappellini, A DCT-domain system for Robust Image Watermarking, Signal Processing, 1999, 66(3): 357~372
[33]黄继武,Yun Q.Shi,程卫东,DCT域3图像水印:嵌入对策和算法,电子学报,2000,28(4):57~60
[34]局利军,周源华,基于m序列的多重9):1317~1320
[35]C.Gonzalez, P.Wintz, Diglishing Co., 1987
[36]汪小帆,戴跃伟,茅耀斌,信息隐藏技术—方法与应用,北京:机械工业出版社,2001