仙人掌胭脂虫生物学特性的研究及室内毒力测定
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摘要
1.形态特征观察
对胭脂虫的形态特征进行观察,结果显示:胭脂虫在生长发育过程中主要经过以下几个虫态,其中雌虫经过:卵、一龄若虫、二龄若虫及雌成虫4个虫态;雄虫经过:卵、一龄幼虫、二龄幼虫、前蛹、蛹及雄成虫6个虫态。雌成虫体卵形,体长2.3—3.5mm,触角7节,体密被白色棉状蜡丝,多个虫的蜡丝常融合在一起,形成棉球状,去蜡后虫体成紫红色。雄成虫体细长,比雌成虫小,约0.6—3.0mm,触角发育良好,念珠状,暗红色,有少许白色蜡粉。复眼红色,无口器,具一对前翅,后翅退化为平衡棒。腹部有两条白色的尾丝,约与身体等长。
2.种类鉴定的研究
通过对胭脂虫雌成虫虫体蜡腺的扫描电镜研究,结果表明:胭脂虫雌成虫蜡腺孔单个或成群,头部约25—30群,每群具有4—6孔,胸部约120—125群,每群约4—6孔,腹部约200群,每群多达30孔。腹部刚毛多且大,头部短而少,最后腹节刚毛短,圆柱状。胭脂虫雄虫触角的扫描电镜结果表明:雄虫触角上生有4种感器,即毛形感器、钟形感器、锥形感器及腔锥形感器。本试验鉴定该试验种为Dactylopiusconfusus(Cockerell)。
3.自然生长环境下胭脂虫的生物学特性的观察
自然环境条件下,胭脂虫一生需经过产卵、孵化、扩散、固定、泌蜡及发育六个生长阶段。刚孵化的若虫,具有群集习性,多数若虫常聚集在一起,爬到寄主仙人掌的顶端,寻找新的茎片,以汲取新的营养。该虫具有负趋光性,且通常会选择固定在寄主仙人掌茎的背阴面的刺基部或凹陷的地方,固定后便不再移动。
4.胭脂虫在仙人掌植株上的分布及对仙人掌茎片的选择性研究
通过在温室中随机选取寄生有胭脂虫的仙人掌植株上的胭脂虫调查,结果表明:胭脂虫最喜欢寄生在二级茎片上,其次是一级茎片,三级茎片上寄生的胭脂虫数量最少。胭脂虫主要寄生在仙人掌茎片的中部和基部。胭脂虫在向东的仙人掌茎片上寄生数量较多,占总寄生数量的72.6%,西部的仙人掌茎片上胭脂虫寄生数量较少,仅占寄生总数的27.4%。
5.温度对胭脂虫生长发育的影响
在21℃—33℃五个温度条件下饲养胭脂虫,研究温度对胭脂虫各龄期的存活率,胭脂虫成虫虫体大小、虫重和怀卵量及各虫态的发育历期的影响。结果显示:27℃胭脂虫各龄期的存活率最高,虫体长度、宽度、虫重最大,怀卵量最多,最适合胭脂虫存活。胭脂虫各虫态的发育历期随温度的上升发育历期缩短。从整个世代来看,胭脂虫的发育速率为33℃＞30℃＞27℃＞24℃＞21℃。在33℃条件下胭脂虫虽生长较快,但其成虫的大小、体重均较小,怀卵量也随之降低,因此胭脂虫适宜的温度范围可确定为24℃—30℃。
6.胭脂虫生殖特性及越冬研究
室内饲养条件下,通过对胭脂虫繁殖量的调查,结果表明:胭脂虫的繁殖量大,平均每头胭脂虫的繁殖量都在350头以上,最高达421头。温度是影响繁殖量的主要因素,湿度与繁殖量之间差异不显著。而通过对罩有网纱进行单雌饲养和不罩网纱雌雄自然种群混合饲养的两种处理的胭脂虫的怀卵量的解剖结果分析可知,胭脂虫的生殖方式是两性生殖,并且是通过产卵繁殖的,而不是卵胎生。
在胭脂虫的越冬期间,对胭脂虫各虫态的数量调查,结果表明:在整个越冬期间均存在雌成虫和蛹态,但未发现雄成虫,且雌成虫和蛹的数量变化不太明显,确定胭脂虫的越冬虫态:雌成虫、卵和蛹。
7.药剂对胭脂虫毒力测定
五种药剂对胭脂虫一龄若虫、二龄若虫、雌成虫的毒力测定结果表明:这五种药剂对各虫态的毒力大小顺序一致。其中10%吡虫啉(大功臣)对胭脂虫各虫态的毒力最高,其它依次为36%马拉硫磷(全击)、48%毒死蜱(新一佳)、4.5%高效氯氰菊酯、1.8%阿维菌素的毒力最低。由五种药剂对胭脂虫一龄若虫和成虫的毒力比较结果显示,五种药剂对一龄若虫的毒力均明显高于二龄若虫和成虫,说明胭脂虫随着龄期的增大,其耐药程度也逐步提高,因此,应尽早防治。防治的最佳时期一般在若虫期,胭脂虫的若虫期在2月底3月初,在此时期防治效果较好,同时要注意各种药剂的合理轮用及混用,以延缓其抗药性的产生。
1.Shape characteristic observation
Carries on the observation to Dactylopius Coccus Costa's shape characteristic,The results showed that:There were several instars among the growth of Dactylopius Coccus Costa,in which female process:Egg,the first instars,the second instars,and adult female; The male insect include:Egg,the first larva,the second larva,pre-pupa,pupa and adult male.The female prosopon body oval,body long 2.3-3.5mm,antenna 7,the body by the white cotton and kapok shape wax silk,many insect's wax silk often is fused densely in together,forms the cotton and kapok to be spherical,after the dewaxing the insect body becomes the purple red.The male prosopon body is tall and slender,is smaller than the female prosopon,0.6-3.0mm,the antenna growth is approximately good,reads beaded,the garnet,has the little white wax powder.The compound eyes are red,has no mouthparts, has a pair of anterior wing,the latter wing degeneration is a halter.The abdomen has two white tail silk,and so on is approximately long with the body.
2.Species identification research
Through female's body wax glands of the Dactylopius confusus(Cockerell)the scanning electron microscope research,the results showed that:Dactylopius confusus (Cockerell)female prosopon wax gland hole single or in groups,the forehead 25-30 crowd, each group has 4-6 approximately,the chest approximately 120-125 crowd,each crowd of 4-6,the abdomen approximately 200 crowds,each crowd reaches 30 approximately.The abdomen bristle are many and are big,the forehead is short and are few,the final abdominal segment bristle is short,circle columnar.The Dactylopius confusus(Cockerell) king antennas scanning electron microscope result indicated that:Four types of sensilla on the antenna of Dactylopius confusus(Cockerell),namely Trichoid sensilla,campaniform sensilla basiconic sensilla,styloconic sensilla.This experiment initially species identification is Dactylopius confusus(Cockerell).
3.Under nature habitat Dactylopius confusus(Cockerell)'s biological characteristic observation
Under the natural environment condition,Dactylopius confusus(Cockerell)life must pass through oviposit,incubate,the proliferation,fixed,secretes the wax and grows six growth stages.Just hatched nymphae's,had the aggregated habit,the most nymphaes often gathered in together,crawled to the host cactus's peak,sought the new stem piece, derived the new nutrition.This insect has hastens touches the habit and the negative ray, usually can choose fixes in the host cactus stem back shady-side thorn base or the concave place,after fixed then no longer moves.
4.Distributed of Dactylopius eonfusus(Coekerell)quantity on different spot of cactus and to cactus stem piece selective research
Through the stochastic selection parasitism has on Dactylopius confusus(Cockerell)'s cactus adult plant investigation in the greenhouse,finally indicated:The grain most likes parasiting on two level of stem pieces,next is the level stem piece,on three level of stem pieces parasites quantity are least.Dactylopius confusus(Cockerell)main parasitism in cactus stem piece under spot.The Dactylopius confusus(Cockerell)in parasites quantity to on the east cactus stem piece to be many,occupies always parasites quantity 72.6%,on the western cactus stem piece grain parasitism quantity are few,only accounts for the parasitic total 27.4%.
5.The growth influence of the Dactylopius confusus(Cockerell) under temperature processing
Raises the Dactylopius confusus(Cockerell)under 21℃-33℃five temperature conditions,the research temperature to the grain various stadiums survival percentage,it's body size,the insect heavy and the bosom egg quantity and various insects' condition growth experience time influence.Result demonstration:27℃the insects' various stadiums survival percentage is highest,insect body length and breadth,insect heavy biggest,cherishes the egg quantity to be most,most suits the grain survival.Various insects' condition growth experience time along with temperature rise growth experience time reduction.Looked from the entire generation,grain's growth speed for 33℃＞30℃＞27℃＞24℃＞21℃.The grain grows quickly although under 33℃the condition,but its prosopon's size,the body weight are small,cherish the egg quantity also to reduce along with it.
6.Studies on the Dactylopius confusus(Cockerell)reproduction characteristic and survives in the winter
In the room raises under the condition,through to the Dactylopius confusus (Cockerell)reproduction quantity investigation,finally indicated:Dactylopius confusus(Cockerell)'s quantity is big,the average each insect's reproduction quantity all above 350,high reaches 421 heads.The temperature is affects the reproduction quantity the primary factor,between the humidity and the reproduction quantity the difference is not remarkable.But through has the actor's wig to the cover and does not cover two kind of processing Dactylopius confusus(Cockerell)'s bosom egg quantity dissection result analysis which the actor's wig grows naturally to be possible to know,grain's reproduction way is the sexual reproduction,and is through spawns the hatching,but is not the viviparity.
Survives the winter the period in the Dactylopius confusus(Cockerell),to the various insects' condition quantity investigation,finally indicated that,In entire survives the winter the period has the female prosopon and the cocoon condition also quantity change not too obvious,is surviving the winter the period had not discovered the male prosopon,the definite Dactylopius confusus(Cockerell)survives the winter the instar:The female is the female prosopon and the egg,the king is a cocoon.
7.Medicament to Dactylopius confusus(Cockerell)toxicity mensuration
Five medicament to Dactylopius confusus(Cockerell)1~(st)age nymphae,2_(nd)age nymphaes,the female prosopon's toxicity mensuration,the result indicated that,These five medicament are consistent to various insects' condition toxicity size order.10% Imidacloprid has the highest toxicity tovarious insects' instar,other are in turn 36% Cypemethrin,48%Chlopyrifos,4.5%Beta-cypermethrin,1.8%Avermectin toxicity is lowest.Demonstrated by five medicament to 1st age nymphae and prosopon's toxicity comparison result that,five medicament obviously are higher than 2~(nd)age nymphaes and the prosopon to 1~(st)age nymphae's toxicity,explained the Dactylopius confusus(Cockerell) along with stadium enlargement,it bears the medicine degree also gradually to enhance, therefore,should prevent and control as soon as possible.The preventing and controlling best time in the nymphae time,Dactylopius confusus(Cockerell)'s nymphae time in the end of February and at the beginning of March,is generally good in this time preventing and controlling effect,simultaneously must pay attention to each medicament to gather the theory with and mixes uses,delays its antibiotic production.
对胭脂虫的形态特征进行观察,结果显示:胭脂虫在生长发育过程中主要经过以下几个虫态,其中雌虫经过:卵、一龄若虫、二龄若虫及雌成虫4个虫态;雄虫经过:卵、一龄幼虫、二龄幼虫、前蛹、蛹及雄成虫6个虫态。雌成虫体卵形,体长2.3—3.5mm,触角7节,体密被白色棉状蜡丝,多个虫的蜡丝常融合在一起,形成棉球状,去蜡后虫体成紫红色。雄成虫体细长,比雌成虫小,约0.6—3.0mm,触角发育良好,念珠状,暗红色,有少许白色蜡粉。复眼红色,无口器,具一对前翅,后翅退化为平衡棒。腹部有两条白色的尾丝,约与身体等长。
2.种类鉴定的研究
通过对胭脂虫雌成虫虫体蜡腺的扫描电镜研究,结果表明:胭脂虫雌成虫蜡腺孔单个或成群,头部约25—30群,每群具有4—6孔,胸部约120—125群,每群约4—6孔,腹部约200群,每群多达30孔。腹部刚毛多且大,头部短而少,最后腹节刚毛短,圆柱状。胭脂虫雄虫触角的扫描电镜结果表明:雄虫触角上生有4种感器,即毛形感器、钟形感器、锥形感器及腔锥形感器。本试验鉴定该试验种为Dactylopiusconfusus(Cockerell)。
3.自然生长环境下胭脂虫的生物学特性的观察
自然环境条件下,胭脂虫一生需经过产卵、孵化、扩散、固定、泌蜡及发育六个生长阶段。刚孵化的若虫,具有群集习性,多数若虫常聚集在一起,爬到寄主仙人掌的顶端,寻找新的茎片,以汲取新的营养。该虫具有负趋光性,且通常会选择固定在寄主仙人掌茎的背阴面的刺基部或凹陷的地方,固定后便不再移动。
4.胭脂虫在仙人掌植株上的分布及对仙人掌茎片的选择性研究
通过在温室中随机选取寄生有胭脂虫的仙人掌植株上的胭脂虫调查,结果表明:胭脂虫最喜欢寄生在二级茎片上,其次是一级茎片,三级茎片上寄生的胭脂虫数量最少。胭脂虫主要寄生在仙人掌茎片的中部和基部。胭脂虫在向东的仙人掌茎片上寄生数量较多,占总寄生数量的72.6%,西部的仙人掌茎片上胭脂虫寄生数量较少,仅占寄生总数的27.4%。
5.温度对胭脂虫生长发育的影响
在21℃—33℃五个温度条件下饲养胭脂虫,研究温度对胭脂虫各龄期的存活率,胭脂虫成虫虫体大小、虫重和怀卵量及各虫态的发育历期的影响。结果显示:27℃胭脂虫各龄期的存活率最高,虫体长度、宽度、虫重最大,怀卵量最多,最适合胭脂虫存活。胭脂虫各虫态的发育历期随温度的上升发育历期缩短。从整个世代来看,胭脂虫的发育速率为33℃＞30℃＞27℃＞24℃＞21℃。在33℃条件下胭脂虫虽生长较快,但其成虫的大小、体重均较小,怀卵量也随之降低,因此胭脂虫适宜的温度范围可确定为24℃—30℃。
6.胭脂虫生殖特性及越冬研究
室内饲养条件下,通过对胭脂虫繁殖量的调查,结果表明:胭脂虫的繁殖量大,平均每头胭脂虫的繁殖量都在350头以上,最高达421头。温度是影响繁殖量的主要因素,湿度与繁殖量之间差异不显著。而通过对罩有网纱进行单雌饲养和不罩网纱雌雄自然种群混合饲养的两种处理的胭脂虫的怀卵量的解剖结果分析可知,胭脂虫的生殖方式是两性生殖,并且是通过产卵繁殖的,而不是卵胎生。
在胭脂虫的越冬期间,对胭脂虫各虫态的数量调查,结果表明:在整个越冬期间均存在雌成虫和蛹态,但未发现雄成虫,且雌成虫和蛹的数量变化不太明显,确定胭脂虫的越冬虫态:雌成虫、卵和蛹。
7.药剂对胭脂虫毒力测定
五种药剂对胭脂虫一龄若虫、二龄若虫、雌成虫的毒力测定结果表明:这五种药剂对各虫态的毒力大小顺序一致。其中10%吡虫啉(大功臣)对胭脂虫各虫态的毒力最高,其它依次为36%马拉硫磷(全击)、48%毒死蜱(新一佳)、4.5%高效氯氰菊酯、1.8%阿维菌素的毒力最低。由五种药剂对胭脂虫一龄若虫和成虫的毒力比较结果显示,五种药剂对一龄若虫的毒力均明显高于二龄若虫和成虫,说明胭脂虫随着龄期的增大,其耐药程度也逐步提高,因此,应尽早防治。防治的最佳时期一般在若虫期,胭脂虫的若虫期在2月底3月初,在此时期防治效果较好,同时要注意各种药剂的合理轮用及混用,以延缓其抗药性的产生。
1.Shape characteristic observation
Carries on the observation to Dactylopius Coccus Costa's shape characteristic,The results showed that:There were several instars among the growth of Dactylopius Coccus Costa,in which female process:Egg,the first instars,the second instars,and adult female; The male insect include:Egg,the first larva,the second larva,pre-pupa,pupa and adult male.The female prosopon body oval,body long 2.3-3.5mm,antenna 7,the body by the white cotton and kapok shape wax silk,many insect's wax silk often is fused densely in together,forms the cotton and kapok to be spherical,after the dewaxing the insect body becomes the purple red.The male prosopon body is tall and slender,is smaller than the female prosopon,0.6-3.0mm,the antenna growth is approximately good,reads beaded,the garnet,has the little white wax powder.The compound eyes are red,has no mouthparts, has a pair of anterior wing,the latter wing degeneration is a halter.The abdomen has two white tail silk,and so on is approximately long with the body.
2.Species identification research
Through female's body wax glands of the Dactylopius confusus(Cockerell)the scanning electron microscope research,the results showed that:Dactylopius confusus (Cockerell)female prosopon wax gland hole single or in groups,the forehead 25-30 crowd, each group has 4-6 approximately,the chest approximately 120-125 crowd,each crowd of 4-6,the abdomen approximately 200 crowds,each crowd reaches 30 approximately.The abdomen bristle are many and are big,the forehead is short and are few,the final abdominal segment bristle is short,circle columnar.The Dactylopius confusus(Cockerell) king antennas scanning electron microscope result indicated that:Four types of sensilla on the antenna of Dactylopius confusus(Cockerell),namely Trichoid sensilla,campaniform sensilla basiconic sensilla,styloconic sensilla.This experiment initially species identification is Dactylopius confusus(Cockerell).
3.Under nature habitat Dactylopius confusus(Cockerell)'s biological characteristic observation
Under the natural environment condition,Dactylopius confusus(Cockerell)life must pass through oviposit,incubate,the proliferation,fixed,secretes the wax and grows six growth stages.Just hatched nymphae's,had the aggregated habit,the most nymphaes often gathered in together,crawled to the host cactus's peak,sought the new stem piece, derived the new nutrition.This insect has hastens touches the habit and the negative ray, usually can choose fixes in the host cactus stem back shady-side thorn base or the concave place,after fixed then no longer moves.
4.Distributed of Dactylopius eonfusus(Coekerell)quantity on different spot of cactus and to cactus stem piece selective research
Through the stochastic selection parasitism has on Dactylopius confusus(Cockerell)'s cactus adult plant investigation in the greenhouse,finally indicated:The grain most likes parasiting on two level of stem pieces,next is the level stem piece,on three level of stem pieces parasites quantity are least.Dactylopius confusus(Cockerell)main parasitism in cactus stem piece under spot.The Dactylopius confusus(Cockerell)in parasites quantity to on the east cactus stem piece to be many,occupies always parasites quantity 72.6%,on the western cactus stem piece grain parasitism quantity are few,only accounts for the parasitic total 27.4%.
5.The growth influence of the Dactylopius confusus(Cockerell) under temperature processing
Raises the Dactylopius confusus(Cockerell)under 21℃-33℃five temperature conditions,the research temperature to the grain various stadiums survival percentage,it's body size,the insect heavy and the bosom egg quantity and various insects' condition growth experience time influence.Result demonstration:27℃the insects' various stadiums survival percentage is highest,insect body length and breadth,insect heavy biggest,cherishes the egg quantity to be most,most suits the grain survival.Various insects' condition growth experience time along with temperature rise growth experience time reduction.Looked from the entire generation,grain's growth speed for 33℃＞30℃＞27℃＞24℃＞21℃.The grain grows quickly although under 33℃the condition,but its prosopon's size,the body weight are small,cherish the egg quantity also to reduce along with it.
6.Studies on the Dactylopius confusus(Cockerell)reproduction characteristic and survives in the winter
In the room raises under the condition,through to the Dactylopius confusus (Cockerell)reproduction quantity investigation,finally indicated:Dactylopius confusus(Cockerell)'s quantity is big,the average each insect's reproduction quantity all above 350,high reaches 421 heads.The temperature is affects the reproduction quantity the primary factor,between the humidity and the reproduction quantity the difference is not remarkable.But through has the actor's wig to the cover and does not cover two kind of processing Dactylopius confusus(Cockerell)'s bosom egg quantity dissection result analysis which the actor's wig grows naturally to be possible to know,grain's reproduction way is the sexual reproduction,and is through spawns the hatching,but is not the viviparity.
Survives the winter the period in the Dactylopius confusus(Cockerell),to the various insects' condition quantity investigation,finally indicated that,In entire survives the winter the period has the female prosopon and the cocoon condition also quantity change not too obvious,is surviving the winter the period had not discovered the male prosopon,the definite Dactylopius confusus(Cockerell)survives the winter the instar:The female is the female prosopon and the egg,the king is a cocoon.
7.Medicament to Dactylopius confusus(Cockerell)toxicity mensuration
Five medicament to Dactylopius confusus(Cockerell)1~(st)age nymphae,2_(nd)age nymphaes,the female prosopon's toxicity mensuration,the result indicated that,These five medicament are consistent to various insects' condition toxicity size order.10% Imidacloprid has the highest toxicity tovarious insects' instar,other are in turn 36% Cypemethrin,48%Chlopyrifos,4.5%Beta-cypermethrin,1.8%Avermectin toxicity is lowest.Demonstrated by five medicament to 1st age nymphae and prosopon's toxicity comparison result that,five medicament obviously are higher than 2~(nd)age nymphaes and the prosopon to 1~(st)age nymphae's toxicity,explained the Dactylopius confusus(Cockerell) along with stadium enlargement,it bears the medicine degree also gradually to enhance, therefore,should prevent and control as soon as possible.The preventing and controlling best time in the nymphae time,Dactylopius confusus(Cockerell)'s nymphae time in the end of February and at the beginning of March,is generally good in this time preventing and controlling effect,simultaneously must pay attention to each medicament to gather the theory with and mixes uses,delays its antibiotic production.
引文
[1]李志国,杨文云,杨时宇等.胭脂虫引种繁养初步研究.西南林学院学报,2001,21(3):165-168.
[2]Takahashi E,MarczyloTH,WatanabeT,et al.,ProventiveEffects of Anthraquin one Food Pigments on The DNA Damage Induced by Carcinogens In Drosophila,2001,1(480-481):139-45.
[3]Jamison JM,Krabill K,Flowers DG,Tsai CC,Polyribonucleotide -Anthraquinone Interctions:In Vitro Antiviral Activity Studies.Cell Biol,Int.Rep,1990,14(3):219-28.
[4]Ayuko Wo,Use Of Quinones In The Treatment Of Cancer Or AIDS,Europe Patent 0499467,1992-08-19.
[5]庄馥萃.世界胭脂虫业再度兴起[J].昆虫知识,1995,32(6):372-373.
[6]Brutsch MO,Zimmermann HG.The prickly pear(Opuntia ficus-indica[Cactaceae])in South Africa:utilization of the naturalized weed,and of the cultivated plants[J].Economic Botany,1993,47(2):154-162.
[7]Rodiriguez Hernandez I.The cochineal,a singular insect.Agriculture Medrid[J].1988,57:677,914-919.
[8]Brutsch,H.G.Zimmermann.The prickly peak(Opumtia ficus-Indica[Cactaceae])south Africa:Utilizaion of the naturalized weed,and of the cultivated plants.[J]Economic Vatany,1993,47(2):154-162.
[9]Benyei B&Sarms CWC.The prickly pear cacti,as a possibility for animal production in semiarid regions.Alattenyesztes es Takatmanyozas[J].1999,48(4):475480
[10]杨文云,杨时宇,李志国.印榕仙人掌引种繁殖初步研究[J].西南林学院学报,2000,12:204-208
[11]Cloudsley Thompson JL.Cochineal.Antenna[J].1986,10:2,70-72
[12]Gema Perez Guerra,Michael Kosztarab.Biosystematics of the family Dactylopiidae (Homoptera:Coccinea)with emphasis on the life cycle of Dactylopius coccus costa [M].Virginia polite chnic and state University:Bulletin,1992.92-1.
[13]刘志皋。食用天然色素的开发和利用。
[14]V.Flores-Flores,A.Tekelenburg,Dactylopius coccus Costa Dye production.Agro-ecology,cultivation and uses of cactus pear.[M]1995
[15]Rodriguez Hernandez I.The cochineal,a singular insect.Agriculture Madrid[J]1988,57:677,914-919
[16]胭脂虫及其寄主仙人掌的利用现状及在西部大开发中的发展前景。张忠和、 石雷、李玉芬。昆虫与环境——中国昆虫学会2001年学术年会论文集。2001,316-322
[17] Annecke DP, Moran VC.1. Critical reviews of biological pest control in South Africa. 2. The prickly pear, Opuntia fucus -indicia (L.) Miller. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa. 1978,41 (2) :161-188.
[18] Zimmermann HG The utilization of an invade cactus weed as part of an integrated control approach . Proceedings of the VIII International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds. 1990,429-432.
[19] Brutsch MO, Zimmermann HG The prickly pear,( Opuntia fucus-indica [Cactaceae]),in South Africa.: utilization of the naturalized weed , and of the cultivated plans.Economic Botany , 1993,47 (2): 154-162.
[20] Azocar C P& Rojo C H. Pricldypear (Opunta ficus-indices) cladodes utilization to replace alfalfa hay as supplementary summer forage for milking goats. Avances en Produccion Animal [J]. 1991,16 :(1-2): 173-182
[21] Zimmermann HG& Moran VC. Biological control of prickly pear, Opunriafcus-indica (Cactaceae), in South Africa. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment [J]. 1991, 37(1): 29 35
[22] Maruszewska M, GertigH. Food colorants [J]. Zywienie Czlowieka, 1978, 5(4):287-294
[23] Walker W . Alcoholic Beverage Containing Cream [M]. UK Patent Application,1982. GB2 084 185 A
[24]Russo A, MazzeoG. Dactylopius coccus Costa(Homoptera, Coeeoidea): carmine scale insect [J]. Informatore Fitopatologico, 1996, 46(4): 10-13
[25] Joshi PA, Lambdin PL. The ultrastructure of hemocytes in Dactylopius confsus (Cockerell), and the role of granulocytes in the synthesis of cochineal dye.Protoplasma[J].1996,192:3-4,199-216
[26] Ziegler R. A new type of highly polymerized yolk protein from the cochineal insect Dacrytapius confusus. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology [J]. 1996,31(3):273-287
[27] Wuthrich B. Anaphylactic reactions toingested carmine (E20). Allergy Copenhagen.Nov.[J].1997,52(11):1133-1137.
[28] De Lotto,On the status and identity of the cochineal insects (Homoptera:Coccoidea:Decty lopiidae)[J]. J Ent Soc Sth Afr,1974, 37(1):167-193.
[29] Karny ,M. Comparative studies on three Dactylopius species (Homopt: Dactylopiidae) attacking introduce Opuntias in south Africa.Entomology Mem.Dep.Tech.Serv.Repub.S.Afr.26:1-19
[30]Moran V C.Belated kudos for cochineal insects[J].Antenna,1981,5(2):54-58
[31]Macgregor Loaeza,Sampedro Rosas.Catalogue of Mexican scale insects I.Family Dactylopiidae(Homoptera:Coccoidea)[J].Analesdel Insfituto de Biologia,Universidad National Autonoma de Mexico,Zoologia,1983,54(1):217-223
[32]郑乐怡,归鸿.昆虫分类(上).[M].南京:南京师范大学出版社.1999:433-434.
[33]杨冠煌.中国昆虫资源利用和产业化[M].北京:中国农业出版社.1998:191-192.
[34]张忠和,石雷,徐珑峰.胭脂虫形态分类与生物学特性概述.西南林学院学报.2002,12(4):67-70.
[35]张忠和,石雷,徐涛等.胭脂虫与寄主仙人掌的关系.林业科学研究.2004。17(3):321-326
[36]Zimmermann HG.Rddye from an invade cactus weeds conference of south Africa,1980,79-85.
[37]Marin LR,Cisneros VF.Biology and morphology of the cochineal insect,dactylopius coccus costa(Homopt:dactylopiidae)[J].Revista peruanade entomologia,1977,20(1):115 -120
[38]陈晓菲,刘玉升,贝绍国等.温度对胭脂虫生长发育和生殖的影响.山东农业大学学报.2004,35(2):301-303
[39]Marin L R,Cisneros V F.Biology and morphology of the cochineal insect,Dactylopius coccus Costa(Homopt.:Dactylopiidae)[J].Revista Peruana de Entomologia,1977,20(1):115-120.
[40]Gilreath,M E,Smith J W,Bionomics of Dactylopius confuses(Homoptera:Dacbrlopiidae)[J].Annals of the Entomological Society of America,1987,80(6):768,-774
[41]Alvarez C G,Portillo M L,Vigueras G A L:Feasibility of culturing the cochineal insect in Zapotlanejo,Jalisco,Mexico[J].Dugesiana,1996,3(2):19-31
[42]Haro M E.Morphology of immature forms and adults of Dactylpius ceylonicus (Homoptera:Dactylopiidae)[J].Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina,1996,55(1-4):179- 188
[43]Hosking JR.The effectof temperature on the population potential of Dactylopius austrinus De Lotto(Homoptera:Dactylopiidae),on Opuntia aurantiaca Lindley.Journal of the Australian Entomological Society[J].1984,23(2):133-139.
[44]Moran,VC,Hoffman,JH.The effects of simulated and natural rainfall on cochineal insects(Homoptera:Dactylopiidae):colony distribution and survival on cactus cladodes.Ecological Entomology[J].1987,12(1):61-68
[45]Sullivan P R.Population growth potential of Dactylpius ceylonicus Green(Hemiptera:Daetylopiidae)on Opuntia vulgaris Miller[J].Journal of the Australian Entomological Society,1990,29(2):123-129
[46]MIZRAHIY.NERD A,NOBEL PS,Cacti as crops[J].Horticultural Review,1997,(18):291-320.
[47]Portillo M L,Vigueras G A L.Natural enemies of cochineal(Dactylopius coccus Costa):importance in Mexico[J].Journal of the Professional Association for Cactus Development,1998,(3):43-49
[48]Zimmermann HG.Under rated plant may become money spinner[J]Plant protection news,1995,42:9.
[49]刘梅森,何唯平.食用色素特性及发展趋势.中国食品添加剂.2003,4,67-69
[50]尤新.天然食用色素和功能.中国食品添加剂.2002,5:1-3
[51]杨时宁,杨文云,李志国等.印榕仙人掌利用现状及其发展前景[J].林业科学研究,2001,14(1):85-89.
[52]G.P.Ford,T.Gopal,Chronic toxicity/carcingenicity stud of carmine of cochineal in the rat.[J],Pergamon Journal Ltd,1987,(12):897-902.
[53]王延东.神奇多肉植物-仙人掌[J].中国土特产,1995,(5):35
[54]程前林,方金元.多姿多彩的仙人掌、仙人球、仙人棒[J].中国土特产,1995,(4):29-30
[55]江苏新医学院.中药大辞典[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1997,63
[56]王子清.中国动物志.北京:科学出版社,2001.
[57]Schneider D.Ann.Rev.Entomol,1964,9:103-22.
[58]Jefferson R.N.,Rubin R E.,Farland S.U.,Shorey H H.Ann.Ent.Soc.Amer.,1970,63(5):1227-1238.
[59]陈晓菲,刘玉升等.温度对胭脂虫雌虫生长发育和生殖的影响[J].山东农业大学学报,2004,35,(2):301-303.
[60]刘玉双,石福明.红缘吉丁(鞘翅目:吉丁虫科)触角感器的扫描电镜观察[J].昆虫学报,2005,48(3):469-472.
[61]周志军,王世贵.二化螟盘绒茧蜂触角感器的超微结构[J].昆虫知识,2005,42(6):676-680.
[62]SCHOONHOV EN L M,JERM Y T,VAN LOON J A.In sect-plan t Biology from Physiology to Evolution[M].London:Chapman & Hall,1998.172- 186.
[63]STADL ER E.Behavioral responses of insects to p lant secondary compounds[A].ROSEN THAL G A,BERENBAUMM R.Herbivores:The ir In teracting with Secondary Plan tMetabol ites 2nd ed.,Vol2[C].New York:A cadem ic P ress,1992.2:45- 88.
[64]LOON J J A van.Chemosensory basis of feeding and oviposition behavior in herbivorous insects:a glance at the periphery[J].En tomologia Exper imen ta l is et Appl ica ta,1996,80:7- 13.
[65]吴才宏.昆虫学报,1993,36(4):385- 388.
[66]Alaam s T.J.J.Chem.E col.,1991,17(5):953- 972.
[67]Den O tter C.J.P reference Behaviour and Chemo recep2 tion,1979,17-182.
[68]L e Ru B.Int.J.InsectM orp hol.& Em bry ol.,1990,24:375- 389.
[69]A ltner H.Int.R ev.Cy tol.,1980,67:69-139.
[70]马瑞燕,杜家伟.昆虫的触角感器.昆虫知识,2000,37(3):179-182
[71]Merivcc E,Rahi M,Luik A.Antennal sensilla of the click beetle,Melanotus villosus (Geoffory)(Coleoptera:Elateridac).International Journal of Insect Morphology,1999,28:41-51
[72]张忠和,杨勋章,王自力.胭脂虫实验种群研究。林业科学研究2003,16(3):254-261.
[2]Takahashi E,MarczyloTH,WatanabeT,et al.,ProventiveEffects of Anthraquin one Food Pigments on The DNA Damage Induced by Carcinogens In Drosophila,2001,1(480-481):139-45.
[3]Jamison JM,Krabill K,Flowers DG,Tsai CC,Polyribonucleotide -Anthraquinone Interctions:In Vitro Antiviral Activity Studies.Cell Biol,Int.Rep,1990,14(3):219-28.
[4]Ayuko Wo,Use Of Quinones In The Treatment Of Cancer Or AIDS,Europe Patent 0499467,1992-08-19.
[5]庄馥萃.世界胭脂虫业再度兴起[J].昆虫知识,1995,32(6):372-373.
[6]Brutsch MO,Zimmermann HG.The prickly pear(Opuntia ficus-indica[Cactaceae])in South Africa:utilization of the naturalized weed,and of the cultivated plants[J].Economic Botany,1993,47(2):154-162.
[7]Rodiriguez Hernandez I.The cochineal,a singular insect.Agriculture Medrid[J].1988,57:677,914-919.
[8]Brutsch,H.G.Zimmermann.The prickly peak(Opumtia ficus-Indica[Cactaceae])south Africa:Utilizaion of the naturalized weed,and of the cultivated plants.[J]Economic Vatany,1993,47(2):154-162.
[9]Benyei B&Sarms CWC.The prickly pear cacti,as a possibility for animal production in semiarid regions.Alattenyesztes es Takatmanyozas[J].1999,48(4):475480
[10]杨文云,杨时宇,李志国.印榕仙人掌引种繁殖初步研究[J].西南林学院学报,2000,12:204-208
[11]Cloudsley Thompson JL.Cochineal.Antenna[J].1986,10:2,70-72
[12]Gema Perez Guerra,Michael Kosztarab.Biosystematics of the family Dactylopiidae (Homoptera:Coccinea)with emphasis on the life cycle of Dactylopius coccus costa [M].Virginia polite chnic and state University:Bulletin,1992.92-1.
[13]刘志皋。食用天然色素的开发和利用。
[14]V.Flores-Flores,A.Tekelenburg,Dactylopius coccus Costa Dye production.Agro-ecology,cultivation and uses of cactus pear.[M]1995
[15]Rodriguez Hernandez I.The cochineal,a singular insect.Agriculture Madrid[J]1988,57:677,914-919
[16]胭脂虫及其寄主仙人掌的利用现状及在西部大开发中的发展前景。张忠和、 石雷、李玉芬。昆虫与环境——中国昆虫学会2001年学术年会论文集。2001,316-322
[17] Annecke DP, Moran VC.1. Critical reviews of biological pest control in South Africa. 2. The prickly pear, Opuntia fucus -indicia (L.) Miller. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa. 1978,41 (2) :161-188.
[18] Zimmermann HG The utilization of an invade cactus weed as part of an integrated control approach . Proceedings of the VIII International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds. 1990,429-432.
[19] Brutsch MO, Zimmermann HG The prickly pear,( Opuntia fucus-indica [Cactaceae]),in South Africa.: utilization of the naturalized weed , and of the cultivated plans.Economic Botany , 1993,47 (2): 154-162.
[20] Azocar C P& Rojo C H. Pricldypear (Opunta ficus-indices) cladodes utilization to replace alfalfa hay as supplementary summer forage for milking goats. Avances en Produccion Animal [J]. 1991,16 :(1-2): 173-182
[21] Zimmermann HG& Moran VC. Biological control of prickly pear, Opunriafcus-indica (Cactaceae), in South Africa. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment [J]. 1991, 37(1): 29 35
[22] Maruszewska M, GertigH. Food colorants [J]. Zywienie Czlowieka, 1978, 5(4):287-294
[23] Walker W . Alcoholic Beverage Containing Cream [M]. UK Patent Application,1982. GB2 084 185 A
[24]Russo A, MazzeoG. Dactylopius coccus Costa(Homoptera, Coeeoidea): carmine scale insect [J]. Informatore Fitopatologico, 1996, 46(4): 10-13
[25] Joshi PA, Lambdin PL. The ultrastructure of hemocytes in Dactylopius confsus (Cockerell), and the role of granulocytes in the synthesis of cochineal dye.Protoplasma[J].1996,192:3-4,199-216
[26] Ziegler R. A new type of highly polymerized yolk protein from the cochineal insect Dacrytapius confusus. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology [J]. 1996,31(3):273-287
[27] Wuthrich B. Anaphylactic reactions toingested carmine (E20). Allergy Copenhagen.Nov.[J].1997,52(11):1133-1137.
[28] De Lotto,On the status and identity of the cochineal insects (Homoptera:Coccoidea:Decty lopiidae)[J]. J Ent Soc Sth Afr,1974, 37(1):167-193.
[29] Karny ,M. Comparative studies on three Dactylopius species (Homopt: Dactylopiidae) attacking introduce Opuntias in south Africa.Entomology Mem.Dep.Tech.Serv.Repub.S.Afr.26:1-19
[30]Moran V C.Belated kudos for cochineal insects[J].Antenna,1981,5(2):54-58
[31]Macgregor Loaeza,Sampedro Rosas.Catalogue of Mexican scale insects I.Family Dactylopiidae(Homoptera:Coccoidea)[J].Analesdel Insfituto de Biologia,Universidad National Autonoma de Mexico,Zoologia,1983,54(1):217-223
[32]郑乐怡,归鸿.昆虫分类(上).[M].南京:南京师范大学出版社.1999:433-434.
[33]杨冠煌.中国昆虫资源利用和产业化[M].北京:中国农业出版社.1998:191-192.
[34]张忠和,石雷,徐珑峰.胭脂虫形态分类与生物学特性概述.西南林学院学报.2002,12(4):67-70.
[35]张忠和,石雷,徐涛等.胭脂虫与寄主仙人掌的关系.林业科学研究.2004。17(3):321-326
[36]Zimmermann HG.Rddye from an invade cactus weeds conference of south Africa,1980,79-85.
[37]Marin LR,Cisneros VF.Biology and morphology of the cochineal insect,dactylopius coccus costa(Homopt:dactylopiidae)[J].Revista peruanade entomologia,1977,20(1):115 -120
[38]陈晓菲,刘玉升,贝绍国等.温度对胭脂虫生长发育和生殖的影响.山东农业大学学报.2004,35(2):301-303
[39]Marin L R,Cisneros V F.Biology and morphology of the cochineal insect,Dactylopius coccus Costa(Homopt.:Dactylopiidae)[J].Revista Peruana de Entomologia,1977,20(1):115-120.
[40]Gilreath,M E,Smith J W,Bionomics of Dactylopius confuses(Homoptera:Dacbrlopiidae)[J].Annals of the Entomological Society of America,1987,80(6):768,-774
[41]Alvarez C G,Portillo M L,Vigueras G A L:Feasibility of culturing the cochineal insect in Zapotlanejo,Jalisco,Mexico[J].Dugesiana,1996,3(2):19-31
[42]Haro M E.Morphology of immature forms and adults of Dactylpius ceylonicus (Homoptera:Dactylopiidae)[J].Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina,1996,55(1-4):179- 188
[43]Hosking JR.The effectof temperature on the population potential of Dactylopius austrinus De Lotto(Homoptera:Dactylopiidae),on Opuntia aurantiaca Lindley.Journal of the Australian Entomological Society[J].1984,23(2):133-139.
[44]Moran,VC,Hoffman,JH.The effects of simulated and natural rainfall on cochineal insects(Homoptera:Dactylopiidae):colony distribution and survival on cactus cladodes.Ecological Entomology[J].1987,12(1):61-68
[45]Sullivan P R.Population growth potential of Dactylpius ceylonicus Green(Hemiptera:Daetylopiidae)on Opuntia vulgaris Miller[J].Journal of the Australian Entomological Society,1990,29(2):123-129
[46]MIZRAHIY.NERD A,NOBEL PS,Cacti as crops[J].Horticultural Review,1997,(18):291-320.
[47]Portillo M L,Vigueras G A L.Natural enemies of cochineal(Dactylopius coccus Costa):importance in Mexico[J].Journal of the Professional Association for Cactus Development,1998,(3):43-49
[48]Zimmermann HG.Under rated plant may become money spinner[J]Plant protection news,1995,42:9.
[49]刘梅森,何唯平.食用色素特性及发展趋势.中国食品添加剂.2003,4,67-69
[50]尤新.天然食用色素和功能.中国食品添加剂.2002,5:1-3
[51]杨时宁,杨文云,李志国等.印榕仙人掌利用现状及其发展前景[J].林业科学研究,2001,14(1):85-89.
[52]G.P.Ford,T.Gopal,Chronic toxicity/carcingenicity stud of carmine of cochineal in the rat.[J],Pergamon Journal Ltd,1987,(12):897-902.
[53]王延东.神奇多肉植物-仙人掌[J].中国土特产,1995,(5):35
[54]程前林,方金元.多姿多彩的仙人掌、仙人球、仙人棒[J].中国土特产,1995,(4):29-30
[55]江苏新医学院.中药大辞典[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1997,63
[56]王子清.中国动物志.北京:科学出版社,2001.
[57]Schneider D.Ann.Rev.Entomol,1964,9:103-22.
[58]Jefferson R.N.,Rubin R E.,Farland S.U.,Shorey H H.Ann.Ent.Soc.Amer.,1970,63(5):1227-1238.
[59]陈晓菲,刘玉升等.温度对胭脂虫雌虫生长发育和生殖的影响[J].山东农业大学学报,2004,35,(2):301-303.
[60]刘玉双,石福明.红缘吉丁(鞘翅目:吉丁虫科)触角感器的扫描电镜观察[J].昆虫学报,2005,48(3):469-472.
[61]周志军,王世贵.二化螟盘绒茧蜂触角感器的超微结构[J].昆虫知识,2005,42(6):676-680.
[62]SCHOONHOV EN L M,JERM Y T,VAN LOON J A.In sect-plan t Biology from Physiology to Evolution[M].London:Chapman & Hall,1998.172- 186.
[63]STADL ER E.Behavioral responses of insects to p lant secondary compounds[A].ROSEN THAL G A,BERENBAUMM R.Herbivores:The ir In teracting with Secondary Plan tMetabol ites 2nd ed.,Vol2[C].New York:A cadem ic P ress,1992.2:45- 88.
[64]LOON J J A van.Chemosensory basis of feeding and oviposition behavior in herbivorous insects:a glance at the periphery[J].En tomologia Exper imen ta l is et Appl ica ta,1996,80:7- 13.
[65]吴才宏.昆虫学报,1993,36(4):385- 388.
[66]Alaam s T.J.J.Chem.E col.,1991,17(5):953- 972.
[67]Den O tter C.J.P reference Behaviour and Chemo recep2 tion,1979,17-182.
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