微纳结构光学微腔中的光学双稳与耦合慢光传输
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摘要
光子晶体是一种折射率在空间周期性变化的介电结构,具有光子禁带和光子局域等特性,由光子晶体制成的器件可以方便地控制光子行为,使其在应用方面显示巨大潜力。表面等离子体激元(SPPs)是一种由外界光场与金属表面电子相互作用而产生的在金属和电介质界面上传播的电磁波模式,具有突破衍射极限和局部场增强效应特性。以光子晶体和SPPs作为信息载体是实现集成光子器件小型化,提高系统集成度的有效途径之一。本文根据集成光学的原理,设计了基于光子晶体、SPPs的集成光子器件,并采用时域有限差分(FDTD)、传输矩阵(TMM)等数值模拟技术分析了这些器件的光学性能。结果表明,利用这些光子器件,可以在微纳米尺度范围操纵光子行为,为构建新型功能光学系统和光学集成提供新的方案。本文的工作分为以下几个方面：
1.基于SPPs纳米微腔的光学双稳态及其器件应用
SPPs能将电磁场能量聚集在很小的空间范围,具有巨大的局部场增强效益。在狭缝金属波导内放入非线性介质,利用非线性Kerr效应和由金属-非线性介质-金属所构成的纳米SPPs Fabry-Perot微腔形成的正反馈机制,可以实现纳米结构的光学双稳器件。且由于SPPs所具有的局部场增强效应,该双稳器件可以满足较小的输入光强获得较大的腔内光强及非线性响应,而实现低输入光强的双稳态效应。在填充以长度为300nm厚度为30nmGaAs非线性介质的Ag-GaAs-Ag腔内,利用FDTD方法计算了不同入射光强下的透射曲线及不同波长情况时的输入输出关系曲线,验证了该纳米器件可以实现光学双稳。而且由于SPPs的局部增强效应,导致这种双稳态可以在低入射光强条件下发生。因此,可望用于高密度光学集成网络中的光开关、光学三极管等等光子器件。
2.基于SPPs耦合共振波导(CROW)的可调谐慢光及光时分复用(OTDM)
增益介质填充于二维金属微型环内并排列构成SPPs CROW用以实现连续可调谐慢光。对于群速度而言,其大小和折射率的相对变化率密切相关,故结构中的群速度与CROW本身结构所对应的色散特性及增益介质共振频率附近色散变化特性都有依赖关系。通过调节增益强度改变增益介质色散则可以放大或缩小由CROW几何结构所决定的群速度,并由此得到可连续调谐慢光。介电常数具有Lorentz模型的增益介质被填充于由4个金属Ag环组成的长度为2.32um二维有限CROW,通过调节增益强度的办法,实现了可调谐时间延迟。利用传输矩阵方法推导了其透射率、色散曲线及群折射率,利用FDTD数值模拟了脉冲在该结构中的可调谐时间延迟特性。最后把该结构应用到OTDM系统,实现了较宽比特率范围内的输入信号复用。
3.局部准周期光子晶体CROW与多通道慢光
局部准周期光子晶体可以代替准周期光子晶体并实现准周期光子晶体独特性能。利用局部准周期光子晶体缺陷构造CROW结构使光子同时受到局域与导引的双重作用,既可实现慢光效应又可得到高的透射率。多个CROW结构排列在一起则可以实现局部准周期光子晶体的多通道慢光。该结构既能保证各通道良好的传输特性,又能得到较大的群折射率。研究了由方形格点组成的包含十二重准周期结构的二维正三角周期光子晶体的特性,利用平面波展开法计算了其能带机构。使用FDTD计算了该局部准周期光子晶体缺陷构造的CROW结构及多个CROW排列所形成的多通道结构的透射特征,验证了其多通道和慢光特性。其多通道的特性可直接构成波分复用器件应用于高密度光学集成系统。
Photonic crystals (PCs), which have periodic varied refractive index, have the characteristics of photonic band gaps and photonic localization. PC-based devices can make photon easily to be controlled and show wide potential application. Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are surface waves tending to propagate along the interface between metals and dielectrics. And SPPs can transfer optical signals beyond the diffraction limit and show stong local field on the metal surfaces. According to the properties of PCs and SPPs, an effective way to reduce the photonic devices' volume and improve the density of integration can be found by taking PCs and SPPs as information carriers. In this disseration, by taking advantage of the well-known optical principles, we have designed three SPPs-based and PC-based integrated photonic devices and further confirmed the optical properties of these devices by the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, transfer matrix method (TMM) and other simulation method, respectively. Our results may provide some ways to construct novel functional optical components and integration systems of photonic network. The main work of this disseration includes the following three parts:
1. Optical bistability(OB) in plasmonic nanocavities and its application
SPPs are well known as the abilities of confining and enhancing the local optical field intensity. Taking the advantage of SPPs, OB can be realized in plasmonic nanovavity. In this part, a Fabry-Perot nanocavity is constructed by filling a piece of optical Kerr medium into the metal gap waveguides (MGWs). And the OB effects are observed in low incident power due to the strong local field of SPPs. Here, the nanocavity is constructed by a piece of GaAs layer with thickness of 30 nm and length of 300 nm. FDTD numerical simulations are performed to calculate the transmission spectra and output-input intensity relations. The results show the hysteresis loop of bistability in the case of with low incident intensity due to the enhancement of SPPs. The result implies a feasible way for constructing nanoscale optical logical gates, switches, all-optical transisitors etc. for high density integration of optical circuits.
2. Continuously tunable slow light in plasmonic coupled resonator optical waveguide (CROW) and optical-time-division-multiplexing (OTDM)
By filling optical active materials in two-dimensional metal rings, we construct a SPPs CROW to achieve continuously tunable slow light. It is well known that the group velocity is related to the relative variation of dielectric refractive index. So in SPPs CROW, the group velocity can be independently controlled by either the active material dispersion or dispersion from CROW geometry structure. To tune the gain strength, the varied material dispersion can lead to amplified or attenuated group velocity produced by the geometry structure, and so the continuously slow light can be obtained. We propose a structure constructed by filling a Lorentz model active material in 4 Ag-rings CROW. The tunable time delay is realized in it by tuning the gain strength. TMM is performed to calculate the transmission, dispersion relation and group index. FDTD method is performed to simulate the time evolution of input pulses to demonstrate the time delay. Based on this structure, a variable-bit-rate OTDM system in wide range of incoming bit-rates can be realized.
3. CROW by photonic crystal with portion of photonic quasicrystals and its multi-channel slow light properties
PC constructed with portion of quasiperiodic structures can realize the properties of photonic quasicrystals. CROW in this structure is designed for slow light. Here, a two-dimensional periodic triangular photonic crystal structures constructed with a portion of 12-fold symmetric photonic quasicrystals was proposed for multi-channel slow light. We perform plane wave expansion method to calculate its photonic band gaps and FDTD to demonstrate calculate the transmisson of the CROWs and property of the multi-channel slow light.
1.基于SPPs纳米微腔的光学双稳态及其器件应用
SPPs能将电磁场能量聚集在很小的空间范围,具有巨大的局部场增强效益。在狭缝金属波导内放入非线性介质,利用非线性Kerr效应和由金属-非线性介质-金属所构成的纳米SPPs Fabry-Perot微腔形成的正反馈机制,可以实现纳米结构的光学双稳器件。且由于SPPs所具有的局部场增强效应,该双稳器件可以满足较小的输入光强获得较大的腔内光强及非线性响应,而实现低输入光强的双稳态效应。在填充以长度为300nm厚度为30nmGaAs非线性介质的Ag-GaAs-Ag腔内,利用FDTD方法计算了不同入射光强下的透射曲线及不同波长情况时的输入输出关系曲线,验证了该纳米器件可以实现光学双稳。而且由于SPPs的局部增强效应,导致这种双稳态可以在低入射光强条件下发生。因此,可望用于高密度光学集成网络中的光开关、光学三极管等等光子器件。
2.基于SPPs耦合共振波导(CROW)的可调谐慢光及光时分复用(OTDM)
增益介质填充于二维金属微型环内并排列构成SPPs CROW用以实现连续可调谐慢光。对于群速度而言,其大小和折射率的相对变化率密切相关,故结构中的群速度与CROW本身结构所对应的色散特性及增益介质共振频率附近色散变化特性都有依赖关系。通过调节增益强度改变增益介质色散则可以放大或缩小由CROW几何结构所决定的群速度,并由此得到可连续调谐慢光。介电常数具有Lorentz模型的增益介质被填充于由4个金属Ag环组成的长度为2.32um二维有限CROW,通过调节增益强度的办法,实现了可调谐时间延迟。利用传输矩阵方法推导了其透射率、色散曲线及群折射率,利用FDTD数值模拟了脉冲在该结构中的可调谐时间延迟特性。最后把该结构应用到OTDM系统,实现了较宽比特率范围内的输入信号复用。
3.局部准周期光子晶体CROW与多通道慢光
局部准周期光子晶体可以代替准周期光子晶体并实现准周期光子晶体独特性能。利用局部准周期光子晶体缺陷构造CROW结构使光子同时受到局域与导引的双重作用,既可实现慢光效应又可得到高的透射率。多个CROW结构排列在一起则可以实现局部准周期光子晶体的多通道慢光。该结构既能保证各通道良好的传输特性,又能得到较大的群折射率。研究了由方形格点组成的包含十二重准周期结构的二维正三角周期光子晶体的特性,利用平面波展开法计算了其能带机构。使用FDTD计算了该局部准周期光子晶体缺陷构造的CROW结构及多个CROW排列所形成的多通道结构的透射特征,验证了其多通道和慢光特性。其多通道的特性可直接构成波分复用器件应用于高密度光学集成系统。
Photonic crystals (PCs), which have periodic varied refractive index, have the characteristics of photonic band gaps and photonic localization. PC-based devices can make photon easily to be controlled and show wide potential application. Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are surface waves tending to propagate along the interface between metals and dielectrics. And SPPs can transfer optical signals beyond the diffraction limit and show stong local field on the metal surfaces. According to the properties of PCs and SPPs, an effective way to reduce the photonic devices' volume and improve the density of integration can be found by taking PCs and SPPs as information carriers. In this disseration, by taking advantage of the well-known optical principles, we have designed three SPPs-based and PC-based integrated photonic devices and further confirmed the optical properties of these devices by the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, transfer matrix method (TMM) and other simulation method, respectively. Our results may provide some ways to construct novel functional optical components and integration systems of photonic network. The main work of this disseration includes the following three parts:
1. Optical bistability(OB) in plasmonic nanocavities and its application
SPPs are well known as the abilities of confining and enhancing the local optical field intensity. Taking the advantage of SPPs, OB can be realized in plasmonic nanovavity. In this part, a Fabry-Perot nanocavity is constructed by filling a piece of optical Kerr medium into the metal gap waveguides (MGWs). And the OB effects are observed in low incident power due to the strong local field of SPPs. Here, the nanocavity is constructed by a piece of GaAs layer with thickness of 30 nm and length of 300 nm. FDTD numerical simulations are performed to calculate the transmission spectra and output-input intensity relations. The results show the hysteresis loop of bistability in the case of with low incident intensity due to the enhancement of SPPs. The result implies a feasible way for constructing nanoscale optical logical gates, switches, all-optical transisitors etc. for high density integration of optical circuits.
2. Continuously tunable slow light in plasmonic coupled resonator optical waveguide (CROW) and optical-time-division-multiplexing (OTDM)
By filling optical active materials in two-dimensional metal rings, we construct a SPPs CROW to achieve continuously tunable slow light. It is well known that the group velocity is related to the relative variation of dielectric refractive index. So in SPPs CROW, the group velocity can be independently controlled by either the active material dispersion or dispersion from CROW geometry structure. To tune the gain strength, the varied material dispersion can lead to amplified or attenuated group velocity produced by the geometry structure, and so the continuously slow light can be obtained. We propose a structure constructed by filling a Lorentz model active material in 4 Ag-rings CROW. The tunable time delay is realized in it by tuning the gain strength. TMM is performed to calculate the transmission, dispersion relation and group index. FDTD method is performed to simulate the time evolution of input pulses to demonstrate the time delay. Based on this structure, a variable-bit-rate OTDM system in wide range of incoming bit-rates can be realized.
3. CROW by photonic crystal with portion of photonic quasicrystals and its multi-channel slow light properties
PC constructed with portion of quasiperiodic structures can realize the properties of photonic quasicrystals. CROW in this structure is designed for slow light. Here, a two-dimensional periodic triangular photonic crystal structures constructed with a portion of 12-fold symmetric photonic quasicrystals was proposed for multi-channel slow light. We perform plane wave expansion method to calculate its photonic band gaps and FDTD to demonstrate calculate the transmisson of the CROWs and property of the multi-channel slow light.
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