册田水库大坝除险加固措施研究
摘要
对病险水库进行除险加固,可恢复或加强水库的防洪功能及兴利效益,改善生态环境,有利于促进水利事业的发展,更好地造福于人民。病险水库事关人民群众生命财产安全,事关国民经济发展和社会稳定,病险水库的除险加固是十分必要和紧迫的。
册田水库是桑干河干流上山西省出境处控制性工程,水库工程于1958年3月开始修建,1970年至1976年续建,最大坝高41.5m。水库枢纽工程由大坝、正常溢洪道、浆砌石重力坝等组成,1991年增建溢洪道一座,大坝分为主坝和南、北副坝三段。由于大坝施工前坝基未作彻底处理,水库蓄水后坝基渗漏严重,影响大坝安全;施工过程中大坝填筑质量较差,坝体出现过许多裂缝,水库存在许多隐患。为了提高水库的防洪蓄水能力,充分发挥水库效益,需对水库大坝进行加固。
通过大坝坝坡稳定、渗透稳定进行了分析,提出上游坝坡从坝轴线开始以1:1.2的坡度开挖至951.0m高程后,用石渣进行回填处理,回填石渣设计干重度21kN/m3,在石渣培厚体与坝体土之间设置反滤层,护坡用干砌石,厚度为40cm,其下设30cm厚碎石垫层。主坝坝基作垂直防渗处理,采用塑性混凝土,防渗墙深入玄武岩4m,防渗墙厚度0.8m。
南副坝坝基为一古河道,其底部高于现河床10m左右,最大堆积物厚度25m。依据《水利水电工程地质勘察规范》GB50287-99和《建筑抗震设计规范》GB50011-2001评价,南副坝坝基土为液化土层,采用坝前加载法消除坝基液化。
根据工程所在地区的自然环境、社会环境以及工程施工对环境可能造成的影响,提出了环境保护措施、环境管理与监测计划。
It is very important to shore up reservoirs in poor condition in order to fully display their benefits. Because, once the poor reservoirs are reinforced, they can recover or strengthen the flood controlling capacity and promote the social benefits, improve the ecological environment, promote the development of water conservancy undertakings and bring benefits to the people. And also because they have influence on ensuring the safety of the lives and property of the people, and on accelerating economic development and social stability.
The Cetinan reservoir is the controlling engineering of departure terminal of Shanxi Province for the mainstream of Sanggan Water. The construction of the reservoir started in March 1958, and it was continuing to construct from 1970 to 1976, the most height of the dam is 41.5 maters. The hub project of the reservoir is composed of big dam, normal spillway, cemented masonry gravity dam and so on, and later a spillway was constructed too. The dam consists of main dam, north and south secondary dam. The dam still has many potential problems due to so badly searched before construction that the seepage is very serious after the reservoir water storing, and because of so poor quality of filling the dam that many cracks is arising in the dam body. In order to improve the anti-flood and water storage capacity, and fully displaying the benefits, it is urgent to reinforce the dam of the reservoir.
By means of analyzing the slope and infiltration stability of the dam, many measurements are put forward. The upper dam slope was excavated with the slope of 1:1.2 ratio from the axis to the height of 951 meters, it was filled with broken stones of which design dry density is 21kN/m3, the reverse filter layer was installed between the broken stones form and dam body, the revetment was filled up with broken stones, which was 40 cm in thickness, and under it the later layer was constructed with 30 cm thick broken stones. The main dam foundation was handled with plastic concrete in a vertical position, which was called as diaphragm wall with 4 meters thick and thorough into the basalt.
The foundation of southern assistant dam was an ancient river channel, the bottom of which was 10 meters higher than the riverbed, the maximum thickness of the accumulation was 25 meters. According to the evaluation of << Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power Engineering Geological Investigation Standards>>GB50287-99 and the <>GB50011-2001, the foundation of southern assistant dam was a liquefaction layer, which could eliminated liquefaction stability for earth dam by using loading method in front of dam.
Environmental protection measurements, environment management and monitoring program were posed according to its natural and social environment of the engineering and the impact of engineering construction on environment.
册田水库是桑干河干流上山西省出境处控制性工程,水库工程于1958年3月开始修建,1970年至1976年续建,最大坝高41.5m。水库枢纽工程由大坝、正常溢洪道、浆砌石重力坝等组成,1991年增建溢洪道一座,大坝分为主坝和南、北副坝三段。由于大坝施工前坝基未作彻底处理,水库蓄水后坝基渗漏严重,影响大坝安全;施工过程中大坝填筑质量较差,坝体出现过许多裂缝,水库存在许多隐患。为了提高水库的防洪蓄水能力,充分发挥水库效益,需对水库大坝进行加固。
通过大坝坝坡稳定、渗透稳定进行了分析,提出上游坝坡从坝轴线开始以1:1.2的坡度开挖至951.0m高程后,用石渣进行回填处理,回填石渣设计干重度21kN/m3,在石渣培厚体与坝体土之间设置反滤层,护坡用干砌石,厚度为40cm,其下设30cm厚碎石垫层。主坝坝基作垂直防渗处理,采用塑性混凝土,防渗墙深入玄武岩4m,防渗墙厚度0.8m。
南副坝坝基为一古河道,其底部高于现河床10m左右,最大堆积物厚度25m。依据《水利水电工程地质勘察规范》GB50287-99和《建筑抗震设计规范》GB50011-2001评价,南副坝坝基土为液化土层,采用坝前加载法消除坝基液化。
根据工程所在地区的自然环境、社会环境以及工程施工对环境可能造成的影响,提出了环境保护措施、环境管理与监测计划。
It is very important to shore up reservoirs in poor condition in order to fully display their benefits. Because, once the poor reservoirs are reinforced, they can recover or strengthen the flood controlling capacity and promote the social benefits, improve the ecological environment, promote the development of water conservancy undertakings and bring benefits to the people. And also because they have influence on ensuring the safety of the lives and property of the people, and on accelerating economic development and social stability.
The Cetinan reservoir is the controlling engineering of departure terminal of Shanxi Province for the mainstream of Sanggan Water. The construction of the reservoir started in March 1958, and it was continuing to construct from 1970 to 1976, the most height of the dam is 41.5 maters. The hub project of the reservoir is composed of big dam, normal spillway, cemented masonry gravity dam and so on, and later a spillway was constructed too. The dam consists of main dam, north and south secondary dam. The dam still has many potential problems due to so badly searched before construction that the seepage is very serious after the reservoir water storing, and because of so poor quality of filling the dam that many cracks is arising in the dam body. In order to improve the anti-flood and water storage capacity, and fully displaying the benefits, it is urgent to reinforce the dam of the reservoir.
By means of analyzing the slope and infiltration stability of the dam, many measurements are put forward. The upper dam slope was excavated with the slope of 1:1.2 ratio from the axis to the height of 951 meters, it was filled with broken stones of which design dry density is 21kN/m3, the reverse filter layer was installed between the broken stones form and dam body, the revetment was filled up with broken stones, which was 40 cm in thickness, and under it the later layer was constructed with 30 cm thick broken stones. The main dam foundation was handled with plastic concrete in a vertical position, which was called as diaphragm wall with 4 meters thick and thorough into the basalt.
The foundation of southern assistant dam was an ancient river channel, the bottom of which was 10 meters higher than the riverbed, the maximum thickness of the accumulation was 25 meters. According to the evaluation of << Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power Engineering Geological Investigation Standards>>GB50287-99 and the <
Environmental protection measurements, environment management and monitoring program were posed according to its natural and social environment of the engineering and the impact of engineering construction on environment.
引文
[1] 张启岳主编《土石坝加固技术》,北京:中国水利水电出版社,2000.10
[2] 焦点访谈节目:《中国病险水库现状调查》,2007.4.8.～4.10
[3] 顾淦臣.土石坝病害和失事.见:白永年,吴士宁,王洪恩合编.土石坝加固.北京:水利电力出版社,1992
[4]郑北鹰,清除水库病险刻不容缓,光明日报,2000-07-21(B5)
[5] 华贵兴.土坝险情分析及处理.水利水电技术,1986(1)
[6] 许四复.土石坝主要事故发生原因及其防治措施.见:许四复,郭诚谦合著.土石坝施工.北京:水利电力出版社,1986
[7] 肖振荣,水利水电工程事故处理及问题研究,北京,中国水利水电出版社,2004
[8] 牛运光,土坝安全与加固,中国水利水电出版社,1996
[9] 白永年、吴士宁、王洪恩等,土石坝加固[M],北京,水利水电出版社,1992
[10] 曾国熙、卢肇钧、将国澄等,《地基处理手册》,北京,中国建筑工业出版社,1988
[11] 水利水电规划设计总院,王祖华《关于我国水库设计洪水标准的探讨》1991.5
[12] 水利部天津水利勘测设计研究院,张希三《防洪标准与非工程保护措施》1987.10
[13] 葛祖立.土坝渗漏的分析和处理.水利水电技术.1981(5)
[14] 俞培基.土石坝地震液化及抗震加固.水利工程管理技术,1992(2)
[15] 陆文海等著《水工建筑物病害处理》,成都:四川科学技术出版社,1985.12
[16] 张景秀,坝基防渗与灌浆技术,中国水利水电出版社,2002
[17] 孙钊、夏可风等,堤防及病险水库垂直防渗技术论文集,天津科学技术出版社,2000
[18] 张克恭、刘松玉等,土力学,北京,中国建筑工业出版社,2001
[19] 水利电力部科学研究所,河北省水利科学研究所.土坝安全检查与加固.北京:水利电力出版社,1975
[20] 水利电力部.SD266-88 土坝坝体灌浆技术规范.见:水利部建设开发司.水利水电施工技术规范汇编.北京:国防工业出版社,1989
[21] 罗成辉,浅议病险水库大坝渗漏的原因和处理新技术,湖南水利,1999,(2),66-67
[22] 张作瑂.灌浆法.见:地基处理手册.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1988
[23] 软基加固新技术——振动水冲法.南京水利科学研究院.北京:水利电力出版社,1984
[24] 方永凯.振冲法加固粘性土地基的岩干土工程问题.水利水运科学研究,1983(4)
[25]孙万功、苏晓英、马良柱等,塑性混凝土防渗墙的设计与施工,山西水利科技,1995,(11),1-5
[26] 郭斯良,广东水利水电,浅谈除险加固工程土坝坝基帷幕灌浆的特点,2002 ,(10),46-47
[27] 窦宜等.土工实验室测定技术.北京:水利电力出版社,1987
[28] 水利部,电力工业部.SDJ82-79 水利水电工程滋防渗墙施工技术规范.见:水利部建设开发司.水利水电施工技术规范汇编.北京:国防工业出版社,1989
[29] 水利部山西水利水电勘测设计研究院,山西省册田水库除险加固工程可行性研究报告,2003.10
[30] 水利电力部,SDJ12-78 水利水电枢纽工程等级划分及设计标准(山丘、丘陵区部分)试行,北京:水利电力出版社,1978
[31] 山西省水利厅册田水库工程建设指挥部, 册田水库除险加固工程竣工验收文件汇编,1992.6
[32] 水利部山西水利水电勘测设计研究院,山西省册田水库大坝安全鉴定报告,2001.12
[33] 兰艇雁、任林森、安民等,册田水库南副坝工程地质问题论证及处理,山西水利科技,1999,(6),15-28
[34] 中华人民共和国水利部,水利水电工程地质勘察规范(GB50287-99),北京,1999
[35] 中华人民共和国建设部,建筑抗震设计规范(GB50011-2001),北京,2001
[36] 水利电力部.SL203-97 水工建筑物抗震设计规范.北京:水利水电出版社,1997
[37] 刘杰.土的渗透稳定与渗流控制.北京:水利电力出版社,1992
[38] P Londe. 土坝破坏的教训. 王成梓译. 韩刚林校.水利工程管理技术,1983(3):46～50
[39] 清华大学水利系水工建筑教研组,王清友《我国土坝滑坡的分析探讨》,1981.12
[40] 陶同康.堤坝非稳定渗流数学模型.水利学报,1980(3)
[41] 郦能惠等.极松软灰渣坝基的加固.水利水运科学研究,1988(3)
[42] 许文年.秦德所主编《地质缺陷对坝基及滑坡稳定性影响的研究》,北京:中国水利水电出版社,2000.1
[43] 郭诚谦、陈慧远等,土石坝,北京,水利电力出版社,1992
[44] Bin, Xia, Study on danger removing and strengthening technology scheme for Wenxiakou reservoir dam Chen, Renmin Changjiang/Yangtze River,2003, 34(2),16
[45] 俞仲泉,水工建筑物软基处理,北京,水利电力出版社,1989
[46] Jing-Fu,Zhao, Kun-Yun, Construction and danger removing and strengthening of earth and rockfill dams in the Yangtze River basin Chen, Renmin Changjiang/Yangtze River, December,2003,34(12),24
[47] 尚剑宝,册田水库南副坝坝基砂土地震液化评价,山西水利,2004,(3),38-40
[48] 尤昌龙、杨振茂等,砂土液化危害及地基处理方法探讨,世界地震工程,2002,18(3),153-156
[49] Strengthening of the Spullersee dams Bremen, R.(Osterreichische Bundesbahnen, Geschaftsbereich Kraftwerke),Amberg, F., Lehmann, G. International Journal on Hydropower and Dams,2004,11(3),87-90
[50] Evaluation and use of risk estimates in dam safety decisionmaking Bowles, David S. (Institute for Dam Safety Risk Mgmt., Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University) Risk-Based Decisionmaking in Water Resources IX, 2000,17-32
[51] 方平德.水电站厂房西坡滑坡成因及治理措施.水利水电技术,1990(3)
[52] 河南省安阳市彰武南海水库管理处。李一民,申家聚《彰武水库坝基渗漏处理》,1991.6
[53] Restoring our rivers Pelley, Janet Environmental Science and Technology, 2000,34(3),86A-90A
[54] Inspection,Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Old Dams. Proceedings of the Engineering Foundation Conference .American Society of Civil Engineers,1974
[55] Analysis on the cause of dam failure and countermeasures Ma, Y.-F. (Design Institute,Changjiang Water Resources Commn.),Sheng, X.-G. Renmin Changjiang/Yangtze River,2001,32(10),53-54
[56] 辽宁省水利水电勘测设计院,韩知彬《汤河水库大坝坝坡加固处理》,1989.10
[57] 黄委会勘测设计院,杜士斌《巴家咀土坝坝体灌浆及其效果》,1989.9
[58] Jaeger C.Rock Mechanics and Engineering.Sed Ed. Cambridge University Press.1979:383～400
[59] Seed H B and Duncan J M. The Teton Dam Failure-A Retrospective Review.In:Proc.of 10th Int.Conf.on Soil Mech.and Found.Engrg.Vo14.Stockholm:1981.219～238
[60] 水利电力部.SDJ213-84 碾压式土石坝设计规范.水利电力出版社,1985;水利电力部.SDJ213-83ASCE,93(SM4),1967
[61] S D Wilson and R Squier. Earth and Rockfill Dams.Proc.of 7th Int.Conf.On Soil Mech.and Found. Engrg.,Mexico.State of the Art Volume,1969
[62] D ’Appolonia.Soile-Bentomete Slurry Trench Cutoffs.J.Geotech.Engrg., Div, ASCE,106(GT4).1980
[63] Millet R A and J Y Perez. Current USA Practice: Slurry Wall Specification,J. Geotech. Engrg. Div.,ASCE,107(GT8).1981
[64] Liu, Yingli、Chen, Qiang、Li,Penghui etc. Arch dam design for soft sandy gravel foundation Liu, Guangting (Dept. of Hydraulic Eng., Tsinghua Univ.),Qinghua Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Tsinghua University, November, 2003, 43(11),1580-1584
[65] 刘宝军,水库除险加固应注意的几个问题,人民黄河,1994,(3),37-38
[66] Assessment of dam foundation improvement based on strain energy Ren, Qingwen, Hu, Bin Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Dam Engineering - New Developments in Dam Engineering, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Dam Engineering - New Developments in Dam Engineering,2004,747-754
[67] Dam renforce son offre aupres des industries de la ceramique et du verre (Dam strengthens up its offer for the ceramic and glass industries)Anon Industrie Ceramique and Verriere, 2003, (988),40-42+7
[68] 林佑文,黄英华.福建省土坝滑坡情况及处理措施的调查与分析.水利水电技术,1985(8)
[69] Sherard J L,Woodward R J, Gizienski S F and Clerenger W A. Earth-Rock Dams. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,1963
[70] Ladd C C. Stability Evaluafion during Staged Construction. In:Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, 1991,117(4):540～615
[71] Sherard J L,Woodward R J,Gizienski S F and Clerenger W A. Earth-Rock Dams. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.1963
[72] Casagrande A.Discussion on Seepage Control in Peport on Earth and Rockfill Dams by S D Wilson and R Squier. Proc, of 7th Inter. Conf.on Soil Mech. and Found.Engrg., Mexico:Vol.3 1969
[73] Sherard J L.Earthquake Considerations in Earth Dam Design.J.Soil Mech. and Found. Engrg.Div., ASCE,93(SM4),1967
[74] John Love III,Earthfill Dam, Section 5, Development of Dam Engineering in the Uniteed States. Edited by E B Kollgaard and W L Chadwick. The United States Committee of the International Commission on Large Dams.1998
[75] 王韦.土坝渗流观测资料的分析及应用.水利水运科学研究,1980(2)
[76] SD184-86 水利电力部水利基本建设工程验收规程(试行).见:水利部建设开发公司.水利水电施工技术规范汇编.北京:国防工业出版社,1989
[77] Koerner R M, Welsh J M. Construction and Geotechnical Engineering Using Synthetic Fabric. New York:USA,1980
[78]Giroud J P et al.Behaviour of a Non-woven Fabric in an Earth Dam.In:Proc. International Conference on the Use of Fabrics in Geotechnics,1977
[79] Giroud J P.Designing with Geotextiles. Materiaux et Constructions. 1981,14(82)
[80] Lafleur J et al.Influence of Geotextile on the Behaviour of Geotextile/ Geomembrane Composite. In:Proc.3rd International Conference on Geotextiles, 1986
[81] Lauwers D C.PVC Geocomposite for Improved Friction and PerformanceProperties.In:Proc.Gerosynthetics 91 Conference. Atlanta:1991
[82] John N W M. Geotextiles. Glasgow and London Published in the USA by Chapman and Hall. New York:1987
[83] 祁庆和,水工建筑物,第二版,北京,水利水电出版社,1992
[84] Plonde《土坝破坏的教训》,王成梓译,韩刚林校
[85] 俞培基.土石坝地震液化及抗震加固.水利工程管理技术,1992(3)
[86] GBJ123-88 土工试验方法标准.北京:中国计划出版社,1989
[87] 地基处理手册.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1988
[88] 第三届地基处理学术讨论会论文集.杭州:浙江大学出版社,1992
[89] 中华人民共和国水利部.碾压式土石坝设计规范(SL274-2001).北京;中国水利出版社.2002
[2] 焦点访谈节目:《中国病险水库现状调查》,2007.4.8.～4.10
[3] 顾淦臣.土石坝病害和失事.见:白永年,吴士宁,王洪恩合编.土石坝加固.北京:水利电力出版社,1992
[4]郑北鹰,清除水库病险刻不容缓,光明日报,2000-07-21(B5)
[5] 华贵兴.土坝险情分析及处理.水利水电技术,1986(1)
[6] 许四复.土石坝主要事故发生原因及其防治措施.见:许四复,郭诚谦合著.土石坝施工.北京:水利电力出版社,1986
[7] 肖振荣,水利水电工程事故处理及问题研究,北京,中国水利水电出版社,2004
[8] 牛运光,土坝安全与加固,中国水利水电出版社,1996
[9] 白永年、吴士宁、王洪恩等,土石坝加固[M],北京,水利水电出版社,1992
[10] 曾国熙、卢肇钧、将国澄等,《地基处理手册》,北京,中国建筑工业出版社,1988
[11] 水利水电规划设计总院,王祖华《关于我国水库设计洪水标准的探讨》1991.5
[12] 水利部天津水利勘测设计研究院,张希三《防洪标准与非工程保护措施》1987.10
[13] 葛祖立.土坝渗漏的分析和处理.水利水电技术.1981(5)
[14] 俞培基.土石坝地震液化及抗震加固.水利工程管理技术,1992(2)
[15] 陆文海等著《水工建筑物病害处理》,成都:四川科学技术出版社,1985.12
[16] 张景秀,坝基防渗与灌浆技术,中国水利水电出版社,2002
[17] 孙钊、夏可风等,堤防及病险水库垂直防渗技术论文集,天津科学技术出版社,2000
[18] 张克恭、刘松玉等,土力学,北京,中国建筑工业出版社,2001
[19] 水利电力部科学研究所,河北省水利科学研究所.土坝安全检查与加固.北京:水利电力出版社,1975
[20] 水利电力部.SD266-88 土坝坝体灌浆技术规范.见:水利部建设开发司.水利水电施工技术规范汇编.北京:国防工业出版社,1989
[21] 罗成辉,浅议病险水库大坝渗漏的原因和处理新技术,湖南水利,1999,(2),66-67
[22] 张作瑂.灌浆法.见:地基处理手册.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1988
[23] 软基加固新技术——振动水冲法.南京水利科学研究院.北京:水利电力出版社,1984
[24] 方永凯.振冲法加固粘性土地基的岩干土工程问题.水利水运科学研究,1983(4)
[25]孙万功、苏晓英、马良柱等,塑性混凝土防渗墙的设计与施工,山西水利科技,1995,(11),1-5
[26] 郭斯良,广东水利水电,浅谈除险加固工程土坝坝基帷幕灌浆的特点,2002 ,(10),46-47
[27] 窦宜等.土工实验室测定技术.北京:水利电力出版社,1987
[28] 水利部,电力工业部.SDJ82-79 水利水电工程滋防渗墙施工技术规范.见:水利部建设开发司.水利水电施工技术规范汇编.北京:国防工业出版社,1989
[29] 水利部山西水利水电勘测设计研究院,山西省册田水库除险加固工程可行性研究报告,2003.10
[30] 水利电力部,SDJ12-78 水利水电枢纽工程等级划分及设计标准(山丘、丘陵区部分)试行,北京:水利电力出版社,1978
[31] 山西省水利厅册田水库工程建设指挥部, 册田水库除险加固工程竣工验收文件汇编,1992.6
[32] 水利部山西水利水电勘测设计研究院,山西省册田水库大坝安全鉴定报告,2001.12
[33] 兰艇雁、任林森、安民等,册田水库南副坝工程地质问题论证及处理,山西水利科技,1999,(6),15-28
[34] 中华人民共和国水利部,水利水电工程地质勘察规范(GB50287-99),北京,1999
[35] 中华人民共和国建设部,建筑抗震设计规范(GB50011-2001),北京,2001
[36] 水利电力部.SL203-97 水工建筑物抗震设计规范.北京:水利水电出版社,1997
[37] 刘杰.土的渗透稳定与渗流控制.北京:水利电力出版社,1992
[38] P Londe. 土坝破坏的教训. 王成梓译. 韩刚林校.水利工程管理技术,1983(3):46～50
[39] 清华大学水利系水工建筑教研组,王清友《我国土坝滑坡的分析探讨》,1981.12
[40] 陶同康.堤坝非稳定渗流数学模型.水利学报,1980(3)
[41] 郦能惠等.极松软灰渣坝基的加固.水利水运科学研究,1988(3)
[42] 许文年.秦德所主编《地质缺陷对坝基及滑坡稳定性影响的研究》,北京:中国水利水电出版社,2000.1
[43] 郭诚谦、陈慧远等,土石坝,北京,水利电力出版社,1992
[44] Bin, Xia, Study on danger removing and strengthening technology scheme for Wenxiakou reservoir dam Chen, Renmin Changjiang/Yangtze River,2003, 34(2),16
[45] 俞仲泉,水工建筑物软基处理,北京,水利电力出版社,1989
[46] Jing-Fu,Zhao, Kun-Yun, Construction and danger removing and strengthening of earth and rockfill dams in the Yangtze River basin Chen, Renmin Changjiang/Yangtze River, December,2003,34(12),24
[47] 尚剑宝,册田水库南副坝坝基砂土地震液化评价,山西水利,2004,(3),38-40
[48] 尤昌龙、杨振茂等,砂土液化危害及地基处理方法探讨,世界地震工程,2002,18(3),153-156
[49] Strengthening of the Spullersee dams Bremen, R.(Osterreichische Bundesbahnen, Geschaftsbereich Kraftwerke),Amberg, F., Lehmann, G. International Journal on Hydropower and Dams,2004,11(3),87-90
[50] Evaluation and use of risk estimates in dam safety decisionmaking Bowles, David S. (Institute for Dam Safety Risk Mgmt., Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University) Risk-Based Decisionmaking in Water Resources IX, 2000,17-32
[51] 方平德.水电站厂房西坡滑坡成因及治理措施.水利水电技术,1990(3)
[52] 河南省安阳市彰武南海水库管理处。李一民,申家聚《彰武水库坝基渗漏处理》,1991.6
[53] Restoring our rivers Pelley, Janet Environmental Science and Technology, 2000,34(3),86A-90A
[54] Inspection,Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Old Dams. Proceedings of the Engineering Foundation Conference .American Society of Civil Engineers,1974
[55] Analysis on the cause of dam failure and countermeasures Ma, Y.-F. (Design Institute,Changjiang Water Resources Commn.),Sheng, X.-G. Renmin Changjiang/Yangtze River,2001,32(10),53-54
[56] 辽宁省水利水电勘测设计院,韩知彬《汤河水库大坝坝坡加固处理》,1989.10
[57] 黄委会勘测设计院,杜士斌《巴家咀土坝坝体灌浆及其效果》,1989.9
[58] Jaeger C.Rock Mechanics and Engineering.Sed Ed. Cambridge University Press.1979:383～400
[59] Seed H B and Duncan J M. The Teton Dam Failure-A Retrospective Review.In:Proc.of 10th Int.Conf.on Soil Mech.and Found.Engrg.Vo14.Stockholm:1981.219～238
[60] 水利电力部.SDJ213-84 碾压式土石坝设计规范.水利电力出版社,1985;水利电力部.SDJ213-83ASCE,93(SM4),1967
[61] S D Wilson and R Squier. Earth and Rockfill Dams.Proc.of 7th Int.Conf.On Soil Mech.and Found. Engrg.,Mexico.State of the Art Volume,1969
[62] D ’Appolonia.Soile-Bentomete Slurry Trench Cutoffs.J.Geotech.Engrg., Div, ASCE,106(GT4).1980
[63] Millet R A and J Y Perez. Current USA Practice: Slurry Wall Specification,J. Geotech. Engrg. Div.,ASCE,107(GT8).1981
[64] Liu, Yingli、Chen, Qiang、Li,Penghui etc. Arch dam design for soft sandy gravel foundation Liu, Guangting (Dept. of Hydraulic Eng., Tsinghua Univ.),Qinghua Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Tsinghua University, November, 2003, 43(11),1580-1584
[65] 刘宝军,水库除险加固应注意的几个问题,人民黄河,1994,(3),37-38
[66] Assessment of dam foundation improvement based on strain energy Ren, Qingwen, Hu, Bin Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Dam Engineering - New Developments in Dam Engineering, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Dam Engineering - New Developments in Dam Engineering,2004,747-754
[67] Dam renforce son offre aupres des industries de la ceramique et du verre (Dam strengthens up its offer for the ceramic and glass industries)Anon Industrie Ceramique and Verriere, 2003, (988),40-42+7
[68] 林佑文,黄英华.福建省土坝滑坡情况及处理措施的调查与分析.水利水电技术,1985(8)
[69] Sherard J L,Woodward R J, Gizienski S F and Clerenger W A. Earth-Rock Dams. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,1963
[70] Ladd C C. Stability Evaluafion during Staged Construction. In:Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, 1991,117(4):540～615
[71] Sherard J L,Woodward R J,Gizienski S F and Clerenger W A. Earth-Rock Dams. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.1963
[72] Casagrande A.Discussion on Seepage Control in Peport on Earth and Rockfill Dams by S D Wilson and R Squier. Proc, of 7th Inter. Conf.on Soil Mech. and Found.Engrg., Mexico:Vol.3 1969
[73] Sherard J L.Earthquake Considerations in Earth Dam Design.J.Soil Mech. and Found. Engrg.Div., ASCE,93(SM4),1967
[74] John Love III,Earthfill Dam, Section 5, Development of Dam Engineering in the Uniteed States. Edited by E B Kollgaard and W L Chadwick. The United States Committee of the International Commission on Large Dams.1998
[75] 王韦.土坝渗流观测资料的分析及应用.水利水运科学研究,1980(2)
[76] SD184-86 水利电力部水利基本建设工程验收规程(试行).见:水利部建设开发公司.水利水电施工技术规范汇编.北京:国防工业出版社,1989
[77] Koerner R M, Welsh J M. Construction and Geotechnical Engineering Using Synthetic Fabric. New York:USA,1980
[78]Giroud J P et al.Behaviour of a Non-woven Fabric in an Earth Dam.In:Proc. International Conference on the Use of Fabrics in Geotechnics,1977
[79] Giroud J P.Designing with Geotextiles. Materiaux et Constructions. 1981,14(82)
[80] Lafleur J et al.Influence of Geotextile on the Behaviour of Geotextile/ Geomembrane Composite. In:Proc.3rd International Conference on Geotextiles, 1986
[81] Lauwers D C.PVC Geocomposite for Improved Friction and PerformanceProperties.In:Proc.Gerosynthetics 91 Conference. Atlanta:1991
[82] John N W M. Geotextiles. Glasgow and London Published in the USA by Chapman and Hall. New York:1987
[83] 祁庆和,水工建筑物,第二版,北京,水利水电出版社,1992
[84] Plonde《土坝破坏的教训》,王成梓译,韩刚林校
[85] 俞培基.土石坝地震液化及抗震加固.水利工程管理技术,1992(3)
[86] GBJ123-88 土工试验方法标准.北京:中国计划出版社,1989
[87] 地基处理手册.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1988
[88] 第三届地基处理学术讨论会论文集.杭州:浙江大学出版社,1992
[89] 中华人民共和国水利部.碾压式土石坝设计规范(SL274-2001).北京;中国水利出版社.2002