基于NETOMAC的电力系统建模与分析
|
摘要
解除管制是世界各国电力改革的必然趋势。我国电力市场化改革正处于起步阶段，急需适应于我国国情的一系列电力市场技术理论，特别是相应于电力市场运行核心—预调度计划的技术理论。
励磁系统对于电力系统稳定性有很重要的影响。虽然其性能指标在各种标准中有明确要求，但仍没有一种适用于各种模型的励磁系统参数整定方法，以使其性能指标满足要求。
传统的电力系统小扰动稳定性分析法是特征值法，但分析大规模电力系统时遇到的计算量过大问题限制了它的应用。而以传递函数矩阵为基础的频域法在这方面具有很大的优势。
本文基于NETOMAC仿真软件，以发电市场预调度计划模型及算法、励磁系统参数整定和电力系统小扰动稳定性分析为研究内容，主要做了以下工作：①建立了以整个预调度计划周期内的市场购电价格最小为目标的发电市场预调度计划模型，并根据预调度计划问题状态数多、变量多、混合整数、非解析的特点，将预调度计划模型的目标函数简化为各时段的市场清算电价最小，设计了三段式预调度算法：用静态规划法求解整个预调度计划周期内的优化问题；用优先级法求解机组组合问题；用改进的Powell法求解最优潮流问题。②提出了一种励磁系统参数整定方法：首先以大信号特性技术指标为目标，用Gause-Newton法对励磁系统参数进行辨识，确定符合标准的励磁系统参数；接着按照时间乘绝对误差的积分(ITAE)准则，用Gause-Newton法对励磁系统参数进行优化，以提高励磁系统的小信号调节性能。然后针对我国励磁系统概况，以IEEE AC1、AC2和ST1型标准励磁系统为例，对其参数进行了辨识与优化，并对每种励磁系统模型给出了一套动态性能符合国家标准的参数，以供仿真计算或规划设计使用。③提出了一种基于测试信号的小扰动稳定性分析方法—测试信号法，用于分析电力系统低频振荡问题。其理论基础是机械导纳理论和模态辨识理论。理论分析和算例仿真结果均表明本文提出的测试信号法能够方便有效地应用于电力系统小扰动稳定性分析和电力系统稳定器(PSS)设计。
Deregulation is the inevitable trend of the electric power industry. In China,deregulation is only in a starting stage,therefore,it is necessary and urgent to research a series of technology and theories about electricity markets,especially tecknology and theories on pre-dispatch schedule,the kernel of electricity markets.
Excitation systems can impose significant effects on the stability of power systems. Although performance indexes of excitation systems are stated in all kinds of standards,there isn't a parameter setting method for excitation systems in order that their performance indexes can meet the requirements in the standards.
Although eigenvalue method is the traditional method for power system small signal stability analysis,its application is limited by the problem of large quantities of computation when analyzing bulk power systems. Frequency domain method,however,takes an advantage in the aspect.
Based on NETOMAC,a software package for power system simulation,the model and algorithm of pre-dispatch schedule in generation markets,excitation system parameter setting,and power system small signal stability anaylsis are studied in this thesis. The main work is as follows:
A model of pre-dispatch schedule is proposed,whose target is to minimize the market purchasing price (MPP) in the whole pre-dispatch period. Then according to the characteristics of pre-dispatch schedule,the model of pre-dispatch schedule is simplified to minimize the MPP in each pre-dispatch time,and a three-step algorithm of pre-dispatch schedule is designed:Dealing with the optimal problem in the whole period of pre-dispatch with static planning method,Solving the problem of combination of machines with PR1 method,resolving problem of optimal power flow (OPF) with modified Powell method. (2) A new method of parameter setting for excitation systems is proposed. Firstly,the large signal performance simulation test of the excitation system is conducted and the objective response of the excitation system is described with its large signal performance indexes,and then the parameters of the excitation system are identified. Secondly,the small signal performance simulation test of the excitation system is done a
nd the parameters of the excitation system are optimized by the 1TAE rule in order to enhance the small signal regulation performance. IEEE AC1,AC2,and ST1 excitation systems are selected as examples,and their parameters
are identified and optimized in order that the performance indexes of the excitation systems can meet the requirements of the standards.
(3) A method based on some test signal (Test Signal Method) is developed to find the dominant oscillating frequencies and dampings associated with any generator in the system. The method can be realized easily by time domain simulation using electromechanical transient programs. The theoretical background of the test signal method is the theory of mechanical admittance and mode identification,which is based on the frequency scanning of the test signal and has already been used widely in mechanical engineering. The study cases show that the test signal method developed in this paper can be effectively applied in small signal stability analysis and PSS design.
励磁系统对于电力系统稳定性有很重要的影响。虽然其性能指标在各种标准中有明确要求，但仍没有一种适用于各种模型的励磁系统参数整定方法，以使其性能指标满足要求。
传统的电力系统小扰动稳定性分析法是特征值法，但分析大规模电力系统时遇到的计算量过大问题限制了它的应用。而以传递函数矩阵为基础的频域法在这方面具有很大的优势。
本文基于NETOMAC仿真软件，以发电市场预调度计划模型及算法、励磁系统参数整定和电力系统小扰动稳定性分析为研究内容，主要做了以下工作：①建立了以整个预调度计划周期内的市场购电价格最小为目标的发电市场预调度计划模型，并根据预调度计划问题状态数多、变量多、混合整数、非解析的特点，将预调度计划模型的目标函数简化为各时段的市场清算电价最小，设计了三段式预调度算法：用静态规划法求解整个预调度计划周期内的优化问题；用优先级法求解机组组合问题；用改进的Powell法求解最优潮流问题。②提出了一种励磁系统参数整定方法：首先以大信号特性技术指标为目标，用Gause-Newton法对励磁系统参数进行辨识，确定符合标准的励磁系统参数；接着按照时间乘绝对误差的积分(ITAE)准则，用Gause-Newton法对励磁系统参数进行优化，以提高励磁系统的小信号调节性能。然后针对我国励磁系统概况，以IEEE AC1、AC2和ST1型标准励磁系统为例，对其参数进行了辨识与优化，并对每种励磁系统模型给出了一套动态性能符合国家标准的参数，以供仿真计算或规划设计使用。③提出了一种基于测试信号的小扰动稳定性分析方法—测试信号法，用于分析电力系统低频振荡问题。其理论基础是机械导纳理论和模态辨识理论。理论分析和算例仿真结果均表明本文提出的测试信号法能够方便有效地应用于电力系统小扰动稳定性分析和电力系统稳定器(PSS)设计。
Deregulation is the inevitable trend of the electric power industry. In China,deregulation is only in a starting stage,therefore,it is necessary and urgent to research a series of technology and theories about electricity markets,especially tecknology and theories on pre-dispatch schedule,the kernel of electricity markets.
Excitation systems can impose significant effects on the stability of power systems. Although performance indexes of excitation systems are stated in all kinds of standards,there isn't a parameter setting method for excitation systems in order that their performance indexes can meet the requirements in the standards.
Although eigenvalue method is the traditional method for power system small signal stability analysis,its application is limited by the problem of large quantities of computation when analyzing bulk power systems. Frequency domain method,however,takes an advantage in the aspect.
Based on NETOMAC,a software package for power system simulation,the model and algorithm of pre-dispatch schedule in generation markets,excitation system parameter setting,and power system small signal stability anaylsis are studied in this thesis. The main work is as follows:
A model of pre-dispatch schedule is proposed,whose target is to minimize the market purchasing price (MPP) in the whole pre-dispatch period. Then according to the characteristics of pre-dispatch schedule,the model of pre-dispatch schedule is simplified to minimize the MPP in each pre-dispatch time,and a three-step algorithm of pre-dispatch schedule is designed:Dealing with the optimal problem in the whole period of pre-dispatch with static planning method,Solving the problem of combination of machines with PR1 method,resolving problem of optimal power flow (OPF) with modified Powell method. (2) A new method of parameter setting for excitation systems is proposed. Firstly,the large signal performance simulation test of the excitation system is conducted and the objective response of the excitation system is described with its large signal performance indexes,and then the parameters of the excitation system are identified. Secondly,the small signal performance simulation test of the excitation system is done a
nd the parameters of the excitation system are optimized by the 1TAE rule in order to enhance the small signal regulation performance. IEEE AC1,AC2,and ST1 excitation systems are selected as examples,and their parameters
are identified and optimized in order that the performance indexes of the excitation systems can meet the requirements of the standards.
(3) A method based on some test signal (Test Signal Method) is developed to find the dominant oscillating frequencies and dampings associated with any generator in the system. The method can be realized easily by time domain simulation using electromechanical transient programs. The theoretical background of the test signal method is the theory of mechanical admittance and mode identification,which is based on the frequency scanning of the test signal and has already been used widely in mechanical engineering. The study cases show that the test signal method developed in this paper can be effectively applied in small signal stability analysis and PSS design.
引文
[1] 黄永皓，尚金成．电力市场运营模式研究及其技术支持系统设计[M]．科学出版社，1999．
[2]史连军，韩放．中国电力市场的现状与展望[J]．电力系统自动化，2000，24(3)：1～4．
[3]陈青达．阿根廷、巴西电力市场考察报告．浙江省电力公司，1999．
[4]宋燕敏，杨争林，胡俊，等．发电市场的核心技术—预计划处理子系统[J]．电力系统自动化，2000，24，(8)：14～18．
[5]傅书狄．一种实用的交易计划和阻塞管理算法[J]．电网技术．2000，24(7)：29～32．
[6]汪耕，李希明，等．大型汽轮发电机设计、制造与运行[M]．上海科学技术出版社，1999．
[7]P. Kundur. Power System Stability and Control [M]. McGraw-Hill, Inc., New york, 1994.
[8]于贻鑫，王成山，编著．电力系统稳定性理论与方法[M]．科学出版社，1999．
[9]J.J. Sanchez-Gasca, K. Clark, N.W. Miller, et al. Identifying Linear Models from Time Domain Simulations [J]. IEEE Computer Applications in Power, 1997, 10 (2): 26～30.
[10]I. Kamw, L. Gerin-Lajoie. State-Space System Identification—Toward MIMO Models for Modal Analysis and Optimization of Bulk Power Systems [J]. IEEE Transaction on Power Systems, 2000, 15 (1): 326～325.
[11]I. Kamwa. Using MIMO System Identification for Modal Analysis and Global Stabilization of Large Power Systems [C]. Proceedings of IEEE PES Summer Meeting, 2000, pp. 817～822.
[12]沈瑜，夏清，江健健，等．电力市场短期交易计划新模型及其求解策略研究[J]．电力系统自动化，1999，23(18)：12～16．
[13]张扬，武亚光，张志刚，等．电力市场中考虑安全校核的发电计划生成策略[J]．电力系统自动化，2001，25(9)：6～8．
[14]袁辉，武亚光，于尔铿，等．电力市场中爬坡约束问题的一种实用算法[J]．电力系统自动化，2001，25(12)：17～19．
[15]王民量，张伯明，夏清．考虑机组爬坡速率和网络安全的经济调度新算法[J]．电力系统自动化，2000，24(10)：14～20．
[16]王乘民，郭志忠，于尔铿．电力市场中一种基于动态规划法的经济负荷分配算法[J]．电力系统自动化，2000，24(21)：19～22．
[17]王乘民，郭志忠，于尔铿．确定机组组合的一种改进的动态规划方法[J]．电网技术，2001，25(5)：20～24．
[18]高山，单渊达．遗传算法搜索优化及其在机组启停中的应用[J]．中国电机工程学报，2001，21(3)：45～48．
[19]李茂军．用于机组优化组合的改进单亲遗传算法[J]．电网技术，2001，25(12)：22～25．
[20]IEEE Power Engineering Society. IEEE Recommended Practice for Excitation System Models for Power System Stability Studies [S]. IEEE Std 421.5-1992.
[21]励磁系统数学模型专家组．计算电力系统稳定用的励磁系统数学模型[J]．中国电机工
程学报，1991，11(5)：65～71．
[22] Excitation Systems Subcommittee of the Power Generation Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society. IEEE Guide for Identification, Testing, and Evaluation of the Dynamic Performance of Excitation Control Systems [S]. IEEE Std 421.3-1997.
[23]大中型同步发电机励磁系统技术要求[S]．GB/T 7409．3-1997．
[24]方思立，朱方．大型汽轮发电机交流励磁机数学模型和参数[J]．电网技术，1986，10(3)：48～58．
[25]李中华．大型发电机励磁控制系统最佳调节和设计[J]．大电机技术，1997，27(3)：48～52．
[26]穆德实，孙辅晨．大型发电机励磁系统选型及最佳调节规律选择[J]．大电机技术，2000，30(4)：50～56．
[27]谭有信，黄文灵，方思立．广西励磁系统及其电力系统稳定器数字仿真和现场试验研究[J]．中国电力，1999，32(3)：14～18．
[28]张智刚，王海忠，方思立，等．十三陵抽水蓄能电厂200MW机组励磁及PSS参数测试[J]．中国电力，1999，32(5)：24～28．
[29]郑邦梁，徐兵．励磁系统参数优化工作[J]．中国电机工程学报，2000，20(7)：66～70．
[30] I. Kamwa, R. Grondin, J. Dickinson. A Minimal Realization Approach to Reduced-Order Modelling and Modal Analysis for Power System Response Signals [J]. IEEE Transaction on Power Systems, 1993, 8 (3): 1020～1029.
[31] S.R. Ibrahim. An Approach for Reducing Computational Requirements in Modal Identification. AIAA Journal, 1986, 24 (10): 1725～1727.
[32] I. Kamwa, G. Trudel, L. Gerin-Lajoie. Low-order Black-box Models for control system design in large power systems. IEEE Transaction on Power Systems, 1996, 11 (2): 819～828.
[33]韩祯祥，张琦，徐政．一个大型集成化的电力系统仿真计算软件——NETOMAC [J]．电力系统自动化，1997，21，(9)：4～7．
[34] X.Z. Lei, E. Lerch, D. Povh, et al. Optimization—A New Tool in A Simulation Program System. IEEE Transaction on Power System, 1997, 12 (2): 598～404.
[2]史连军，韩放．中国电力市场的现状与展望[J]．电力系统自动化，2000，24(3)：1～4．
[3]陈青达．阿根廷、巴西电力市场考察报告．浙江省电力公司，1999．
[4]宋燕敏，杨争林，胡俊，等．发电市场的核心技术—预计划处理子系统[J]．电力系统自动化，2000，24，(8)：14～18．
[5]傅书狄．一种实用的交易计划和阻塞管理算法[J]．电网技术．2000，24(7)：29～32．
[6]汪耕，李希明，等．大型汽轮发电机设计、制造与运行[M]．上海科学技术出版社，1999．
[7]P. Kundur. Power System Stability and Control [M]. McGraw-Hill, Inc., New york, 1994.
[8]于贻鑫，王成山，编著．电力系统稳定性理论与方法[M]．科学出版社，1999．
[9]J.J. Sanchez-Gasca, K. Clark, N.W. Miller, et al. Identifying Linear Models from Time Domain Simulations [J]. IEEE Computer Applications in Power, 1997, 10 (2): 26～30.
[10]I. Kamw, L. Gerin-Lajoie. State-Space System Identification—Toward MIMO Models for Modal Analysis and Optimization of Bulk Power Systems [J]. IEEE Transaction on Power Systems, 2000, 15 (1): 326～325.
[11]I. Kamwa. Using MIMO System Identification for Modal Analysis and Global Stabilization of Large Power Systems [C]. Proceedings of IEEE PES Summer Meeting, 2000, pp. 817～822.
[12]沈瑜，夏清，江健健，等．电力市场短期交易计划新模型及其求解策略研究[J]．电力系统自动化，1999，23(18)：12～16．
[13]张扬，武亚光，张志刚，等．电力市场中考虑安全校核的发电计划生成策略[J]．电力系统自动化，2001，25(9)：6～8．
[14]袁辉，武亚光，于尔铿，等．电力市场中爬坡约束问题的一种实用算法[J]．电力系统自动化，2001，25(12)：17～19．
[15]王民量，张伯明，夏清．考虑机组爬坡速率和网络安全的经济调度新算法[J]．电力系统自动化，2000，24(10)：14～20．
[16]王乘民，郭志忠，于尔铿．电力市场中一种基于动态规划法的经济负荷分配算法[J]．电力系统自动化，2000，24(21)：19～22．
[17]王乘民，郭志忠，于尔铿．确定机组组合的一种改进的动态规划方法[J]．电网技术，2001，25(5)：20～24．
[18]高山，单渊达．遗传算法搜索优化及其在机组启停中的应用[J]．中国电机工程学报，2001，21(3)：45～48．
[19]李茂军．用于机组优化组合的改进单亲遗传算法[J]．电网技术，2001，25(12)：22～25．
[20]IEEE Power Engineering Society. IEEE Recommended Practice for Excitation System Models for Power System Stability Studies [S]. IEEE Std 421.5-1992.
[21]励磁系统数学模型专家组．计算电力系统稳定用的励磁系统数学模型[J]．中国电机工
程学报，1991，11(5)：65～71．
[22] Excitation Systems Subcommittee of the Power Generation Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society. IEEE Guide for Identification, Testing, and Evaluation of the Dynamic Performance of Excitation Control Systems [S]. IEEE Std 421.3-1997.
[23]大中型同步发电机励磁系统技术要求[S]．GB/T 7409．3-1997．
[24]方思立，朱方．大型汽轮发电机交流励磁机数学模型和参数[J]．电网技术，1986，10(3)：48～58．
[25]李中华．大型发电机励磁控制系统最佳调节和设计[J]．大电机技术，1997，27(3)：48～52．
[26]穆德实，孙辅晨．大型发电机励磁系统选型及最佳调节规律选择[J]．大电机技术，2000，30(4)：50～56．
[27]谭有信，黄文灵，方思立．广西励磁系统及其电力系统稳定器数字仿真和现场试验研究[J]．中国电力，1999，32(3)：14～18．
[28]张智刚，王海忠，方思立，等．十三陵抽水蓄能电厂200MW机组励磁及PSS参数测试[J]．中国电力，1999，32(5)：24～28．
[29]郑邦梁，徐兵．励磁系统参数优化工作[J]．中国电机工程学报，2000，20(7)：66～70．
[30] I. Kamwa, R. Grondin, J. Dickinson. A Minimal Realization Approach to Reduced-Order Modelling and Modal Analysis for Power System Response Signals [J]. IEEE Transaction on Power Systems, 1993, 8 (3): 1020～1029.
[31] S.R. Ibrahim. An Approach for Reducing Computational Requirements in Modal Identification. AIAA Journal, 1986, 24 (10): 1725～1727.
[32] I. Kamwa, G. Trudel, L. Gerin-Lajoie. Low-order Black-box Models for control system design in large power systems. IEEE Transaction on Power Systems, 1996, 11 (2): 819～828.
[33]韩祯祥，张琦，徐政．一个大型集成化的电力系统仿真计算软件——NETOMAC [J]．电力系统自动化，1997，21，(9)：4～7．
[34] X.Z. Lei, E. Lerch, D. Povh, et al. Optimization—A New Tool in A Simulation Program System. IEEE Transaction on Power System, 1997, 12 (2): 598～404.