虚拟企业与敏捷供应链研究
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摘要
在竞争、合作、动态的市场环境中，虚拟企业被认为是21世纪最有竞争力的企业运行模式。虚拟企业的建立是为了响应竞争环境的快速变化或一个新的市场机遇，它是一个结盟企业的利益共同体，是实现全球化敏捷生产的主要方式。敏捷供应链是支持虚拟企业优化运行的重要使能技术。
本文对企业核心能力的概念进行了辨析和界定，给出了一个定性识别核心能力的框架，进一步地，一个定量的识别虚拟企业核心能力的方法被提出，并给出了一个简化的仿真算例，以说明该方法的有效性。在分析了目前企业组织体系的不足的基础上，本文提出了一个三层的虚拟企业组织模式。确定实体(或)企业之间的供需协作模式是建立敏捷供需管理系统的基础，本文深入分析了供需协作模式的选择过程和决策因素，建立了供需协作模式的评价指标体系，并给出了一种选择供需协作模式的优化决策方法。很多研究人员研究了供应过程中供需双方的关系的动态，然而，供应商之间的关系和它对供需双方关系潜在的影响却很少考虑到。本文提出了三种典型的供应商之间的关系以及它们对供需关系的影响。在分析了目前企业的集成化信息系统不足的基础上，本文提出了企业以建立电子商务系统为契机，实现企业电子商务系统与内部集成化信息系统和伙伴企业之间的纵向信息集成，最终形成开放式的集成化信息系统和企业的集成化供应链管理模式，以提高企业的信息自动化水平和企业间的协同运作能力。本论文介绍了一个基于Browser/server结构的敏捷供应链信息系统的设计和实施。
Virtual enterprise is considered as the most competitive operational schema of enterprises in competitive, collaborative and dynamic environment in 21st century. Virtual Enterprise is set up for quick response to the faster change competition environment and a 'foreseen market chance. It is a common profit organization for all its member companies, and is a way to approach the global agile manufacturing. Agile Supply Chain Management is an important enabling technology for supporting business operation of a virtual enterprise.
In this paper, the concept of the core-competence is analyzed and discussed. Then a qualitative frame is presented to identify core-competence. Moreover, a quantitative method is proposed to identify core-competence for Virtual enterprises, and a simplified simulation is carried out to illustrate the validity of the proposed method. Based on the analysis of the defects of the traditional enterprises' organization form currently used, .this paper proposed a 3-tier organization form for virtual enterprise. Determining the supply and demand cooperating pattern (SDCP) between business entities is the basis of building agile supply chain management system. The process and decision factors of choice of SDCP have been analyzed in this paper deeply. The evaluation architecture of choice of SDCP has been established and an optimization decision method of choice of SDCP has been put forward. Many researchers have investigated the dynamics of buyer-supplier relationships. However, the relationships between suppliers an
d its potential impact on the buyer-supplier relationship have not yet been considered. This paper proposed three archetypes of supplier-supplier relationships and analyzed their affection on buyer-supplier relationship. This paper analyzed the shortcomings of the present enterprises' information system, and then put forward a feasible integration solution. Taking advantage of the implementation of e-commerce, the enterprises can longitudinally integrate e- commerce with existing internal information system, suppliers and clients to build an open integrated
information system, which will greatly boost enterprises' information processing speed, automation level and competitive ability. This paper introduced the design and implementation of an agile supply chain information system based on browser/server structure.
本文对企业核心能力的概念进行了辨析和界定，给出了一个定性识别核心能力的框架，进一步地，一个定量的识别虚拟企业核心能力的方法被提出，并给出了一个简化的仿真算例，以说明该方法的有效性。在分析了目前企业组织体系的不足的基础上，本文提出了一个三层的虚拟企业组织模式。确定实体(或)企业之间的供需协作模式是建立敏捷供需管理系统的基础，本文深入分析了供需协作模式的选择过程和决策因素，建立了供需协作模式的评价指标体系，并给出了一种选择供需协作模式的优化决策方法。很多研究人员研究了供应过程中供需双方的关系的动态，然而，供应商之间的关系和它对供需双方关系潜在的影响却很少考虑到。本文提出了三种典型的供应商之间的关系以及它们对供需关系的影响。在分析了目前企业的集成化信息系统不足的基础上，本文提出了企业以建立电子商务系统为契机，实现企业电子商务系统与内部集成化信息系统和伙伴企业之间的纵向信息集成，最终形成开放式的集成化信息系统和企业的集成化供应链管理模式，以提高企业的信息自动化水平和企业间的协同运作能力。本论文介绍了一个基于Browser/server结构的敏捷供应链信息系统的设计和实施。
Virtual enterprise is considered as the most competitive operational schema of enterprises in competitive, collaborative and dynamic environment in 21st century. Virtual Enterprise is set up for quick response to the faster change competition environment and a 'foreseen market chance. It is a common profit organization for all its member companies, and is a way to approach the global agile manufacturing. Agile Supply Chain Management is an important enabling technology for supporting business operation of a virtual enterprise.
In this paper, the concept of the core-competence is analyzed and discussed. Then a qualitative frame is presented to identify core-competence. Moreover, a quantitative method is proposed to identify core-competence for Virtual enterprises, and a simplified simulation is carried out to illustrate the validity of the proposed method. Based on the analysis of the defects of the traditional enterprises' organization form currently used, .this paper proposed a 3-tier organization form for virtual enterprise. Determining the supply and demand cooperating pattern (SDCP) between business entities is the basis of building agile supply chain management system. The process and decision factors of choice of SDCP have been analyzed in this paper deeply. The evaluation architecture of choice of SDCP has been established and an optimization decision method of choice of SDCP has been put forward. Many researchers have investigated the dynamics of buyer-supplier relationships. However, the relationships between suppliers an
d its potential impact on the buyer-supplier relationship have not yet been considered. This paper proposed three archetypes of supplier-supplier relationships and analyzed their affection on buyer-supplier relationship. This paper analyzed the shortcomings of the present enterprises' information system, and then put forward a feasible integration solution. Taking advantage of the implementation of e-commerce, the enterprises can longitudinally integrate e- commerce with existing internal information system, suppliers and clients to build an open integrated
information system, which will greatly boost enterprises' information processing speed, automation level and competitive ability. This paper introduced the design and implementation of an agile supply chain information system based on browser/server structure.
引文
[1] 柴跃廷，李芳芸，吴澄．支持动态企业联盟的敏捷供需链管理系统．高技术通讯，1999，10 (6)：519-529
[2] C. K. Prahalad and Venkatram Ramaswamy. Co-opting Customer Competence. Harvard Business Review. 2000, 78(1): 79-89
[3] Danny Ertel. Turning Negotiation into a Corporate Capability. Harvard Business Review. 1999, 77(3): 55-70
[4] David M. Upton and AndrewMcAfee. Real Virtual Factory. Harvard Business Review. 1996, 74(4): 121-125
[5] Glenn Hardaker, Bervaiz K. Ahmeda and Gary Graham. Non-linear innovation across the internet. Integrated Manufacturing Systems. 2000, 11 (7): 484-490
[6] 唐纳德 J．鲍尔索克斯，戴维 J．克劳斯．物流管理-供应链过程的一体化．林国龙，宋柏，沙梅译．机械工业出版社，1999：17-36
[7] 刘敬军，张申生．敏捷制造：企业实行科学、系统化经营的有效模式．系统工程理论与实践．1999(4)：57-61
[8] Falguni, K. Sen and William G. Egelhoff. Innovative Capabilities of a Firm and the Use of Technical Alliances. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management. 2000, 47 (2): 1239-1253
[9] 毛宁，钱燕鸣等．敏捷制造中制造资源重构问题建模．计算机集成制造系统(CIMS)．1999，5(1)：23-27
[10] 张申生．我国开展先进制造技术应该注意的几个问题-从美国的敏捷制造计划谈起．中国机械工程．1995，6 (4)：4-6
[11] 蒋新松，张申生．敏捷竞争的挑战与思考．计算机集成制造系统(CIMS)．1996，2(1)：3-9
[12] 张申生．从CIMS走向动态联盟．中国机械工程．1996，7(3)：17-22
[13] 战德臣，叶丹，徐晓飞，李全龙．动态联盟建立过程研究．计算机集成制造系统(CIMS)．1997(8)：3-6
[14] 徐晓飞，战德臣等．动态联盟的建立及其集成支撑环境．计算机集成制造系统(CIMS)．1998(1)：9-13
[15] 李全龙，徐晓飞，战德臣等．动态联盟过程模型．计算机集成制造系统(CIMS)．1999，5 (4)：29-34
[16] 徐晓飞，战德臣等．动态联盟企业组织方法体系．计算机集成制造系统(CIMS)．1999，5(1)：7-12
[17] 刘丽文．企业供需链管理的实施策略探讨．计算机集成制造系统(CIMS)．2000，6 (2)：15-18
[18] 刘丽文．企业供需链中的合作伙伴关系问题．计算机集成制造系统(CIMS)．2001，7(8)：27-32
[19] 杨楠，王云莉，杨涛，肖田元．虚拟企业信息基础设施框架研究．计算机集成制造系统(CIMS)．2002，8 (3)：182-186
[20] 李永．未来企业经营的主流模式-虚拟企业．北京商学院学报．1999(1)：29-32
[21] 戴雪梅，王浣尘．动态联盟实例比较研究．工业工程与管理，1999(30)：11-15
[22] 冯蔚东，陈剑．虚拟企业中核心能力的定性与定量识别．系统工程理论与实践．2002 (5)：48-54
[23] 宋东林，马风光．浅谈我国企业核心能力的构建与管理．软科学．2002(5)：21-25
[24] 樊友平，陈静宇．公司战略联盟选择的决策方法研究．中国软科学．2000(8)：102-105
[25] Vic. Gilgeous and Kaussar. Parveen. Core Competency requirements for manufacturing effectiveness. Integrated Manufacturing Systems. 2001, 12 (3): 217-227
[26] Khalid Hafeez, YanBing Zhang, and Naila Malak. Core Competence for Sustainable Competitive Advantage: A Structured Methodology for Identifying Core Competence. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management. 2002, 49 (1): 28-35
[27] 安淑芝．网络时代的虚拟．天津职业技术师范学院学报．2001，11(4)：24-26
[28] 蔡久忠．论虚拟企业．成都信息工程学院学报．2002，6(2)：77-81
[29] 陈剑，冯蔚东．虚拟企业构建与管理．清华大学出版社，2002：67-68
[30] 柴跃廷，韩坚，李芳芸．基于协调中心的敏捷供应链系统的研究．计算机集成制造系统(CIMS)．1998(4)：26-29
[31] Marshall L. Fisher. what Is the Right Supply Chain for Your Product?. Harvard Business Review. 1997, 75 (2): 103-107
[32] Franklin Allen, Douglas Gale. Innovations in Financial Services, Relationships, and Risk Sharing. Management Science. 1999, 45 (9): 1239-1253
[33] Nirmalya Kumar. The Power of Trust in Manufacturer-Retailer Relationships. Harvard Business Review. 1996, 74(6): 90-95
[34] 王广宇．客户关系管理(CRM)——网络经济中的企业管理理论和应用解决方案．经济管理出版社．387-398
[35] Paul Mangiameli, Christopher J. Roethlein. An examination of quality performance at different levels in a connected supply chain: a preliminary case study. Integrated Manufacturing Systems. 2001, 12 (2): 126-133
[36] S. Nazli Wasti and Jeffrey K. liker. Collaborating with Suppliers in Prodect Development: A U. S. and Japan Comparative Study. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management. 1999, 46 (4): 444-459
[37] 柴跃廷，杨家本．敏捷供应链中供需协作模式的研究[J]．系统工程理论与实践．2000(3)：28-32
[38] 王迎军．供应链管理实用建模方法及数据挖掘．清华大学出版社，2001：107-120
[39] Thomas N. Martin and John C. Hafer. Internet Procurement by Corporate Purchasing Agents: Is It All Hype?. Sam Advanced Management Journal. 2002, 67 (1): 41-47
[40] Ralph L. Keeney. The Value of Internet Commerce to the Customer. Management Science. 1999, 45 (4): 533-541
[41] Philip Evans and Thomas S. Wurster. Getting Real About Virtual Commerce. Harvard Business Review. 1999, 77(6): 81-94
[42] Philip B. Evans and Thomas S. Wurster. Strategy and the new economics of information. Harvard business review. 1997, 75 (5): 69-77
[43] 屠建飞，方志梅．中小型虚拟企业的生产管理信息系统．宁波大学学报．2002．3(1)：63-65
[44] 涂洪波．Internet/Intranet环境下的供应链管理．科技进步与对策．2002 (4)：144-145
[45] 胡旻，王伟，刘永清．EDI的Internet移植方案．系统工程理论与实践．1999 (10)：39-42
[46] Andrew McAfee. The Napsterization of B2B. Harvard Business Review. 2000, 78 (6): 18-19
[47] Darla Domke-Damonte and Virginia B. Levsen. The Effect of Internet Usage on Cooperation and Performance in Small Hotels. Sam Advanced Management Journal. 2002, 67(3): 31-37
[48] 谢小轩，张浩，王坚，严隽薇．电子商务与企业信息系统集成研究．计算机集成制造系统(CIMS)．2002，8(5)：371-373
[49] 汪江洪，叶怀珍．分布式Web系统开发电子商务应用程序的优势．物流技术．2002(4)：27-28
[50] 柴跃廷，刘义．敏捷供应链管理．清华大学出版社．2001
[51] 《运筹学》教材编写组．运筹学．清华大学出版社．1990
[52] 邓文渊，陈惠珍，陈俊荣．ASP与网页数据库设计．中国铁道出版社．2001
[53] 陈会安．ASP网页制作彻底研究．人民邮电出版社．2000
[2] C. K. Prahalad and Venkatram Ramaswamy. Co-opting Customer Competence. Harvard Business Review. 2000, 78(1): 79-89
[3] Danny Ertel. Turning Negotiation into a Corporate Capability. Harvard Business Review. 1999, 77(3): 55-70
[4] David M. Upton and AndrewMcAfee. Real Virtual Factory. Harvard Business Review. 1996, 74(4): 121-125
[5] Glenn Hardaker, Bervaiz K. Ahmeda and Gary Graham. Non-linear innovation across the internet. Integrated Manufacturing Systems. 2000, 11 (7): 484-490
[6] 唐纳德 J．鲍尔索克斯，戴维 J．克劳斯．物流管理-供应链过程的一体化．林国龙，宋柏，沙梅译．机械工业出版社，1999：17-36
[7] 刘敬军，张申生．敏捷制造：企业实行科学、系统化经营的有效模式．系统工程理论与实践．1999(4)：57-61
[8] Falguni, K. Sen and William G. Egelhoff. Innovative Capabilities of a Firm and the Use of Technical Alliances. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management. 2000, 47 (2): 1239-1253
[9] 毛宁，钱燕鸣等．敏捷制造中制造资源重构问题建模．计算机集成制造系统(CIMS)．1999，5(1)：23-27
[10] 张申生．我国开展先进制造技术应该注意的几个问题-从美国的敏捷制造计划谈起．中国机械工程．1995，6 (4)：4-6
[11] 蒋新松，张申生．敏捷竞争的挑战与思考．计算机集成制造系统(CIMS)．1996，2(1)：3-9
[12] 张申生．从CIMS走向动态联盟．中国机械工程．1996，7(3)：17-22
[13] 战德臣，叶丹，徐晓飞，李全龙．动态联盟建立过程研究．计算机集成制造系统(CIMS)．1997(8)：3-6
[14] 徐晓飞，战德臣等．动态联盟的建立及其集成支撑环境．计算机集成制造系统(CIMS)．1998(1)：9-13
[15] 李全龙，徐晓飞，战德臣等．动态联盟过程模型．计算机集成制造系统(CIMS)．1999，5 (4)：29-34
[16] 徐晓飞，战德臣等．动态联盟企业组织方法体系．计算机集成制造系统(CIMS)．1999，5(1)：7-12
[17] 刘丽文．企业供需链管理的实施策略探讨．计算机集成制造系统(CIMS)．2000，6 (2)：15-18
[18] 刘丽文．企业供需链中的合作伙伴关系问题．计算机集成制造系统(CIMS)．2001，7(8)：27-32
[19] 杨楠，王云莉，杨涛，肖田元．虚拟企业信息基础设施框架研究．计算机集成制造系统(CIMS)．2002，8 (3)：182-186
[20] 李永．未来企业经营的主流模式-虚拟企业．北京商学院学报．1999(1)：29-32
[21] 戴雪梅，王浣尘．动态联盟实例比较研究．工业工程与管理，1999(30)：11-15
[22] 冯蔚东，陈剑．虚拟企业中核心能力的定性与定量识别．系统工程理论与实践．2002 (5)：48-54
[23] 宋东林，马风光．浅谈我国企业核心能力的构建与管理．软科学．2002(5)：21-25
[24] 樊友平，陈静宇．公司战略联盟选择的决策方法研究．中国软科学．2000(8)：102-105
[25] Vic. Gilgeous and Kaussar. Parveen. Core Competency requirements for manufacturing effectiveness. Integrated Manufacturing Systems. 2001, 12 (3): 217-227
[26] Khalid Hafeez, YanBing Zhang, and Naila Malak. Core Competence for Sustainable Competitive Advantage: A Structured Methodology for Identifying Core Competence. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management. 2002, 49 (1): 28-35
[27] 安淑芝．网络时代的虚拟．天津职业技术师范学院学报．2001，11(4)：24-26
[28] 蔡久忠．论虚拟企业．成都信息工程学院学报．2002，6(2)：77-81
[29] 陈剑，冯蔚东．虚拟企业构建与管理．清华大学出版社，2002：67-68
[30] 柴跃廷，韩坚，李芳芸．基于协调中心的敏捷供应链系统的研究．计算机集成制造系统(CIMS)．1998(4)：26-29
[31] Marshall L. Fisher. what Is the Right Supply Chain for Your Product?. Harvard Business Review. 1997, 75 (2): 103-107
[32] Franklin Allen, Douglas Gale. Innovations in Financial Services, Relationships, and Risk Sharing. Management Science. 1999, 45 (9): 1239-1253
[33] Nirmalya Kumar. The Power of Trust in Manufacturer-Retailer Relationships. Harvard Business Review. 1996, 74(6): 90-95
[34] 王广宇．客户关系管理(CRM)——网络经济中的企业管理理论和应用解决方案．经济管理出版社．387-398
[35] Paul Mangiameli, Christopher J. Roethlein. An examination of quality performance at different levels in a connected supply chain: a preliminary case study. Integrated Manufacturing Systems. 2001, 12 (2): 126-133
[36] S. Nazli Wasti and Jeffrey K. liker. Collaborating with Suppliers in Prodect Development: A U. S. and Japan Comparative Study. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management. 1999, 46 (4): 444-459
[37] 柴跃廷，杨家本．敏捷供应链中供需协作模式的研究[J]．系统工程理论与实践．2000(3)：28-32
[38] 王迎军．供应链管理实用建模方法及数据挖掘．清华大学出版社，2001：107-120
[39] Thomas N. Martin and John C. Hafer. Internet Procurement by Corporate Purchasing Agents: Is It All Hype?. Sam Advanced Management Journal. 2002, 67 (1): 41-47
[40] Ralph L. Keeney. The Value of Internet Commerce to the Customer. Management Science. 1999, 45 (4): 533-541
[41] Philip Evans and Thomas S. Wurster. Getting Real About Virtual Commerce. Harvard Business Review. 1999, 77(6): 81-94
[42] Philip B. Evans and Thomas S. Wurster. Strategy and the new economics of information. Harvard business review. 1997, 75 (5): 69-77
[43] 屠建飞，方志梅．中小型虚拟企业的生产管理信息系统．宁波大学学报．2002．3(1)：63-65
[44] 涂洪波．Internet/Intranet环境下的供应链管理．科技进步与对策．2002 (4)：144-145
[45] 胡旻，王伟，刘永清．EDI的Internet移植方案．系统工程理论与实践．1999 (10)：39-42
[46] Andrew McAfee. The Napsterization of B2B. Harvard Business Review. 2000, 78 (6): 18-19
[47] Darla Domke-Damonte and Virginia B. Levsen. The Effect of Internet Usage on Cooperation and Performance in Small Hotels. Sam Advanced Management Journal. 2002, 67(3): 31-37
[48] 谢小轩，张浩，王坚，严隽薇．电子商务与企业信息系统集成研究．计算机集成制造系统(CIMS)．2002，8(5)：371-373
[49] 汪江洪，叶怀珍．分布式Web系统开发电子商务应用程序的优势．物流技术．2002(4)：27-28
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