草苁蓉的生物学研究
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摘要
本文综合利用常规石蜡切片技术并结合透射电子显微镜和扫描电子显微镜技术对草苁蓉(Boschniakia rossica)的生物学特性进行了详细研究，内容包括：草苁蓉的生态环境调查、营养器官的形态解剖学研究以及生殖生物学观察。主要结论如下：
1.草苁蓉为典型的专性根寄生植物，植物体结构简单，不含叶绿素，依靠吸器从寄主侧根中吸取营养。穗状花序，两性花密集着生于粗大的花轴上。雄蕊四枚，花药近圆球形，开花后伸长于花冠之外。
2.成熟花药有四个小孢子囊，花药壁发育属双子叶类型，绒毡层细胞具有二型性的特点。小孢子母细胞经过减数分裂形成四分体，胞质分裂为同时型，四分体排列常不一致，有四面体型和左右对称型。成熟花粉具三孔沟。
3.雌蕊由二心皮组成，侧膜胎座。每个子房内产生大量倒生胚珠，胚珠微小。单珠被、薄珠心，具有不甚发达的珠被绒毡层。由孢原细胞直接发育为大孢子母细胞，大孢子母细胞经过减数分裂形成大孢子四分体，珠孔端三个大孢子退化，剩下合点端的一个功能大孢子发育成单核胚囊，经三次连续的有丝分裂形成八核的蓼型胚囊。
4.珠孔受精；极核（或次生极核）先于卵细胞受精。细胞型胚乳，具有胚乳吸器。成熟种子中的胚发育不完全，停滞于球形原胚阶段。
Detail biological studies of Boschniakia rossica using normal paraffin and electron microscopy methods have been presented in this paper。 The main content of this abservation is investigation of entironment of Boschniakia rossica，studies on morphology and anatomy of vegetative organs，and studies on the reproductive biology. The main results are as follows：
1 Boschniakia rossica is one of parasitic plants by root and its structure is very simple. Boschniakia rossica has no chlorophyll. The alimentation is absorbed by haustellum from the side root of the host. Its anthotaxy is spica, and amphimixis flowers is serried inserted on the thick rachis. There are four androeciums in a flower, the anther is near sphericity and and roeciums protrude after florescence.
2. Mature anther has four clinandrium and the development of anther wall follows the dicotyledon type. Tapetum is the secretory type. The microspore mother cell undergoes meiosis before it turns into microapore tetrad. Its cytokinesis belongs to simultaneous type，and microspore tetrads are often differ from tetrahedral to eudipleural，and the tetrahedral is the most.The mature pollen grains are two-celled。There are three shallow channels on the surface of mature pollens.
3. Gynoecia is consist of two carpels, monolovary. There are many ovnles in a ovary, the ovnle is anatropous and tenuinucallate，and the megaspore archesporial cell under epidermis acts as the megasporocyte. After meiosis, the megasporocyte divides into linear megaspore tetrad. Under most circumstances， three of the megaspores degenerate. Only one of them can be reserved and turned into the functional magaspore. Finally， it develops into eight-nucleus mature embryo sac. It belongs to the polygonum type.
4. Porogamy， the fertilization of polay nuleus（secondary nuleus） is earlier than that of the egg cell. The growth of embryo is cell-type ；the endosperm is cellular type and there are haustellum of endosperm.The embryo is remains as a globose embryo.
1.草苁蓉为典型的专性根寄生植物，植物体结构简单，不含叶绿素，依靠吸器从寄主侧根中吸取营养。穗状花序，两性花密集着生于粗大的花轴上。雄蕊四枚，花药近圆球形，开花后伸长于花冠之外。
2.成熟花药有四个小孢子囊，花药壁发育属双子叶类型，绒毡层细胞具有二型性的特点。小孢子母细胞经过减数分裂形成四分体，胞质分裂为同时型，四分体排列常不一致，有四面体型和左右对称型。成熟花粉具三孔沟。
3.雌蕊由二心皮组成，侧膜胎座。每个子房内产生大量倒生胚珠，胚珠微小。单珠被、薄珠心，具有不甚发达的珠被绒毡层。由孢原细胞直接发育为大孢子母细胞，大孢子母细胞经过减数分裂形成大孢子四分体，珠孔端三个大孢子退化，剩下合点端的一个功能大孢子发育成单核胚囊，经三次连续的有丝分裂形成八核的蓼型胚囊。
4.珠孔受精；极核（或次生极核）先于卵细胞受精。细胞型胚乳，具有胚乳吸器。成熟种子中的胚发育不完全，停滞于球形原胚阶段。
Detail biological studies of Boschniakia rossica using normal paraffin and electron microscopy methods have been presented in this paper。 The main content of this abservation is investigation of entironment of Boschniakia rossica，studies on morphology and anatomy of vegetative organs，and studies on the reproductive biology. The main results are as follows：
1 Boschniakia rossica is one of parasitic plants by root and its structure is very simple. Boschniakia rossica has no chlorophyll. The alimentation is absorbed by haustellum from the side root of the host. Its anthotaxy is spica, and amphimixis flowers is serried inserted on the thick rachis. There are four androeciums in a flower, the anther is near sphericity and and roeciums protrude after florescence.
2. Mature anther has four clinandrium and the development of anther wall follows the dicotyledon type. Tapetum is the secretory type. The microspore mother cell undergoes meiosis before it turns into microapore tetrad. Its cytokinesis belongs to simultaneous type，and microspore tetrads are often differ from tetrahedral to eudipleural，and the tetrahedral is the most.The mature pollen grains are two-celled。There are three shallow channels on the surface of mature pollens.
3. Gynoecia is consist of two carpels, monolovary. There are many ovnles in a ovary, the ovnle is anatropous and tenuinucallate，and the megaspore archesporial cell under epidermis acts as the megasporocyte. After meiosis, the megasporocyte divides into linear megaspore tetrad. Under most circumstances， three of the megaspores degenerate. Only one of them can be reserved and turned into the functional magaspore. Finally， it develops into eight-nucleus mature embryo sac. It belongs to the polygonum type.
4. Porogamy， the fertilization of polay nuleus（secondary nuleus） is earlier than that of the egg cell. The growth of embryo is cell-type ；the endosperm is cellular type and there are haustellum of endosperm.The embryo is remains as a globose embryo.
引文
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