循环流化床一体化污泥焚烧工艺实验研究
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摘要
在众多的污泥处置方法中,焚烧处理被公认为实现污泥减量化、稳定化和无害化处理的最彻底方式。污泥干化焚烧技术已被我国列为污泥焚烧处理的优先选择的技术路线。当前污泥干化焚烧工艺中,干化与焚烧相互独立,系统复杂。本文针对实现污泥干化与焚烧在单一装置内进行的循环流化床一体化污泥焚烧工艺进行实验研究。
利用循环流化床一体化探索实验系统和大型冷态实验系统对工艺的关键参数和核心部件——气动分配阀调节特性进行了实验研究。利用污泥流化干化实验系统对工艺的主要工作过程——污泥流化干化特性和细粉逃逸特性进行了实验研究。基于100吨/日循环流化床一体化污泥焚烧系统进行了性能实验,通过实验研究与理论计算相结合,对循环流化床一体化污泥焚烧工艺进行了技术经济性分析。对带冷凝式的新型循环流化床一体化污泥焚烧工艺进行了理论分析。
设计并搭建循环流化床一体化探索实验系统和大型冷态实验系统,验证了工艺流程,获得了工艺流动特性和气动分配阀返料特性。通过实验得出：工艺的燃烧回路和干化回路在压力平衡管处的耦合关系是系统稳定运行的关键；主床流化速度改变对系统循环流率和气动分配阀两侧循环流率分配均有影响；系统循环流率较大或者主床密相区压力波动增大会使压力平衡管处压力出现畸变；气动分配阀Ⅳ区流化数的调节范围较Ⅲ区流化数宽且调节作用好；得到了干化器侧最大返料流率和引起气动分配阀返料波动的干化器顶部压力范围。
在污泥流化干化实验系统中研究结果表明：随着干污泥与河砂混合比MR的增大,导热油管与床层间的平均传热系数变小。以河砂为床料,随着流化速度的增加,平均传热系数增加,最大值为187W/(m2·K)；以工程物料为床料,导热油管与床层间平均换热系数单调增加。随着流化速度和物料停留时间的增加,干污泥粒度变小。干化器出口细粉逃逸率随MR的升高而降低；实验范围内,细粉逃逸率与流化速度之间符合一阶指数增长模型。
100吨/日循环流化床一体化污泥焚烧系统性能实验表明：焚烧炉内温度分布均匀,燃烧效率在98%以上。复合干化器温度分布均匀,污泥干化效果较好,干化过程安全系数高。烟气排放测试结果表明,烟尘浓度、烟气中CO、Hg、Cd、Pb浓度及NOx,SO2、HCl和二噁英类物质排放浓度均低于相应标准限值。污泥焚烧产生的飞灰、循环灰、底渣等重金属浸出毒性均低于危险废物鉴别标准,可按一般固废利用或处置。
通过理论分析结合工程运行数据,对循环流化床一体化污泥焚烧工艺进行了技术经济性分析。分析结果表明：该工艺节能降耗效果明显；与典型干化与焚烧相互独立的系统相比,工艺可靠性、技术经济性优势明显。
提出了带冷凝式干燥的新型循环流化床一体化污泥焚烧工艺,并进行了理论分析与计算。
Among numerous methods of sludge disposal, incineration is considered as the most thorough way to realize the reduction, stabilization and harmlessness of sewage sludge. Sewage sludge incineration after being dried has been given the priority in China. For the most techniques of sewage sludge, the systems of drying and incineration are separated, which means the disposal system is complex. In this thesis, experimental research on the integrated incineration technique for sewage sludge in circulating fluidized bed was conducted.
The experiments were carried out in exploratory test system and a large scale cold experimental system in order to investigate the key parameter of the technique and regulating characteristics of pneumatic distribution valve(PDV) which is the core part of the system. The main work processes, including sewage sludge drying characteristics in a bubbling fluidized bed and the escape rate of fine powders were carried out in the experimental system for fluidized bed sewage sludge drying. Based on100t/d integrated incineration system for sewage sludge in circulating fluidized bed, the performance test was carried out and economic analysis was made by theory and practice. Theoretical analysis and calculation were conducted about a new integrated incineration technique for sewage sludge in circulating fluidized bed with condensing drying.
Exploratory test system and large scale cold experimental system were designed and established; the technique process was verified, the flow characteristics and the control characteristic of PDV were obtained as well. The results show that the key factor which influences the system's safe and steady operation is the coupling performance of pressure in combustion circuit and drying circuit at pressure balance pipe. Main bed fluidization velocity has influences on flow rate of the system and regulating rate of PDV' both sides. Pressure distortion appears at pressure balance pipe when the flow rate of system or pressure fluctuation at dense phase region of main bed is excessive. Compared with the fluidization number at III region of PDV, the regulating scope of fluidization number at IV region of PDV is wider and regulating effect is better. The maximum mass flux of dryer side and the pressure range which cause the fluctuation of PDV's regulation on the top of the dryer are obtained.
Experimental results of sewage sludge drying characteristics in a bubbling fluidized bed with heat conducting oil reveal that the more the sludge pellets in the mixture of river sands and sludge, the smaller the average heat transfer coefficient between the heat conducting oil pipes and bed will be. The average heat transfer coefficient reaches to its maximum187W/(m2·K) with the increase in fluidization velocity. The particle size of the dried product decreases when the fluidization velocity and residence time of materials increase. The escape rate of fine powders decreases when the dried sludge in the mixture increases, and at given condition, first order exponential growth model can fulfill well the relations between them.
Performance test results on100t/d integrated incineration system for sewage sludge in circulating fluidized bed show that temperature distribution is even and the combustion efficiency is over98%in the incinerator. In the compound dryer, temperature distribution is even with the sludge being dried well, and the process of fluidized drying is safe. The test results of flue gas emission indicate that smoke concentration and the concentration of CO, Hg, Cd, Pb, NOx, SO2and dioxin-like pollutants is lower than the emission standard limit. The leaching toxicity of heavy metal in solid materials is also tested and proven that all the leaching toxicity is lower than the identification standards for hazardous wastes, and the fly ashes could be utilized or disposed as general waste.
On the basis of operation data, economic analysis of the integrated incineration technique for sewage sludge in circulating fluidized bed is made. It is found that the technique is effective for energy-saving and consumption-reducing. Compared with the typical system that separates drying and incineration, the integrated technique has its advantages with distinctly reliable process and economic operation.
A new integrated incineration technique for sewage sludge in circulating fluidized bed with condensing drying is proposed, and theoretical analysis and calculation are conducted as well.
利用循环流化床一体化探索实验系统和大型冷态实验系统对工艺的关键参数和核心部件——气动分配阀调节特性进行了实验研究。利用污泥流化干化实验系统对工艺的主要工作过程——污泥流化干化特性和细粉逃逸特性进行了实验研究。基于100吨/日循环流化床一体化污泥焚烧系统进行了性能实验,通过实验研究与理论计算相结合,对循环流化床一体化污泥焚烧工艺进行了技术经济性分析。对带冷凝式的新型循环流化床一体化污泥焚烧工艺进行了理论分析。
设计并搭建循环流化床一体化探索实验系统和大型冷态实验系统,验证了工艺流程,获得了工艺流动特性和气动分配阀返料特性。通过实验得出：工艺的燃烧回路和干化回路在压力平衡管处的耦合关系是系统稳定运行的关键；主床流化速度改变对系统循环流率和气动分配阀两侧循环流率分配均有影响；系统循环流率较大或者主床密相区压力波动增大会使压力平衡管处压力出现畸变；气动分配阀Ⅳ区流化数的调节范围较Ⅲ区流化数宽且调节作用好；得到了干化器侧最大返料流率和引起气动分配阀返料波动的干化器顶部压力范围。
在污泥流化干化实验系统中研究结果表明：随着干污泥与河砂混合比MR的增大,导热油管与床层间的平均传热系数变小。以河砂为床料,随着流化速度的增加,平均传热系数增加,最大值为187W/(m2·K)；以工程物料为床料,导热油管与床层间平均换热系数单调增加。随着流化速度和物料停留时间的增加,干污泥粒度变小。干化器出口细粉逃逸率随MR的升高而降低；实验范围内,细粉逃逸率与流化速度之间符合一阶指数增长模型。
100吨/日循环流化床一体化污泥焚烧系统性能实验表明：焚烧炉内温度分布均匀,燃烧效率在98%以上。复合干化器温度分布均匀,污泥干化效果较好,干化过程安全系数高。烟气排放测试结果表明,烟尘浓度、烟气中CO、Hg、Cd、Pb浓度及NOx,SO2、HCl和二噁英类物质排放浓度均低于相应标准限值。污泥焚烧产生的飞灰、循环灰、底渣等重金属浸出毒性均低于危险废物鉴别标准,可按一般固废利用或处置。
通过理论分析结合工程运行数据,对循环流化床一体化污泥焚烧工艺进行了技术经济性分析。分析结果表明：该工艺节能降耗效果明显；与典型干化与焚烧相互独立的系统相比,工艺可靠性、技术经济性优势明显。
提出了带冷凝式干燥的新型循环流化床一体化污泥焚烧工艺,并进行了理论分析与计算。
Among numerous methods of sludge disposal, incineration is considered as the most thorough way to realize the reduction, stabilization and harmlessness of sewage sludge. Sewage sludge incineration after being dried has been given the priority in China. For the most techniques of sewage sludge, the systems of drying and incineration are separated, which means the disposal system is complex. In this thesis, experimental research on the integrated incineration technique for sewage sludge in circulating fluidized bed was conducted.
The experiments were carried out in exploratory test system and a large scale cold experimental system in order to investigate the key parameter of the technique and regulating characteristics of pneumatic distribution valve(PDV) which is the core part of the system. The main work processes, including sewage sludge drying characteristics in a bubbling fluidized bed and the escape rate of fine powders were carried out in the experimental system for fluidized bed sewage sludge drying. Based on100t/d integrated incineration system for sewage sludge in circulating fluidized bed, the performance test was carried out and economic analysis was made by theory and practice. Theoretical analysis and calculation were conducted about a new integrated incineration technique for sewage sludge in circulating fluidized bed with condensing drying.
Exploratory test system and large scale cold experimental system were designed and established; the technique process was verified, the flow characteristics and the control characteristic of PDV were obtained as well. The results show that the key factor which influences the system's safe and steady operation is the coupling performance of pressure in combustion circuit and drying circuit at pressure balance pipe. Main bed fluidization velocity has influences on flow rate of the system and regulating rate of PDV' both sides. Pressure distortion appears at pressure balance pipe when the flow rate of system or pressure fluctuation at dense phase region of main bed is excessive. Compared with the fluidization number at III region of PDV, the regulating scope of fluidization number at IV region of PDV is wider and regulating effect is better. The maximum mass flux of dryer side and the pressure range which cause the fluctuation of PDV's regulation on the top of the dryer are obtained.
Experimental results of sewage sludge drying characteristics in a bubbling fluidized bed with heat conducting oil reveal that the more the sludge pellets in the mixture of river sands and sludge, the smaller the average heat transfer coefficient between the heat conducting oil pipes and bed will be. The average heat transfer coefficient reaches to its maximum187W/(m2·K) with the increase in fluidization velocity. The particle size of the dried product decreases when the fluidization velocity and residence time of materials increase. The escape rate of fine powders decreases when the dried sludge in the mixture increases, and at given condition, first order exponential growth model can fulfill well the relations between them.
Performance test results on100t/d integrated incineration system for sewage sludge in circulating fluidized bed show that temperature distribution is even and the combustion efficiency is over98%in the incinerator. In the compound dryer, temperature distribution is even with the sludge being dried well, and the process of fluidized drying is safe. The test results of flue gas emission indicate that smoke concentration and the concentration of CO, Hg, Cd, Pb, NOx, SO2and dioxin-like pollutants is lower than the emission standard limit. The leaching toxicity of heavy metal in solid materials is also tested and proven that all the leaching toxicity is lower than the identification standards for hazardous wastes, and the fly ashes could be utilized or disposed as general waste.
On the basis of operation data, economic analysis of the integrated incineration technique for sewage sludge in circulating fluidized bed is made. It is found that the technique is effective for energy-saving and consumption-reducing. Compared with the typical system that separates drying and incineration, the integrated technique has its advantages with distinctly reliable process and economic operation.
A new integrated incineration technique for sewage sludge in circulating fluidized bed with condensing drying is proposed, and theoretical analysis and calculation are conducted as well.
引文
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