乌鲁木齐周边三种野生灌木种子萌发研究
|
摘要
刺木蓼(Atraphaxis spinosa)和长枝木蓼(A. virgata)隶属于蓼科木蓼属,刺旋花(Convolvulus tragacanthoides)隶属于旋花科旋花属,这三种野生灌木是乌鲁木齐周边植被的重要组成种,是植被恢复的潜在候选植物种。论文通过野外观测和室内试验,对这三种植物种子的萌发、休眠的解除及萌发物候进行了研究并对其种子的萌发对策进行了探讨,主要结论如下:
温度、水分和盐分对这三种野生灌木种子萌发的影响存在差异。刺木蓼在30/20℃的萌发率最高;长枝木蓼在30/20℃和20/10℃的萌发率高;刺旋花在所设温度下萌发率差异不大。它们的种子在-2.7MPa的水分胁迫和0.50mol/L的盐分胁迫下均能萌发,-0.3MPa的水分胁迫对两种木蓼种子的萌发起促进作用,0-0.2mol/L的盐胁迫对刺旋花种子萌发的影响不大。
三种野生灌木的种子具有不同的休眠特性。刺木蓼和长枝木蓼种子分别经低温层积8周、6周及冬天野外自然层积均可解除休眠,同时室温干藏也能解除长枝木蓼种子的休眠,说明两种木蓼的种子均为非深度的生理休眠。刺旋花种子可以通过擦破种皮解除休眠,可知其为物理休眠。休眠解除后,种子萌发的最适温度降低。
两种木蓼种子经过室温干藏后的萌发率高于低温干藏的,低温干藏提高了刺旋花种子的萌发率。经过埋藏后两种木蓼的种子全部萌发,刺旋花种子部分萌发。
两种木蓼具有不同的萌发机制,产生不同休眠程度的种子,成熟早的刺木蓼种子休眠程度低,而长枝木蓼成熟晚的种子休眠程度低。刺木蓼种子在室温干藏的过程中,萌发率先降低后增加。室温干藏明显提高了长枝木蓼种子在15/6℃的萌发率,尤其是10月成熟的种子,10月和11月成熟的种子分别干藏9个月和6个月后解除休眠。
休眠类型不同,萌发物候也存在差异。刺木蓼和长枝木蓼的种子在成熟的当年均未萌发,于第二年3月中旬开始萌发出苗,一直到4月出苗结束。刺旋花的种子在成熟的当年便开始萌发出苗,9月出苗结束,来年4月继续出苗。
这三种野生灌木种子的萌发、休眠特性及萌发物候对于其在乌鲁木齐周边荒漠中成功定居与生长发育,物种的延续和种群的扩大具有重要的适应意义。
Atraphaxis spinosa, A. virgata and Convolvulus tragacanthoides are native shrubs in Urumqi which have potential value in vegetation restoration. The germination, dormancy and germination phenology characteristics of them were observed and analyzed both in field and indoors, and the ecological adaptive germinative strategy of the species was discussed. The main results are as follows:
The seed germination of the shrubs differ singnificantly in temperature, water stress and salt stress. The optimal germination temperature was 30/20℃for A. spinosa, 20/10℃and 30/20℃for A. virgata, respectively. The germination percentages of C. tragacanthoides are not significant in alternating temperature regimes from 10/6℃to 30/20℃. The seeds can germinate at -2.7MPa of water stress and 0.5mol/L of salt stress. PEG solution of -0.3MPa promoted seed germination of the Atraphaxis species. Salt stress hardly inhibit seed germination of C. tragacanthoides.
The dormancy characteristic of the seeds are different. Dormancy break of Atraphaxis spinosa and A. virgata seeds by cold stratification at 5℃for 8 weeks and 6 weeks, also at the habitat in winter. The seeds of the Atraphaxis species were shallow non-deep physiological dormancy. The seeds of C. tragacanthoides were physical dormancy, because the dormancy was broken by scarification.
The seeds were treated by dry storage at room temperature, dry storage at 5℃and burying storage for 9 months. The seed germination of the Atraphaxis species achived higher after dry storage at room temperature than that of at 5℃, in opposition to C. tragacanthoides. The Atraphaxis species seeds all germinated after buried. And the seeds of C. tragacanthoides had lower germination after buried.
Two Atraphaxis species have different mechanisms of germination. Their seeds have different level of dormancy. A. spinosa fruits twice a year, in June and September. A. virgata has a long florescence last out two months. A. spinosa seeds were collected in June and September, while A. virgata were collected in October and November. The seeds of A. spinosa maturating earlier have higher germination comparing to matured later. Dry storage significantly increased germination percentage of A. virgata at 15/6℃, the percentage of increment was greater in October than that in November. A. spinosa seeds matured in October were break dormancy after 9 months and the seeds matured in November after 6 months in the situation of dry storage.
Germination phenology of the seeds are different due to the dormancy types. No seedlings emerged after sowing of two Atraphaxis species seeds. In the next spring, the seedlings were recorded. The seeds of C. tragacanthoides emerged after sowing, and continued to germinate in April the next year.
The seed germination, dormancy and germination phenology characteristics of the shrubs have significant ecological consequences in development of seedling, population persistence and expansion in desert around Urumqi.
温度、水分和盐分对这三种野生灌木种子萌发的影响存在差异。刺木蓼在30/20℃的萌发率最高;长枝木蓼在30/20℃和20/10℃的萌发率高;刺旋花在所设温度下萌发率差异不大。它们的种子在-2.7MPa的水分胁迫和0.50mol/L的盐分胁迫下均能萌发,-0.3MPa的水分胁迫对两种木蓼种子的萌发起促进作用,0-0.2mol/L的盐胁迫对刺旋花种子萌发的影响不大。
三种野生灌木的种子具有不同的休眠特性。刺木蓼和长枝木蓼种子分别经低温层积8周、6周及冬天野外自然层积均可解除休眠,同时室温干藏也能解除长枝木蓼种子的休眠,说明两种木蓼的种子均为非深度的生理休眠。刺旋花种子可以通过擦破种皮解除休眠,可知其为物理休眠。休眠解除后,种子萌发的最适温度降低。
两种木蓼种子经过室温干藏后的萌发率高于低温干藏的,低温干藏提高了刺旋花种子的萌发率。经过埋藏后两种木蓼的种子全部萌发,刺旋花种子部分萌发。
两种木蓼具有不同的萌发机制,产生不同休眠程度的种子,成熟早的刺木蓼种子休眠程度低,而长枝木蓼成熟晚的种子休眠程度低。刺木蓼种子在室温干藏的过程中,萌发率先降低后增加。室温干藏明显提高了长枝木蓼种子在15/6℃的萌发率,尤其是10月成熟的种子,10月和11月成熟的种子分别干藏9个月和6个月后解除休眠。
休眠类型不同,萌发物候也存在差异。刺木蓼和长枝木蓼的种子在成熟的当年均未萌发,于第二年3月中旬开始萌发出苗,一直到4月出苗结束。刺旋花的种子在成熟的当年便开始萌发出苗,9月出苗结束,来年4月继续出苗。
这三种野生灌木种子的萌发、休眠特性及萌发物候对于其在乌鲁木齐周边荒漠中成功定居与生长发育,物种的延续和种群的扩大具有重要的适应意义。
Atraphaxis spinosa, A. virgata and Convolvulus tragacanthoides are native shrubs in Urumqi which have potential value in vegetation restoration. The germination, dormancy and germination phenology characteristics of them were observed and analyzed both in field and indoors, and the ecological adaptive germinative strategy of the species was discussed. The main results are as follows:
The seed germination of the shrubs differ singnificantly in temperature, water stress and salt stress. The optimal germination temperature was 30/20℃for A. spinosa, 20/10℃and 30/20℃for A. virgata, respectively. The germination percentages of C. tragacanthoides are not significant in alternating temperature regimes from 10/6℃to 30/20℃. The seeds can germinate at -2.7MPa of water stress and 0.5mol/L of salt stress. PEG solution of -0.3MPa promoted seed germination of the Atraphaxis species. Salt stress hardly inhibit seed germination of C. tragacanthoides.
The dormancy characteristic of the seeds are different. Dormancy break of Atraphaxis spinosa and A. virgata seeds by cold stratification at 5℃for 8 weeks and 6 weeks, also at the habitat in winter. The seeds of the Atraphaxis species were shallow non-deep physiological dormancy. The seeds of C. tragacanthoides were physical dormancy, because the dormancy was broken by scarification.
The seeds were treated by dry storage at room temperature, dry storage at 5℃and burying storage for 9 months. The seed germination of the Atraphaxis species achived higher after dry storage at room temperature than that of at 5℃, in opposition to C. tragacanthoides. The Atraphaxis species seeds all germinated after buried. And the seeds of C. tragacanthoides had lower germination after buried.
Two Atraphaxis species have different mechanisms of germination. Their seeds have different level of dormancy. A. spinosa fruits twice a year, in June and September. A. virgata has a long florescence last out two months. A. spinosa seeds were collected in June and September, while A. virgata were collected in October and November. The seeds of A. spinosa maturating earlier have higher germination comparing to matured later. Dry storage significantly increased germination percentage of A. virgata at 15/6℃, the percentage of increment was greater in October than that in November. A. spinosa seeds matured in October were break dormancy after 9 months and the seeds matured in November after 6 months in the situation of dry storage.
Germination phenology of the seeds are different due to the dormancy types. No seedlings emerged after sowing of two Atraphaxis species seeds. In the next spring, the seedlings were recorded. The seeds of C. tragacanthoides emerged after sowing, and continued to germinate in April the next year.
The seed germination, dormancy and germination phenology characteristics of the shrubs have significant ecological consequences in development of seedling, population persistence and expansion in desert around Urumqi.
引文
[1] Baskin C C, Baskin J M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination[M]. San Diego: Academic Press, 1998.
[2] GuttermanY. Seed germination in desert plants[J]. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1993.
[3] Gutterman Y. Strategies of seed dispersal and germination in plants inhabiting deserts[J]. Botanical Review, 1994, 60: 373-425.
[4]黄振英, Gutterman Y,胡正海,等.白沙蒿种子萌发特性的研究II.环境因素的影响[J].植物生态学报, 2001, 25(2):240-246.
[5]颜启传.种子学[M].北京:中国农业出版社, 2001.
[6] El-Keblawy A, Al-Rawai A. Effects of seed maturation time and dry storage on light and temperature requirements during germination in invasive Prosopis juliflora [J]. Flora, 2006, 201: 135-143.
[7] Leinonen K. Effects of storage conditions on dormancy and vigor of Picea abies seeds[J]. New Forests, 1998, 16:231- 249.
[8] Gosling P G, Rigg P. The effect of moisture content and prechilling duration on the efficiency of dormancy breakage in Sitkas pruce ( Picea sitchenisis) seeds[J]. Seed Science and Technology, 1990, 18: 337-343.
[9]刘媖心主编.中国沙漠植物志(第一卷) [M].北京:科学出版社, 1987.
[10]崔乃然.新疆主要饲用植物志(第二册) [M].乌鲁木齐:新疆科技卫生出版社, 1994.
[11]中国科学院新疆综合考察队,中国科学院植物研究所.新疆植被及其利用[M].北京:科学出版社, 1978.
[12]贾宝全,黄培祐.刺木蓼和大果白刺在准噶尔盆地南缘沙区侵移定居的初步研究[J].新疆大学学报(自然科学版), 1992, 9(4):89-94.
[13]叶卫英,尹林克,钱翌,等.乌鲁木齐市周边荒山植物群落类型及其物种多样性[J].新疆农业大学学报, 2005, 28(1):44-48.
[14]孙书存,刘照光.岷江上游刺旋花种群格局研究[J].应用与环境生物学报, 1997, 3(3): 193-198.
[15]黎燕琼,刘兴良,郑绍伟.岷江上游干旱河谷四种灌木的抗旱生理动态变化[J].生态学报, 2007, 27(3):870-878.
[16]韩建国.实用牧草种子学[M].北京:中国农业出版社, 1997.
[17]刘志民,李雪华,李荣平,等.科尔沁沙地31种1年生植物萌发特性比较研究[J].生态学报, 2004, 24(3):648-653.
[18]赵晓英,任继周,王彦荣,等. 3种锦鸡儿种子萌发对温度和水分的响应[J].西北植物学报, 2005, 25(2):211-217.
[19] Ungar I A. Halophyte seed germination[J]. Botanical Review, 1978, 44: 233-264.
[20]黄振英,张新时, Gutterman Y,等.光照、温度和盐分对梭梭种子萌发的影响[J].植物生理学报, 2001, 27(3):275-280.
[21]鱼小军,王彦荣,曾彦军,等.温度和水分对无芒隐子草和条叶车前种子萌发的影响[J].生态学报, 2004, 24(5):883-887.
[22]王学敏,易津.驼绒黎属植物种子萌发条件及其生理特性的研究[J].草地学报, 2003, 11(2):95-102.
[23]吴国辉,刘燕国.植物种子萌发条件的研究[J].农机化研究, 2005, 2:285.
[24]李利,张希明,何兴元.胡杨种子萌发和胚根生长对环境因子变化的响应[J].干旱区研究, 2005, 22(4):520-525.
[25] Newton R J, Bond W J, Farrant JM. Effects of seed storage and fire on germination in the nut-fruited restionaceae species, Cannomois virgata[J]. South African Journal of Botany, 2006, 72:177-180.
[26]曾彦军,王彦荣,萨仁,等.几种旱生灌木种子萌发对干旱胁迫的响应[J].应用生态学报, 2002, 13(8):953-956.
[27]曾幼玲,蔡忠贞,马纪,等.盐分和水分胁迫对两种盐生植物盐爪爪和盐穗木种子萌发的影响[J].生态学杂志, 2006, 25(9):1014-1018.
[28] Zheng Y R, Xie Z X, Gao Y, et al. Germination responses of Caragana korshinskii Kom. to light, temperature and water stress[J]. Ecological Research, 2004, 19: 553-558.
[29]阎顺国,沈禹颖.生态因子对碱茅种子萌发期耐盐性影响的数量分析[J].植物生态学报, 1996, 20(5):414-422.
[30]牟新待,龙瑞军,任云宇.几种牧草苗期耐盐性的研究[J].中国草业科学, 1987, 4(1): 31-35.
[31]段德玉,刘小京,冯凤莲,等.盐分和水分胁迫对盐生植物灰绿黎种子萌发的影响[J].植物资源与环境学报, 2004, 13(l):7-11.
[32]张建锋,李吉跃,邢尚军,等.盐分胁迫下盐肤木种子发芽试验[J].东北林业大学学报, 2003, 31(3):79-80.
[33]梁云媚,李燕,多立安.不同盐分胁迫对苜蓿种子萌发的影响[J].草业科学, 1998, 15(6):21-25.
[34]沈禹颖.盐分浓度对碱茅草种子萌发的影响[J].草业科学, 1991, 8(3):68-71.
[35]马红媛,梁正伟.不同贮藏条件和发芽方法对羊草种子萌发的影响[J].应用生态学报, 2007, 18(5): 997-1002.
[36]马淼,苏红文.不同贮藏及萌发条件对大叶白麻种子活性的影响[J].石河子大学学报(自然科学版), 1998, 2(4): 264-265.
[37]闫巧玲,刘志民,李雪华,等.埋藏对65种半干旱草地植物种子萌发特性的影响[J].应用生态学报. 2007, 18(4):777-782.
[38] Yan Q L, Liu Z M, Zhu J J, et al. Structure, pattern and mechanisms of formation of seed banks in sand dune systems in northeastern Inner Mongolia, China[J]. Plant and Soil, 2005, 277: 175-184.
[39]林少敏.西藏沙生槐种子萌发特性研究[J].草业科学, 2002, 19(5):30-32.
[40]胡晋.种子生物学[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2006.
[41]高捍东等译.国际种子检验协会(ISTA)乔灌木种子手册[M].南京:东南大学出版社, 1994.
[42]刘震,王艳梅,蒋建平.不同种源白花泡桐种子的休眠生理生态研究[J].生态学报, 2004, 24(5):959-964.
[43]杜利霞,李青丰,刘义,等.不同贮藏时间对牧草种子萌发特性的影响[J].中国草地, 2005, 27(1):17-21.
[44]曾彦军,王彦荣,张宝林,等.红砂和猫头刺种子萌发生态适应性的研究[J ].草业学报, 2000, 9 (3): 36-42.
[45]斯琴巴特尔,满良.蒙古扁桃种子萌发生理研究[J].广西植物, 2002, 22(4):564-566.
[46]李昆,崔永忠,张春华.金沙江干热河谷退耕还林区造林树种的育苗技术[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版), 2003, 27(6):89-92.
[47]李青丰,张海军,易津,等.几种预措处理对促进草地早熟禾种子萌发的效果[J].中国草地, 1997, 3:28-30.
[48]叶常丰,戴心维.种子学[M].北京:农业出版社, 1994:249-304.
[49]孙明义,郑玉红,刘建秀.结缕草(Zoysia japonica Steud.)种子打破休眠方法的比较[J].植物资源与环境学报, 2002, 11(1):61-62.
[50]杨期和,尹小娟,叶万辉.硬实种子休眠的机制和解除方法[J].植物学通报, 2006, 23(1):108-118.
[51]孔祥海.抑制物质与种子休眠[J].龙岩师专学报, 2002, 20(6):50-52.
[52] Khan A A.种子休眠和萌发的生理生化[M].王沙生译.北京:农业出版社, 1989.
[53]杨期和,叶万辉等.植物种子休眠的原因及休眠的多样性[J].西北植物学报, 2003, 23(5):837-843
[54]张义.桃种子休眠原因及解除休眠方法研究概述[J].湖北农学院学报, 2001, 21(4):382-384.
[55]徐本美,史晓华,孙运涛,等.棱角山矾种子的休眠与萌发初探[J].种子, 2002, 121:1-3.
[56]李铁华,周佑勋,段小平.钟萼木种子生理休眠特性的初步研究[J].中南林学院学报, 1997, 17(2):41-44.
[57]范川,李贤伟.珙桐的研究现状及展望[J].林业科技, 2004, 29(6):55-58.
[58] El-Keblawy A, Al-Ansari F. Effect of site of origin, time of seed maturation and seed age on germination behavior of Portulaca oleracea L. from old and new world[J]. Canadian Journal of Botany, 2000, 78:279-287.
[59] Clua A A, Gimenez D O. Environmental factors during seed development of narrow-leaved bird’s-foot-trefoil (Lotus tenuis) influences subsequent dormancy and germination[J]. Grass and Forage Science, 2003, 58:333-338.
[60] Meyer S E, Allen P S. Ecological genetics of seed germination regulation in Bromus tectorum L. II. Reaction norms in response to a water stress gradient imposed during seed maturation[J]. Oecologia, 1999, 120:35-43.
[61] Grzesik M, Gornik K, Chojnowski M G. Effect of environmental conditions and the harvest time on the seed yield quality of Verbena hybrida Voss. Seed Science and Technology, 1998, 26:131-140.
[62] Ungar I A. Effects of the parental environment on the temperature requirements of Spergularia marina seeds[J]. Botanical Gazette. 1988, 194:432-436.
[63]白永强.盐池沙地主要灌木种的物候及生长规律研究[J].干旱区资源与环境, 1998, 12(2):82-86.
[64] Bewley J D, Black M.种子萌发的生理生化第二卷[M].何泽瑛等译.南京:东南大学出版社, 1990.
[65] Baskin C C, Milberg P, Andersson L, et al. Seed dormancy-breaking and germination requirements of Drosera anglica, an insectivorous species of the Northern Hemisphere[J]. Acta Oecologica, 2001, 22:1-8.
[66] Thompson K, Band S R , Hodgson J G. Seed size and shape predict persistence in soil[J]. Functional Ecology, 1993, 7:236-241.
[67]国家质量技术监督局.国家标准:牧草种子检验规程[M ].北京:中国标准出版社, 2001.
[68] Milberg P, Andersson L. Does cold stratification level out differences in seed germinability between populations[J]. Plant Ecology, 1998, 134:225-234.
[69] Michel E M, Kaufmann M R.The osmotic potential of polyethylene glycol 6000[J]. Plant Physiology, 1973, 51:914-916.
[70]焦树英,李永强,沙依拉·沙尔合提,等.干旱胁迫对3种狼尾草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响[J].西北植物学报, 2009, 29(2):0308-0313.
[71]段德玉,刘小京,冯凤莲,等.不同盐分胁迫对盐地碱蓬种子萌发的效应[J].土壤肥料科学, 2003, 19(6) :168-172.
[72]梁云媚,李燕,多立安.不同盐分胁迫对苜蓿种子萌发的影响[J].草业科学, 1998, 15(6):21-25.
[73] Keiffer C H, Ungar I A. Germination and establishment of halophytes on brine-affected soils[J]. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2002, 39:402-415.
[74] Nancy V, Aleta M. Testing native species with deep dormancy[J]. Seed Technology, 2002, 24(1): 43-51.
[75] Baskin C C, Baskin J M, Meyer S E. Seed dormancy in the Colorado Plateau shrub Mahonia fremontii (Berberidaceae) and its ecological and evolutionary implications[J]. Southwestern Naturalist, 1993, 38:91-99.
[76]黄振英.鄂尔多斯高原固沙禾草沙鞭种子休眠和萌发与环境的关系[J].西北植物学报, 2003, 23(7):1128-1133.
[77]许桂芳,刘明久,席世丽,等.破除红蓼种子休眠研究初报[J].种子, 2005, 24(1):24-25.
[78]黄振英, Gutterman Y,胡正海,等.沙漠植物种子的传播和萌发机制[A].植物科学进展[C],北京:高等教育出版社, 2000, 3:169-178.
[79]王金龙.利用大豆硬实种子保存大豆种质的研究[J].大豆科学, 1999, 18:351-354.
[80] Shen-Miller J, Mudgett M B, Schopf J W, et al. Exceptional seed longevity and robust growth, ancient sacred lotus from China[J]. American Journal of Botany, 1995, 82:1367-1380.
[81]刘贵华,袁龙义,苏睿丽,等.储藏条件和时间对六种多年生湿地植物种子萌发的影响[J].生态学报, 2005, 25(2): 371-374 .
[82]马红媛,梁正伟.不同贮藏条件和发芽方法对羊草种子萌发的影响[J].应用生态学报, 2007, 18(5): 997-1002.
[83]李雪华,李晓兰,蒋德明,等.画眉草种子萌发对策及生态适应性[J].应用生态学报, 2006, 17(4): 607-610.
[84] Cristaudo A, Gresta F, Luciani F, et al. Effects of after-harvest period and environmental factors on seed dormancy of Amaranthus species[J]. Weed Research, 2007, 47:327-334.
[85] Thompson K, Grime J P. Seasonal variation in the seed banks of herbaceous species in ten contrasting habitats[J]. Journal of Ecology, 1979, 67: 893-921
[86]李晓梅,赵晓英,赵法,等.新疆3种锦鸡儿属植物种子萌发对温度和土壤水分的响应[J].草业科学, 2009, 26(10):140-145.
[87] Salisbury E J. Seed size and mass in relation to environment[J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences, 1974, 186:83-88.
[88] Hendrix S D. Variation in seed weight and its effects on germinateon in Pastinaca sativa L.(Umbelliferae)[J]. American Journal of Botany, 1984, 71:795-802.
[89]王桔红,杜国祯,崔现亮,等.青藏高原东缘61种常见木本植物种子萌发特性及其与生活史的关联[J].植物生态学报, 2009, 33(1): 171-179.
[90]张大勇.植物生活史进化与繁殖生态学[M].北京:科学出版社, 2004.
[91] Baskin J M, Baskin C C. Year-to-year variation in the germination of freshly-harvested seeds of Arenaria patula var. robusta from the same site[J]. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science, 1975, 50:106-108.
[92] Baskin J M, Baskin C C. Variation in the annual dormancy cycle in buried seeds of the weedy winter annual Viola arvensis [J]. Weed Research, 1995, 35:353-362.
[2] GuttermanY. Seed germination in desert plants[J]. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1993.
[3] Gutterman Y. Strategies of seed dispersal and germination in plants inhabiting deserts[J]. Botanical Review, 1994, 60: 373-425.
[4]黄振英, Gutterman Y,胡正海,等.白沙蒿种子萌发特性的研究II.环境因素的影响[J].植物生态学报, 2001, 25(2):240-246.
[5]颜启传.种子学[M].北京:中国农业出版社, 2001.
[6] El-Keblawy A, Al-Rawai A. Effects of seed maturation time and dry storage on light and temperature requirements during germination in invasive Prosopis juliflora [J]. Flora, 2006, 201: 135-143.
[7] Leinonen K. Effects of storage conditions on dormancy and vigor of Picea abies seeds[J]. New Forests, 1998, 16:231- 249.
[8] Gosling P G, Rigg P. The effect of moisture content and prechilling duration on the efficiency of dormancy breakage in Sitkas pruce ( Picea sitchenisis) seeds[J]. Seed Science and Technology, 1990, 18: 337-343.
[9]刘媖心主编.中国沙漠植物志(第一卷) [M].北京:科学出版社, 1987.
[10]崔乃然.新疆主要饲用植物志(第二册) [M].乌鲁木齐:新疆科技卫生出版社, 1994.
[11]中国科学院新疆综合考察队,中国科学院植物研究所.新疆植被及其利用[M].北京:科学出版社, 1978.
[12]贾宝全,黄培祐.刺木蓼和大果白刺在准噶尔盆地南缘沙区侵移定居的初步研究[J].新疆大学学报(自然科学版), 1992, 9(4):89-94.
[13]叶卫英,尹林克,钱翌,等.乌鲁木齐市周边荒山植物群落类型及其物种多样性[J].新疆农业大学学报, 2005, 28(1):44-48.
[14]孙书存,刘照光.岷江上游刺旋花种群格局研究[J].应用与环境生物学报, 1997, 3(3): 193-198.
[15]黎燕琼,刘兴良,郑绍伟.岷江上游干旱河谷四种灌木的抗旱生理动态变化[J].生态学报, 2007, 27(3):870-878.
[16]韩建国.实用牧草种子学[M].北京:中国农业出版社, 1997.
[17]刘志民,李雪华,李荣平,等.科尔沁沙地31种1年生植物萌发特性比较研究[J].生态学报, 2004, 24(3):648-653.
[18]赵晓英,任继周,王彦荣,等. 3种锦鸡儿种子萌发对温度和水分的响应[J].西北植物学报, 2005, 25(2):211-217.
[19] Ungar I A. Halophyte seed germination[J]. Botanical Review, 1978, 44: 233-264.
[20]黄振英,张新时, Gutterman Y,等.光照、温度和盐分对梭梭种子萌发的影响[J].植物生理学报, 2001, 27(3):275-280.
[21]鱼小军,王彦荣,曾彦军,等.温度和水分对无芒隐子草和条叶车前种子萌发的影响[J].生态学报, 2004, 24(5):883-887.
[22]王学敏,易津.驼绒黎属植物种子萌发条件及其生理特性的研究[J].草地学报, 2003, 11(2):95-102.
[23]吴国辉,刘燕国.植物种子萌发条件的研究[J].农机化研究, 2005, 2:285.
[24]李利,张希明,何兴元.胡杨种子萌发和胚根生长对环境因子变化的响应[J].干旱区研究, 2005, 22(4):520-525.
[25] Newton R J, Bond W J, Farrant JM. Effects of seed storage and fire on germination in the nut-fruited restionaceae species, Cannomois virgata[J]. South African Journal of Botany, 2006, 72:177-180.
[26]曾彦军,王彦荣,萨仁,等.几种旱生灌木种子萌发对干旱胁迫的响应[J].应用生态学报, 2002, 13(8):953-956.
[27]曾幼玲,蔡忠贞,马纪,等.盐分和水分胁迫对两种盐生植物盐爪爪和盐穗木种子萌发的影响[J].生态学杂志, 2006, 25(9):1014-1018.
[28] Zheng Y R, Xie Z X, Gao Y, et al. Germination responses of Caragana korshinskii Kom. to light, temperature and water stress[J]. Ecological Research, 2004, 19: 553-558.
[29]阎顺国,沈禹颖.生态因子对碱茅种子萌发期耐盐性影响的数量分析[J].植物生态学报, 1996, 20(5):414-422.
[30]牟新待,龙瑞军,任云宇.几种牧草苗期耐盐性的研究[J].中国草业科学, 1987, 4(1): 31-35.
[31]段德玉,刘小京,冯凤莲,等.盐分和水分胁迫对盐生植物灰绿黎种子萌发的影响[J].植物资源与环境学报, 2004, 13(l):7-11.
[32]张建锋,李吉跃,邢尚军,等.盐分胁迫下盐肤木种子发芽试验[J].东北林业大学学报, 2003, 31(3):79-80.
[33]梁云媚,李燕,多立安.不同盐分胁迫对苜蓿种子萌发的影响[J].草业科学, 1998, 15(6):21-25.
[34]沈禹颖.盐分浓度对碱茅草种子萌发的影响[J].草业科学, 1991, 8(3):68-71.
[35]马红媛,梁正伟.不同贮藏条件和发芽方法对羊草种子萌发的影响[J].应用生态学报, 2007, 18(5): 997-1002.
[36]马淼,苏红文.不同贮藏及萌发条件对大叶白麻种子活性的影响[J].石河子大学学报(自然科学版), 1998, 2(4): 264-265.
[37]闫巧玲,刘志民,李雪华,等.埋藏对65种半干旱草地植物种子萌发特性的影响[J].应用生态学报. 2007, 18(4):777-782.
[38] Yan Q L, Liu Z M, Zhu J J, et al. Structure, pattern and mechanisms of formation of seed banks in sand dune systems in northeastern Inner Mongolia, China[J]. Plant and Soil, 2005, 277: 175-184.
[39]林少敏.西藏沙生槐种子萌发特性研究[J].草业科学, 2002, 19(5):30-32.
[40]胡晋.种子生物学[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2006.
[41]高捍东等译.国际种子检验协会(ISTA)乔灌木种子手册[M].南京:东南大学出版社, 1994.
[42]刘震,王艳梅,蒋建平.不同种源白花泡桐种子的休眠生理生态研究[J].生态学报, 2004, 24(5):959-964.
[43]杜利霞,李青丰,刘义,等.不同贮藏时间对牧草种子萌发特性的影响[J].中国草地, 2005, 27(1):17-21.
[44]曾彦军,王彦荣,张宝林,等.红砂和猫头刺种子萌发生态适应性的研究[J ].草业学报, 2000, 9 (3): 36-42.
[45]斯琴巴特尔,满良.蒙古扁桃种子萌发生理研究[J].广西植物, 2002, 22(4):564-566.
[46]李昆,崔永忠,张春华.金沙江干热河谷退耕还林区造林树种的育苗技术[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版), 2003, 27(6):89-92.
[47]李青丰,张海军,易津,等.几种预措处理对促进草地早熟禾种子萌发的效果[J].中国草地, 1997, 3:28-30.
[48]叶常丰,戴心维.种子学[M].北京:农业出版社, 1994:249-304.
[49]孙明义,郑玉红,刘建秀.结缕草(Zoysia japonica Steud.)种子打破休眠方法的比较[J].植物资源与环境学报, 2002, 11(1):61-62.
[50]杨期和,尹小娟,叶万辉.硬实种子休眠的机制和解除方法[J].植物学通报, 2006, 23(1):108-118.
[51]孔祥海.抑制物质与种子休眠[J].龙岩师专学报, 2002, 20(6):50-52.
[52] Khan A A.种子休眠和萌发的生理生化[M].王沙生译.北京:农业出版社, 1989.
[53]杨期和,叶万辉等.植物种子休眠的原因及休眠的多样性[J].西北植物学报, 2003, 23(5):837-843
[54]张义.桃种子休眠原因及解除休眠方法研究概述[J].湖北农学院学报, 2001, 21(4):382-384.
[55]徐本美,史晓华,孙运涛,等.棱角山矾种子的休眠与萌发初探[J].种子, 2002, 121:1-3.
[56]李铁华,周佑勋,段小平.钟萼木种子生理休眠特性的初步研究[J].中南林学院学报, 1997, 17(2):41-44.
[57]范川,李贤伟.珙桐的研究现状及展望[J].林业科技, 2004, 29(6):55-58.
[58] El-Keblawy A, Al-Ansari F. Effect of site of origin, time of seed maturation and seed age on germination behavior of Portulaca oleracea L. from old and new world[J]. Canadian Journal of Botany, 2000, 78:279-287.
[59] Clua A A, Gimenez D O. Environmental factors during seed development of narrow-leaved bird’s-foot-trefoil (Lotus tenuis) influences subsequent dormancy and germination[J]. Grass and Forage Science, 2003, 58:333-338.
[60] Meyer S E, Allen P S. Ecological genetics of seed germination regulation in Bromus tectorum L. II. Reaction norms in response to a water stress gradient imposed during seed maturation[J]. Oecologia, 1999, 120:35-43.
[61] Grzesik M, Gornik K, Chojnowski M G. Effect of environmental conditions and the harvest time on the seed yield quality of Verbena hybrida Voss. Seed Science and Technology, 1998, 26:131-140.
[62] Ungar I A. Effects of the parental environment on the temperature requirements of Spergularia marina seeds[J]. Botanical Gazette. 1988, 194:432-436.
[63]白永强.盐池沙地主要灌木种的物候及生长规律研究[J].干旱区资源与环境, 1998, 12(2):82-86.
[64] Bewley J D, Black M.种子萌发的生理生化第二卷[M].何泽瑛等译.南京:东南大学出版社, 1990.
[65] Baskin C C, Milberg P, Andersson L, et al. Seed dormancy-breaking and germination requirements of Drosera anglica, an insectivorous species of the Northern Hemisphere[J]. Acta Oecologica, 2001, 22:1-8.
[66] Thompson K, Band S R , Hodgson J G. Seed size and shape predict persistence in soil[J]. Functional Ecology, 1993, 7:236-241.
[67]国家质量技术监督局.国家标准:牧草种子检验规程[M ].北京:中国标准出版社, 2001.
[68] Milberg P, Andersson L. Does cold stratification level out differences in seed germinability between populations[J]. Plant Ecology, 1998, 134:225-234.
[69] Michel E M, Kaufmann M R.The osmotic potential of polyethylene glycol 6000[J]. Plant Physiology, 1973, 51:914-916.
[70]焦树英,李永强,沙依拉·沙尔合提,等.干旱胁迫对3种狼尾草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响[J].西北植物学报, 2009, 29(2):0308-0313.
[71]段德玉,刘小京,冯凤莲,等.不同盐分胁迫对盐地碱蓬种子萌发的效应[J].土壤肥料科学, 2003, 19(6) :168-172.
[72]梁云媚,李燕,多立安.不同盐分胁迫对苜蓿种子萌发的影响[J].草业科学, 1998, 15(6):21-25.
[73] Keiffer C H, Ungar I A. Germination and establishment of halophytes on brine-affected soils[J]. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2002, 39:402-415.
[74] Nancy V, Aleta M. Testing native species with deep dormancy[J]. Seed Technology, 2002, 24(1): 43-51.
[75] Baskin C C, Baskin J M, Meyer S E. Seed dormancy in the Colorado Plateau shrub Mahonia fremontii (Berberidaceae) and its ecological and evolutionary implications[J]. Southwestern Naturalist, 1993, 38:91-99.
[76]黄振英.鄂尔多斯高原固沙禾草沙鞭种子休眠和萌发与环境的关系[J].西北植物学报, 2003, 23(7):1128-1133.
[77]许桂芳,刘明久,席世丽,等.破除红蓼种子休眠研究初报[J].种子, 2005, 24(1):24-25.
[78]黄振英, Gutterman Y,胡正海,等.沙漠植物种子的传播和萌发机制[A].植物科学进展[C],北京:高等教育出版社, 2000, 3:169-178.
[79]王金龙.利用大豆硬实种子保存大豆种质的研究[J].大豆科学, 1999, 18:351-354.
[80] Shen-Miller J, Mudgett M B, Schopf J W, et al. Exceptional seed longevity and robust growth, ancient sacred lotus from China[J]. American Journal of Botany, 1995, 82:1367-1380.
[81]刘贵华,袁龙义,苏睿丽,等.储藏条件和时间对六种多年生湿地植物种子萌发的影响[J].生态学报, 2005, 25(2): 371-374 .
[82]马红媛,梁正伟.不同贮藏条件和发芽方法对羊草种子萌发的影响[J].应用生态学报, 2007, 18(5): 997-1002.
[83]李雪华,李晓兰,蒋德明,等.画眉草种子萌发对策及生态适应性[J].应用生态学报, 2006, 17(4): 607-610.
[84] Cristaudo A, Gresta F, Luciani F, et al. Effects of after-harvest period and environmental factors on seed dormancy of Amaranthus species[J]. Weed Research, 2007, 47:327-334.
[85] Thompson K, Grime J P. Seasonal variation in the seed banks of herbaceous species in ten contrasting habitats[J]. Journal of Ecology, 1979, 67: 893-921
[86]李晓梅,赵晓英,赵法,等.新疆3种锦鸡儿属植物种子萌发对温度和土壤水分的响应[J].草业科学, 2009, 26(10):140-145.
[87] Salisbury E J. Seed size and mass in relation to environment[J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences, 1974, 186:83-88.
[88] Hendrix S D. Variation in seed weight and its effects on germinateon in Pastinaca sativa L.(Umbelliferae)[J]. American Journal of Botany, 1984, 71:795-802.
[89]王桔红,杜国祯,崔现亮,等.青藏高原东缘61种常见木本植物种子萌发特性及其与生活史的关联[J].植物生态学报, 2009, 33(1): 171-179.
[90]张大勇.植物生活史进化与繁殖生态学[M].北京:科学出版社, 2004.
[91] Baskin J M, Baskin C C. Year-to-year variation in the germination of freshly-harvested seeds of Arenaria patula var. robusta from the same site[J]. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science, 1975, 50:106-108.
[92] Baskin J M, Baskin C C. Variation in the annual dormancy cycle in buried seeds of the weedy winter annual Viola arvensis [J]. Weed Research, 1995, 35:353-362.