蓝绿激光上行通信信道特性的研究
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摘要
本文着重分析了海水和大气信道对蓝绿激光上行通信的影响,深入研究了激光通过风浪作用下的随机起伏海面的上行传输特性。在前人研究海浪谱以及随机海浪数学模型的基础上,模拟随机起伏的海面及其特征参数,并首次利用这种模型来分析随机起伏的海面对上行激光通信的影响。按照光束分割的思想,将发射光束在随机起伏海面上的光传输简化为确定传输方向的光在确定倾斜角的海面上的光传输。通过水池实验,将随机起伏的海面模型与斯涅尔定律相结合,分析并计算激光束通过随机起伏的海面和长距离的大气传输后,到达接收机所在的平面时形成的光斑的具体参数。通过理论分析和计算机仿真,发现海面随机起伏对上行通信的影响取决于海面光斑的相对尺度,光束随着海面的起伏在有限的范围内不断漂移,相当于做随机扫描,结合有效的扫描机制可以保证通信质量;还发现海面的随机起伏还使得上下行信道更加不对称。大气的折射率是不均匀分布的,光束在大气中传输时发生弯曲和偏移,可以根据折射率模型和光束的偏移量对光斑参数进行修正。论文理论分析、计算机仿真和实际实验相结合,相互印证,得出很多重要的结论,对深入研究上行激光通信和实际系统的设计有重要的意义。
The influences of sea and air on blue-green uplink laser communication are analyzed emphatically, and the characteristics of laser transmission upward through the random undulate sea surface caused by wind waves are studied deeply. Based on the existing studies of sea wave spectrum and the mathematical models of random sea waves, the fluctuation in waves and feature parameters of the sea surface are simulated, and the sea wave model is used for analyzing effects of the random undulation of sea surface to uplink laser communication for the first time. According to the thought of beam division, the complex problem that beam propagation through stochastic fluctuant sea is simplified to a simple problem that ray with certain direction goes through an inclined surface with certain tilt angle. By the tank experiment, combining the model of random fluctuant surface with Snell’s Law, specific parameters of the spot formed at the receiver plane after beam going through the stochastic fluctuant sea surface and a long distance of atmosphere are analyzed and calculated. By theoretical analysis and computer simulation, the author finds out that the influences of sea’s random undulation lie on the relative scale of spot formed at the sea surface. Beam wanders in a limited area with the fluctuation of sea surface constantly, that behave as random scanning. Cooperated with effective scanning mechanism, quality of communication can be ensured. Also the random undulation of the sea surface aggravates the asymmetry of uplink and downlink. The refractive index of air distributes unevenly, so beam will be curved and deviate from the initial position during propagation through the atmosphere. According to the model of air index and analysis of beam offset, parameters of spot formed at the receiver plane can be amended in theory. In the paper theoretical analysis and computer simulation are discussed, combining with practical experiments, many important conclusions are educed, which have great significance in research on uplink laser communication and design of operational system.
The influences of sea and air on blue-green uplink laser communication are analyzed emphatically, and the characteristics of laser transmission upward through the random undulate sea surface caused by wind waves are studied deeply. Based on the existing studies of sea wave spectrum and the mathematical models of random sea waves, the fluctuation in waves and feature parameters of the sea surface are simulated, and the sea wave model is used for analyzing effects of the random undulation of sea surface to uplink laser communication for the first time. According to the thought of beam division, the complex problem that beam propagation through stochastic fluctuant sea is simplified to a simple problem that ray with certain direction goes through an inclined surface with certain tilt angle. By the tank experiment, combining the model of random fluctuant surface with Snell’s Law, specific parameters of the spot formed at the receiver plane after beam going through the stochastic fluctuant sea surface and a long distance of atmosphere are analyzed and calculated. By theoretical analysis and computer simulation, the author finds out that the influences of sea’s random undulation lie on the relative scale of spot formed at the sea surface. Beam wanders in a limited area with the fluctuation of sea surface constantly, that behave as random scanning. Cooperated with effective scanning mechanism, quality of communication can be ensured. Also the random undulation of the sea surface aggravates the asymmetry of uplink and downlink. The refractive index of air distributes unevenly, so beam will be curved and deviate from the initial position during propagation through the atmosphere. According to the model of air index and analysis of beam offset, parameters of spot formed at the receiver plane can be amended in theory. In the paper theoretical analysis and computer simulation are discussed, combining with practical experiments, many important conclusions are educed, which have great significance in research on uplink laser communication and design of operational system.
引文
[1] 柯熙政,席晓莉.无线激光通信概论[M].北京:北京邮电大学出版社,2004
[2] S. Q. Duntley. Light in the Sea[J]. Opt. Soc. Am., 1963, 53 (2): 214~233
[3] 杨正兴,梁玉军,张静等.蓝绿激光对潜通信研究[J].光机电信息,2006,(2):48~51
[4] 柳树要,何焰蓝.激光对潜通信原理及发展[J].现代物理知识,2005,17 (5):19~21
[5] Submarine Laser Communications[J]. Defense Electronics, 1989, (6): 82~89
[6] H H. Kim. Airborne Bathymetric Charting Using Pulsed Blue-green Lasers[J]. Applied Optics, 1977, 16 (1): 39~51
[7] D M. Philips, R H. Abboot, M F. Penny. Remote Sensing of Sea Water Turbidity with An Airborne Laser System[J]. Phys. D, 1984, 17 (8): 1749~1758
[8] Billard B., Wilsen P. J. Sea Surface and Depth Detection in the WRELADS Airborne Depth Sounder[J]. Applied Optics. 1986, 25(13): 2059~2066
[9] 孙兆伟,吴国强,孙宪仁等.国内外空间光通信技术发展及趋势研究[J].光通信技术,2005,(9):61~64
[10] 何宁,李海玲,张德琨等.水下激光通信中信号的分集接收[J].激光技术,2002,32(4):228~229
[11] 金友.美国高亮度二极管泵浦固体激光器的最新进展[J].激光技术与应用,2006,(1):23~26
[12] 刘金涛,陈卫标.星载激光对水下目标通信可行性研究[J].光学学报,2003,26(10):1441~1446
[13] 徐啟阳，杨坤涛，王新兵等．蓝绿激光雷达篞筇讲鈁M].北京:国防工业出版社,2002
[14] 李四海.海洋水色遥感原理与应用[M].北京:海洋出版社,2002
[15] GITELSON A. The Peak near 700 nm on Radiance Spectra of Algae and Water Relationship of its Magnitude and Position with Chlorophyll Concentration[J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 1992, 13: 3367~3373
[16] 罗虎.海水固有光学特性——吸收系数的测定方法和辽东湾黄色物质吸收光谱模型研究[D].大连:大连水产学院,2003
[17] V I. Haltrin Propagation of Light in the Sea Depth[A]. Optical Remote Sensing of the Sea and the Influence of the Atmosphere[C]. Berlin: Academy of Sciences of the German Democratic Republic Institute for Space Research, 1985
[18] 李景镇.光学手册[M].西安:陕西科学技术出版社,1986
[19] Bohren C F, D R Huffman. Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles[M]. New York, Wiley, 1983.
[20] Walter G. Driscol. Handbook of optics[M]. McGraw-Hill Book Company,1978
[21] 王敏,刘维华.蓝绿激光上行传输通道的信号能量传递分析[J].华东船舶工业学院学报(自然科学版),2005,19(1):59~62
[22] 陈文革,黄铁侠,柳健.机载海洋激光雷达的试验研究[J].电子学报,1998,26(9):21~24
[23] 刘应状,朱耀庭,朱光喜等.准直激光束水下光斑的变化规律研究[J].中国激光,2001,28(7):617~620
[24] L. Andrews, R. Phillips, Laser Beam Propagation through Random Media[M]. SPIE Press, 1998.
[25] 张文涛,朱保华,李贤等. 空间光通信 APT 系统中大气信道对激光信号传输影响的分析和研究[J]. 激光杂志,2004,25(1):55~57
[26] 宋正方.应用大气光学基础[M].北京:气象出版社,1990
[27] Cohen A, Acquista C, Cooney J A. Extinction of Light by Large Reflecting Spheres[J]. App. Opt., 1980, 19 (14): 2264~2265
[28] Propagation data required for the design of Earth-space systems operating between 20 THz and 375 THz[S]. Rec. ITU-R P.1621-1, 2005
[29] Arun. Majumdar, Jennifer C. Ricklin. Effects of the Atmospheric Channel on Free-space Laser Communications[J]. Proc. of SPIE, 2005, 5892: 58920K-1~58920K-16
[30] 戴永江.激光雷达原理[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2002
[31] Prediction methods required for the design of Earth-space systems operating between 20 THz and 375 THz[S]. Rec. ITU-R P.1622, 2003
[32] 张逸新,迟泽英.光波在大气中的传输与成像[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1997
[33] 周秀骥,陶善昌,姚克亚.高等大气物理学[M].北京:气象出版社,1991
[34] 李正东.激光在大气传输中的损耗和折射[J].红外与激光工程,2003,32(1):73~77
[35] 荣健,邓代竹,钟晓春.大气折射对空地卫星光通信链路影响的研究[J].激光杂志,2004,25(5):49~50
[36] 陆志材.船舶操纵[M].大连:大连海事大学出版社,1999
[37] GB/T 12763.2-1991,中华人民共和国国家标准——海洋调查规范,海洋水文观测[S].北京:国家技术监督局,1991
[38] 朱世强,武星军,林建亚.海浪模拟的三维仿真研究[J].船舶工程,1999(6):7~12.
[39] 徐德伦,于定勇.随机海浪理论[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2001
[40] 文圣常,余宙文.海浪理论与计算原理[M].北京:科学出版社,1984
[41] W. J. Pierson, L. Moscowitz. A Proposed Spectral Form for Fully Developed Wind Seas Based on the Similarity Theory of S.A. Kitaigorodskii[J]. Geophys. Res., 1964, 59 (24): 5181~5202
[42] 马杰,田金文,彭复员.海浪的数值模拟及其仿真[J].华中理工大学学报,2000,28(4):63~65
[43] Guangdong Pan, Joel T. Johnson. A Nmuerical Study of the Modulation of Short Sea Waves by Longer Waves[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEO SCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING, 2006, 44 (10): 2880~2889
[44] Hasselmann D E, Dunckel M, Ewing J A. Directional Wave Spectra Observed During JONSWAP 1973[J]. Phys. Oceanogr. 1980,10 (7): 1264～1280
[45] 朱志夏,韩其为,白玉川.不恒定非均匀流场中随机波的折绕射联合数学模型[J].水利学报,2001,(7):22~29
[46] 刘洁.基于海浪谱的海浪模拟算法研究与系统实现[D].长沙:湖南大学,2005
[47] 聂卫东,康凤举,褚彦军等.基于线性海浪理论的海浪数值模拟[J].系统仿真学报,2005,17(5):1037~1040
[48] 邱宏安.随机海浪模型的建立及仿真分析[J].系统仿真学报,2000,12(3):226~228
[49] Longuet-Higgins M S, Cartwright D W, Smith N D. Observation of the Directional Spectrum of Sea Waves Using the Motion of a Floating Body[A]. Proc. Conference on Ocean Wave Spectra[C].Prentice-Hall,1961: 111~132
[50] 彭耿,张立民,艾祖亮等.基于分形的多分辨率三维海浪实时仿真[J].计算机工程与应用,2006,(33):11~14
[51] Lee E.Estes, Gilbert Fain, Joseph D. Harris II. Laser Beam Propagation through the Ocean’s Surface[J]. IEEE. 1996, 1(23-26): 87~94
[52] Sherman Karp. Optical Communications Between Underwater and Above Surface (Satellite) Terminals[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, 24 (1): 66~81
[53] 何毅,吴健.海浪光散射特性的理论研究[J].红外与激光工程,1998,27(4):37~41
[54] C. Cox, W. Munk. Statistics of the Sea Surface Derived from Sun Glitter[J]. Marine Res.,1954, 13 (2): 198~227
[55] C. Cox, W. Munk. Measurement of the Roughness of the Sea Surface from Photographs of the Sun’s Glitter[J]. Opt. Soc. Am., 1954, 44 (11): 838~850
[56] Y. Guern, J.Lotrian, A. Bideau-Mehu et al. Irradiance of a Laser Beam through A Wavy Ocean Surface[J]. Applied Optics. 1985, 24 (5): 655~659
[57] Xu Delun, Liu Xuehai, Zhang Jun. Statistical Distribution of Surface Slope in A 3-D Ocean Wave Field[J]. China Ocean Engineering, 2000, 14 (3): 289~286
[58] 何宁,周田华.激光扫描技术在水下光通信中的应用[J].中国激光,2006,33(增刊):128~130
[59] Gordon H R, Jacobs M M. Albedo of the ocean-atmospheric system: influence of the sea foam[J]. Apply Optics, 1977, 16 (8): 2257~2260
[60] 刘长城.大气激光通信中 ATP 系统的仿真与设计[D].西安:西安理工大学,2005
[2] S. Q. Duntley. Light in the Sea[J]. Opt. Soc. Am., 1963, 53 (2): 214~233
[3] 杨正兴,梁玉军,张静等.蓝绿激光对潜通信研究[J].光机电信息,2006,(2):48~51
[4] 柳树要,何焰蓝.激光对潜通信原理及发展[J].现代物理知识,2005,17 (5):19~21
[5] Submarine Laser Communications[J]. Defense Electronics, 1989, (6): 82~89
[6] H H. Kim. Airborne Bathymetric Charting Using Pulsed Blue-green Lasers[J]. Applied Optics, 1977, 16 (1): 39~51
[7] D M. Philips, R H. Abboot, M F. Penny. Remote Sensing of Sea Water Turbidity with An Airborne Laser System[J]. Phys. D, 1984, 17 (8): 1749~1758
[8] Billard B., Wilsen P. J. Sea Surface and Depth Detection in the WRELADS Airborne Depth Sounder[J]. Applied Optics. 1986, 25(13): 2059~2066
[9] 孙兆伟,吴国强,孙宪仁等.国内外空间光通信技术发展及趋势研究[J].光通信技术,2005,(9):61~64
[10] 何宁,李海玲,张德琨等.水下激光通信中信号的分集接收[J].激光技术,2002,32(4):228~229
[11] 金友.美国高亮度二极管泵浦固体激光器的最新进展[J].激光技术与应用,2006,(1):23~26
[12] 刘金涛,陈卫标.星载激光对水下目标通信可行性研究[J].光学学报,2003,26(10):1441~1446
[13] 徐啟阳，杨坤涛，王新兵等．蓝绿激光雷达篞筇讲鈁M].北京:国防工业出版社,2002
[14] 李四海.海洋水色遥感原理与应用[M].北京:海洋出版社,2002
[15] GITELSON A. The Peak near 700 nm on Radiance Spectra of Algae and Water Relationship of its Magnitude and Position with Chlorophyll Concentration[J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 1992, 13: 3367~3373
[16] 罗虎.海水固有光学特性——吸收系数的测定方法和辽东湾黄色物质吸收光谱模型研究[D].大连:大连水产学院,2003
[17] V I. Haltrin Propagation of Light in the Sea Depth[A]. Optical Remote Sensing of the Sea and the Influence of the Atmosphere[C]. Berlin: Academy of Sciences of the German Democratic Republic Institute for Space Research, 1985
[18] 李景镇.光学手册[M].西安:陕西科学技术出版社,1986
[19] Bohren C F, D R Huffman. Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles[M]. New York, Wiley, 1983.
[20] Walter G. Driscol. Handbook of optics[M]. McGraw-Hill Book Company,1978
[21] 王敏,刘维华.蓝绿激光上行传输通道的信号能量传递分析[J].华东船舶工业学院学报(自然科学版),2005,19(1):59~62
[22] 陈文革,黄铁侠,柳健.机载海洋激光雷达的试验研究[J].电子学报,1998,26(9):21~24
[23] 刘应状,朱耀庭,朱光喜等.准直激光束水下光斑的变化规律研究[J].中国激光,2001,28(7):617~620
[24] L. Andrews, R. Phillips, Laser Beam Propagation through Random Media[M]. SPIE Press, 1998.
[25] 张文涛,朱保华,李贤等. 空间光通信 APT 系统中大气信道对激光信号传输影响的分析和研究[J]. 激光杂志,2004,25(1):55~57
[26] 宋正方.应用大气光学基础[M].北京:气象出版社,1990
[27] Cohen A, Acquista C, Cooney J A. Extinction of Light by Large Reflecting Spheres[J]. App. Opt., 1980, 19 (14): 2264~2265
[28] Propagation data required for the design of Earth-space systems operating between 20 THz and 375 THz[S]. Rec. ITU-R P.1621-1, 2005
[29] Arun. Majumdar, Jennifer C. Ricklin. Effects of the Atmospheric Channel on Free-space Laser Communications[J]. Proc. of SPIE, 2005, 5892: 58920K-1~58920K-16
[30] 戴永江.激光雷达原理[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2002
[31] Prediction methods required for the design of Earth-space systems operating between 20 THz and 375 THz[S]. Rec. ITU-R P.1622, 2003
[32] 张逸新,迟泽英.光波在大气中的传输与成像[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1997
[33] 周秀骥,陶善昌,姚克亚.高等大气物理学[M].北京:气象出版社,1991
[34] 李正东.激光在大气传输中的损耗和折射[J].红外与激光工程,2003,32(1):73~77
[35] 荣健,邓代竹,钟晓春.大气折射对空地卫星光通信链路影响的研究[J].激光杂志,2004,25(5):49~50
[36] 陆志材.船舶操纵[M].大连:大连海事大学出版社,1999
[37] GB/T 12763.2-1991,中华人民共和国国家标准——海洋调查规范,海洋水文观测[S].北京:国家技术监督局,1991
[38] 朱世强,武星军,林建亚.海浪模拟的三维仿真研究[J].船舶工程,1999(6):7~12.
[39] 徐德伦,于定勇.随机海浪理论[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2001
[40] 文圣常,余宙文.海浪理论与计算原理[M].北京:科学出版社,1984
[41] W. J. Pierson, L. Moscowitz. A Proposed Spectral Form for Fully Developed Wind Seas Based on the Similarity Theory of S.A. Kitaigorodskii[J]. Geophys. Res., 1964, 59 (24): 5181~5202
[42] 马杰,田金文,彭复员.海浪的数值模拟及其仿真[J].华中理工大学学报,2000,28(4):63~65
[43] Guangdong Pan, Joel T. Johnson. A Nmuerical Study of the Modulation of Short Sea Waves by Longer Waves[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEO SCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING, 2006, 44 (10): 2880~2889
[44] Hasselmann D E, Dunckel M, Ewing J A. Directional Wave Spectra Observed During JONSWAP 1973[J]. Phys. Oceanogr. 1980,10 (7): 1264～1280
[45] 朱志夏,韩其为,白玉川.不恒定非均匀流场中随机波的折绕射联合数学模型[J].水利学报,2001,(7):22~29
[46] 刘洁.基于海浪谱的海浪模拟算法研究与系统实现[D].长沙:湖南大学,2005
[47] 聂卫东,康凤举,褚彦军等.基于线性海浪理论的海浪数值模拟[J].系统仿真学报,2005,17(5):1037~1040
[48] 邱宏安.随机海浪模型的建立及仿真分析[J].系统仿真学报,2000,12(3):226~228
[49] Longuet-Higgins M S, Cartwright D W, Smith N D. Observation of the Directional Spectrum of Sea Waves Using the Motion of a Floating Body[A]. Proc. Conference on Ocean Wave Spectra[C].Prentice-Hall,1961: 111~132
[50] 彭耿,张立民,艾祖亮等.基于分形的多分辨率三维海浪实时仿真[J].计算机工程与应用,2006,(33):11~14
[51] Lee E.Estes, Gilbert Fain, Joseph D. Harris II. Laser Beam Propagation through the Ocean’s Surface[J]. IEEE. 1996, 1(23-26): 87~94
[52] Sherman Karp. Optical Communications Between Underwater and Above Surface (Satellite) Terminals[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, 24 (1): 66~81
[53] 何毅,吴健.海浪光散射特性的理论研究[J].红外与激光工程,1998,27(4):37~41
[54] C. Cox, W. Munk. Statistics of the Sea Surface Derived from Sun Glitter[J]. Marine Res.,1954, 13 (2): 198~227
[55] C. Cox, W. Munk. Measurement of the Roughness of the Sea Surface from Photographs of the Sun’s Glitter[J]. Opt. Soc. Am., 1954, 44 (11): 838~850
[56] Y. Guern, J.Lotrian, A. Bideau-Mehu et al. Irradiance of a Laser Beam through A Wavy Ocean Surface[J]. Applied Optics. 1985, 24 (5): 655~659
[57] Xu Delun, Liu Xuehai, Zhang Jun. Statistical Distribution of Surface Slope in A 3-D Ocean Wave Field[J]. China Ocean Engineering, 2000, 14 (3): 289~286
[58] 何宁,周田华.激光扫描技术在水下光通信中的应用[J].中国激光,2006,33(增刊):128~130
[59] Gordon H R, Jacobs M M. Albedo of the ocean-atmospheric system: influence of the sea foam[J]. Apply Optics, 1977, 16 (8): 2257~2260
[60] 刘长城.大气激光通信中 ATP 系统的仿真与设计[D].西安:西安理工大学,2005