中亚热带韶山森林水文特征与主要营养物的生物地球化学过程研究
|
摘要
研究地韶山位于中国中南部的湖南省湘潭市韶山蔡家塘,属于亚热带气候,丘陵地貌,年平均降雨量1200~1700 mm,植被类型为亚热带针阔混交林,针叶为主。2000年1月~2003年12月在韶山蔡加塘森林小流域中进行样品采集工作,其样地设置和采样方法及质量控制按EMEP手册的要求进行,对大气、土壤、地表水和土壤水的变化进行监测。
森林的水文特征对森林的生产力和营养物质的循环有着重要的影响。林冠层截留损失在森林地蒸散发中通常是非常显著,有时可能成为主要的水分损失源。韶山森林冠层具有二维结构,上部乔木冠层的覆盖率约为82 %;下部灌木亚冠层覆盖率约为41 %。对于韶山森林的二维冠层结构很难一次应用Gash降雨截留解析模型来者模拟冠层截留损失。考虑到Gash模型的本质以及每层林冠的高度和冠层的覆盖率,用原始Gash模型来模拟上部乔木冠层的截留损失,用修正的Gash模型来模拟较为稀疏的下部灌木层的截留损失。2003年乔木冠层截留损失测量值占到年降水量的15.0 %,灌木亚冠层的截留损失占到年降水量的9.0 %,总截留损失占到了年降水量的24.0 %。Penman -Monteith(PM公式)方程算得乔木冠层单位地表面积的平均蒸发率为0.79 mm·h-1,稀疏灌木亚冠层的为0.32 mm·h-1。原始Gash模型模拟的乔木冠层的损失为215.6 mm,高出测量值17.2 %;稀疏Gash模型的模拟值为118.5 mm,高出模拟值7.0 %。韶山森林树枝和树干的蒸发损失所占截留损失较少的比重。解析冠层截留模型在许多环境中得到了成功的应用,但是决定冠层截留损失大小的蒸发速率和空气动力学阻力参数在以往的应用中,均被予以假设(空气动力学阻力参数通常被假设为0)而没有进行实际计算和测量。用7种不同的方法分别计算空气动力学参数值,用PM公式计算蒸发率。稀疏Gash模型模拟的穿透水的值高出测量值1.6 %,模拟的茎干流高出实测值12.4 %。
韶山地区的降水属于硫酸性降水。韶山大气降水和森林穿透水中的阳离子浓度在降雨的总离子浓度中所占比重均大于65 %,有的甚至高达82 %。韶山大气降水、穿冠水和地表穿透水的离子是极不平衡的,大气降水中SO42-和NO3-的平均最大浓度都出现在春季,在韶山森林四年的观测年中,穿透雨中弱酸的浓度和通量比起降雨在各个季节均有较大程度的富集。韶山森林植被对酸雨的缓冲作用以及对酸性物质的中和作用是非常明显的,而且作用主要发生在冠层。韶山森林冠层三个空间层次中pH值与SO42-、NO3-以及Ca2+的回归分析和数学模拟结果表明,H+与SO42-的来源一致,主要来源于工业污染。盐基离子总沉降通量在春、
Shaoshan forest (Caijiatang catchment) is situated in Xiantan city of Hunan province in central-south China, which is with subtropics and hills and coniferous-deciduous mixed forests. There is an annual mean precipitation of 1200~1700 mm and distinct four seasons in a year in Shaoshan. Monitoring and sampling of atmosphere, soil, surface water and soil water were conducted in Caijiatang catchment in Shaoshan forest from January 2000 to December 2003. The field design and sampling methods and data quality controlling were performed according to the EMEP (European Monitoring and Evaluation Program) manual.
Forest hydrology has the important impact on the forest productivity and the nutrient cycling. Canopy interception loss is significant in the evapotranspiration in forests, which, sometimes, is the dominant part in water losses in forests. The Shaoshan forest canopy is of two-layer structure, namely the top-canopy and the sub-canopy. The top-canopy coverage is 82 % and the sub-canopy coverage is about 41 %. It is difficult for Shaoshan forest to simulate the canopy interception losses by using the Gash’s analytical model, which is successfully used in temperate and tropical forests. The original Gash model was used to predict the top-cnaopy interception loss and the sparse Gash model was used to simulate the sub-canopy loss for the nature of the original and the sparse Gash models and the coverage and structure of Shaoshan forest.
The top-canopy interception loss accounted for about 15.0 % of the annual precipitation and the sub-canopy loss amounted to 9.0 % of the precipitation, indicating that the total interception losses were about 24.0 %. Average evaporation rate from top-canopy layer per ground unit was calcultaed to be 0.79 mm·h-1 and that from sub-canopy was 0.32 mm·h-1 using the Penman-Monteith equation. Top-canopy interception loss was 215.6 mm by the original Gash model with an 17.2 % overestimation and the sub-canopy loss was 118.5 mm with an 7.0 % overestimation. The evaporation from trunks and stems was not signative. Although the analytical interception model was used with worldwide success, the key parameters as evaporation rate and aerodynamic resistance usually were assumed without calculation and measurement and the aerodynamic resistance was assumed to be zero. The aerodynamic resistance was calculated by seven different methods and the
森林的水文特征对森林的生产力和营养物质的循环有着重要的影响。林冠层截留损失在森林地蒸散发中通常是非常显著,有时可能成为主要的水分损失源。韶山森林冠层具有二维结构,上部乔木冠层的覆盖率约为82 %;下部灌木亚冠层覆盖率约为41 %。对于韶山森林的二维冠层结构很难一次应用Gash降雨截留解析模型来者模拟冠层截留损失。考虑到Gash模型的本质以及每层林冠的高度和冠层的覆盖率,用原始Gash模型来模拟上部乔木冠层的截留损失,用修正的Gash模型来模拟较为稀疏的下部灌木层的截留损失。2003年乔木冠层截留损失测量值占到年降水量的15.0 %,灌木亚冠层的截留损失占到年降水量的9.0 %,总截留损失占到了年降水量的24.0 %。Penman -Monteith(PM公式)方程算得乔木冠层单位地表面积的平均蒸发率为0.79 mm·h-1,稀疏灌木亚冠层的为0.32 mm·h-1。原始Gash模型模拟的乔木冠层的损失为215.6 mm,高出测量值17.2 %;稀疏Gash模型的模拟值为118.5 mm,高出模拟值7.0 %。韶山森林树枝和树干的蒸发损失所占截留损失较少的比重。解析冠层截留模型在许多环境中得到了成功的应用,但是决定冠层截留损失大小的蒸发速率和空气动力学阻力参数在以往的应用中,均被予以假设(空气动力学阻力参数通常被假设为0)而没有进行实际计算和测量。用7种不同的方法分别计算空气动力学参数值,用PM公式计算蒸发率。稀疏Gash模型模拟的穿透水的值高出测量值1.6 %,模拟的茎干流高出实测值12.4 %。
韶山地区的降水属于硫酸性降水。韶山大气降水和森林穿透水中的阳离子浓度在降雨的总离子浓度中所占比重均大于65 %,有的甚至高达82 %。韶山大气降水、穿冠水和地表穿透水的离子是极不平衡的,大气降水中SO42-和NO3-的平均最大浓度都出现在春季,在韶山森林四年的观测年中,穿透雨中弱酸的浓度和通量比起降雨在各个季节均有较大程度的富集。韶山森林植被对酸雨的缓冲作用以及对酸性物质的中和作用是非常明显的,而且作用主要发生在冠层。韶山森林冠层三个空间层次中pH值与SO42-、NO3-以及Ca2+的回归分析和数学模拟结果表明,H+与SO42-的来源一致,主要来源于工业污染。盐基离子总沉降通量在春、
Shaoshan forest (Caijiatang catchment) is situated in Xiantan city of Hunan province in central-south China, which is with subtropics and hills and coniferous-deciduous mixed forests. There is an annual mean precipitation of 1200~1700 mm and distinct four seasons in a year in Shaoshan. Monitoring and sampling of atmosphere, soil, surface water and soil water were conducted in Caijiatang catchment in Shaoshan forest from January 2000 to December 2003. The field design and sampling methods and data quality controlling were performed according to the EMEP (European Monitoring and Evaluation Program) manual.
Forest hydrology has the important impact on the forest productivity and the nutrient cycling. Canopy interception loss is significant in the evapotranspiration in forests, which, sometimes, is the dominant part in water losses in forests. The Shaoshan forest canopy is of two-layer structure, namely the top-canopy and the sub-canopy. The top-canopy coverage is 82 % and the sub-canopy coverage is about 41 %. It is difficult for Shaoshan forest to simulate the canopy interception losses by using the Gash’s analytical model, which is successfully used in temperate and tropical forests. The original Gash model was used to predict the top-cnaopy interception loss and the sparse Gash model was used to simulate the sub-canopy loss for the nature of the original and the sparse Gash models and the coverage and structure of Shaoshan forest.
The top-canopy interception loss accounted for about 15.0 % of the annual precipitation and the sub-canopy loss amounted to 9.0 % of the precipitation, indicating that the total interception losses were about 24.0 %. Average evaporation rate from top-canopy layer per ground unit was calcultaed to be 0.79 mm·h-1 and that from sub-canopy was 0.32 mm·h-1 using the Penman-Monteith equation. Top-canopy interception loss was 215.6 mm by the original Gash model with an 17.2 % overestimation and the sub-canopy loss was 118.5 mm with an 7.0 % overestimation. The evaporation from trunks and stems was not signative. Although the analytical interception model was used with worldwide success, the key parameters as evaporation rate and aerodynamic resistance usually were assumed without calculation and measurement and the aerodynamic resistance was assumed to be zero. The aerodynamic resistance was calculated by seven different methods and the
引文
[1] 陈利华. 余新晓等译. 森林水文学研究. 中国林业出版社, 1989, 15-19
[2] 张增哲. 流域水文学. 中国林业出版社, 1991, 5-6
[3] 周晓峰. 森林生态系统定位研究极其体系的建立. 森林与环境——中国高级专家研讨文集. 北京:中国林业出版社, 1993, 112-120
[4] 周晓峰等主编. 中国森林生态系统定位研究. 东北大学出版社, 1994, 45-51
[5] 邓世宗等. 广西森林水文及流域治理理论文集. 气象出版社, 1994, 22-24
[6] 马雪华主编. 森林水文学. 中国林业出版社,1993, 20 (6): 54-58
[7] 任雪山. 白桦次生林水量及热量平衡的研究. [东北林业大学硕士学位论文]. 北京:东北林业大学,1989, 33-42
[8] 徐凤翔. 西藏高原森林生态研究. 辽宁大学出版社, 1995, 110-121
[9] 中野秀章著. 森林水文学. 李云森译. 中国林业出版社, 1983, 24-30
[10] 周晓峰主编. 森林生态系统定位研究.沈阳:东北林业大学出版社, 1991, 101-112
[11] 王德连, 雷瑞德, 韩创举. 国内外森林水文研究现状和进展. 西北林学院学报,2004, 19(2): 156-160
[12] 石培礼, 李文华. 森林植被变化对水文过程和径流的影响效应. 自然资源学报, 2001, 16(5): 481-487
[13] 王礼先, 张志强. 森林植被变化的水文生态效应研究进展.世界林业研究, 1998, 11(6): 14-23
[14] 于志民, 王礼先. 水源涵养林效益研究. 北京: 中国林业出版社, 1999, 31-34
[15] Mc Culloch J G, Robinson M. History of forest hydrology. Journal of Hydrology, 1993 150(2): 189-216
[16] Bormann F H, Likens G E. Pattern and processes in a forest 2nd ecosystem. New York: Springer Verlag, 1979, 110-120
[17] 周海滨. 太岳山典型森林水文特征的研究. [北京林业大学硕士学位论文]. 北京:北京林业大学, 2000, 24-31
[18] Jean Paul, Laclau. Nutrient cycling in a clonal stand of eucalyptus and an adjacent savanna ecosystem in Congo. Forest Ecology and Management, 2003, 176(1): 105-109
[19] Putuhena W M, Cordery I. Estimation of interception capacity of the forest floor. Journal of Hydrology, 1996, 180(2): 283-299
[20] Parker, G.G. Throughfall and stemflow in the forest nutrient cycle. Advancs in ecological research, 1983, 13(1): 57-117
[21] 刘世荣, 温远光, 王兵, 等. 中国森林生态系统水文生态功能规律. 北京: 中国林业出版社, 1996, 24-28
[22] Gash J H C. Comparative estimates of interception loss three conifers in Great Britain. Journal of Hydrology, 1980, 48: 89-150
[23] Rutter A J. A predictive model of rainfall interception in forests. I. Derivation of the model from observation in a plantation of Corsican pine. Agr. Met., 1971, 9: 367-384
[24] Teklehaimanot Z. Rainfall intercep tion and boundary conductance in relation to tree spacing, Journal of Hydrology , 1997, 123(2): 261-278
[25] 张建列, 李庆夏. 国外森林水文研究概述. 世界林业研究,1988, 11(4): 41-47
[26] 高人. 辽宁东部山区几种主要森林植被类型水量平衡研究. 水土保持通报, 2002, 22(2): 5-8
[27] 张玲, 王震洪. 云南牟定三种人工林森林水文效应的研究. 水土保持研究, 2001, 8(2): 69-73
[28] 朱劲伟. 小兴安岭红松阔叶林的水文效应. 东北林学院学报, 1982, 12(4): 17-24
[29] 杨海军, 孙立达, 余新晓. 晋西黄土区森林流域水量平衡研究. 水土保持通报, 1994, 14(2): 26-31
[30] 张胜利, 雷瑞德, 吕瑜良, 等. 秦岭火地塘林区森林生态系统水量平衡研究. 水土保持通报, 2000, 20(6): 18-22
[31] 温远光, 刘世荣. 我国主要森林生态类型降水截持规律的数量分析. 林业科学, 1995, 3(4): 289-298
[32] 卢俊培. 海南岛森林水文效应的初步探讨. 热带林业科技, 1982, 8(1): 13-20
[33] 张光灿, 刘霞, 赵玫. 树冠截留降雨模型研究进展及其述评. 南京林业大学学报, 2000, 24(1): 64-68
[34] 周晓峰, 赵惠勋, 孙慧珍. 正确评价森林水文效应. 自然资源学报, 2001, 16(5): 420-426
[35] 李凌浩, 林鹏, 何建源, 等. 森林降水化学研究综述. 水土保持学报, 1994, 8(1): 84-96
[36] Valente, F., David, J.J.M., Gash, J.H.C. Modeling interception loss for two sparse eucalypt and pine forests in central Portugal using reformulated Rutter and Gash analytical models. Journal of Hydrology 1997, 190(1), 141-162
[37] 田大伦, 项文化. 杉木林地土壤水分动态规律的研究. 见:刘煊章. 森林生 态系统定位研究. 北京: 中国林业出版社,1993, 209-215
[38] 张志强, 余新晓, 赵玉涛, 等. 森林对水文过程影响研究进展. 应用生态学报, 2003, 14 (1): 113-116
[39] 黄礼隆. 试论四川西部高山原始林的水源涵养效能. 全国森林水文学学术讨论会文集. 北京: 测绘出版社, 1989,119-125
[40] Tietema A. A bio tic factors regulating nitrogen transformations in the organic layer of acid forest soils: moisture and pH. Plant Soil, 1992, 147(1): 69-78
[41] Dunne T. Field studies of hill-slope flow processes. In: Kirkby (editor). Hill-slope hydrology. John Wiley & Sons, 1978, 227-294
[42] Kelliher F M. Evaporation and canopy characteristics of coniferous forests and grasslands. Oecologia, 1989, 95(1): 153-163
[43] Viville D. Intercep tion on a mountainous declining spruce stand in the Streng bach catchment (Voges, France). Journal of Hydrology, 1993, 144(2): 273-282
[44] 马雪华. 森林水文学. 北京: 中国林业出版社, 1992, 101-112
[45] 朱劲伟, 崔启武, 史继德. 红松林和采伐迹地的水量平衡.生态学报, 1982, 2(4): 335-343
[46] SwankWT, Crossley DA. Fo rest hydro logy and eco logy at Coweeta. Ecological studies 66. New York: Springer-verlag, 1988, 469-480
[47] 马雪华. 四川米亚罗地区高山冷杉林水文作用的研究. 林业科学, 1987, 23(3): 253-265
[48] Liebscher H. Results of research on some experimental basins in the Upper Harz Mountains. IAHS Publ., 1972, 150-162
[49] Brechtel H M, Fuhrer H W. Importance of forest hydro logical’ benchmark catchment’ in connection with the forest decline problem in Europe. Agr. For. Meter., 1994 (72): 89-89
[50] 马雪华. 森林与水质. 北京: 测绘出版社, 1989, 31-35
[51] 许静仪. 人类活动对径流的影响. 工程水文及水利计算, 1981, 5(13): 20-23
[52] 马雪华. 岷江上游森林采伐对河流流量和泥沙悬移物质的影响. 自然资源, 1981, 7(3): 29-33
[53] 张志强, 王礼先, 余新晓, 等. 森林植被影响径流形成机制研究进展.自然资源学报, 2001, 16(1): 71-78
[54] Mitchell D J. The use of vegetation and land use parameters in modelling catchment sediment yield. In: Thornes JB. Vegetation and erosion. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1990, 289-316
[55] Dawes W R. Evaluation of a distributed parameter eco-hydrological model (TOPOG2IRM) on a small cropping rotation catchment, Journal of Hydrology, 1997, 191(1): 64-86
[56] Becker A and Braun P. Disaggregation, aggregation and spatial scaling in hydrological modeling. Journal of Hydrology, 1999, 217(2): 239-252
[57] Bloeschl G, Grayson RB, and Sivapalan M. On the representative elementary area (REA)concept and its utility for distributed rainfall runoff modelling. Hydrological Processes, 1995, 9(2): 251-290
[58] Whelan MJ and Anderson JM. Modelling spatial patterns of throughfall and interception loss in a Norway spruce (Picea abies) plantation at the plot scale. Journal of Hydrology, 1996, 186(2): 335-354
[59] Beldring S. Kinematic wave approximations to hillslope hydrological processes in tills. Hydrological Processes, 2000, 14(5): 727-745
[60] Buttle JM, Creed IF and Pomeroy JW. Advances in Canadian forest hydrology: 1995～1998. Hydrological Processes, 2000, 14(9): 1551-1578
[61] Herdrayanto JB. Scaling hydraulic properties of forest soils. Hydrological Processes, 2000, 14(3): 521-538
[62] 唐臻. 锐齿乐林林冠截留与大气降水的关系. 西北林学院学报, 1992,15(4): 8-13
[63] 马雪华. 亚热带杉木、马尾松人工林水文功能的研究. 林业科学, 1993,13(3):199-206
[64] 张志强, 王礼先. 余新晓. 李亚光, 等. 渗透坡面林地地表径流运动的有效糙率研究. 林业科学, 2000, 36 (5): 22-27
[65] Beven KJ and Kirkby MJ. A physically based variable contributing area model of basin hydrology. Hydrol. Sci. Bull., 1979, 24 (1): 43-69
[66] Davis SH. The sensitivity of a catchment model to soil hydraulic properties obtained by using different measurement techniques. Hydrological Processes, 1999, 13(4): 677-688
[67] Heuvelman WJ. Spatial variability of water fluxes in soil: A field study. Soil Sci Soc Am J, 1997, 61:1037-1041
[68] Wallach R, Grigorin G, and Rivlin J. The errors in surface runoff prediction by neglecting the relationship between infiltration rate and overland flow depth. J Hydrol, 1997, 200(2): 243-259
[69] Chen XX. Theory and application of water shed hydrologic model: TOPMODEL. Quart J Exp For Nat Taiwan Univ, 1996, 10(3): 91-100
[70] Dunne T, Zhang W and Aubry B. Effects of rainfall, vegetation, and microtopography on infiltration and runoff. Water Resour. Res., 1991, 27(9): 2271-2285
[71] Zhang L, Dawes WR, et al. Estimation of soil moisture and groundwater recharge using the TOPOG-IRM model. Water Resour. Res., 1999, 35 (1): 149-161
[72] Cuenca RH. Soil water balance in a boreal forest. J. Geophy. Res., 1997, 102(D24): 355-368
[73] Bruneau P, Gascuel-Odoux C, Robin P, et al . The sensitivity to space and time resolution of a hydrological model using digital elevation data. Hydrological Processes, 1995, 9(1): 69-81
[74] Zhang W and Montgomery DR. Digital elevation model grid size, landscape representation and hydrologic simulations. Water Resour. Res., 1994, 30(9): 1019-1028
[75] Gyasi-Agyei Y, Willgoose G and de Troch FP. Effects of vertical resolution and map scale of digital elevation models on geomorphological parameters used in hydrology. Hydrological Processes, 1995, 9(3):363-382
[76] Thieken AH, Andreas L, Bernd D, et al. Scaling input data by GIS for hydrological modelling. Hydrological Processes, 1999, 13(4): 611-630
[77] Clark MJ. Putting water in its place: a perspective on GIS in hydrology and water management. Hydrological Processes, 1998, 12(7): 823-834
[78] 王景升. 西藏冷杉原始森林水文效应研究. [东北林业大学硕士学位论文], 沈阳: 东北林业大学, 2002,45-52
[79] 刘煊章主编. 森林生态系统定位研究. 北京:中国林业出版社,1993, 12-37
[80] 刘世荣等主编. 中国森林生态系统水文生态功能规律研究. 北京:中国森林出版社, 1996, 45-57
[81] 郑维烈. 西藏色季拉山野生花卉资源初步研究. 西藏高原森林生态研究. 沈阳:辽宁大学出版社, 1995, 112-118
[82] 徐凤翔. 西藏色季拉山森林植被类型、生态环境及经营措施研究的综合报告. 沈阳:辽宁大学出版社, 1995, 78-85
[83] Kelliher, F.M., Whitehead, D., McAneney, K.J., and Judd, M,J.: Partitioning evaporanspiration into understory components in two young Pinus radiato D.Don stands. Agricultural Forest Meteorology, 1990, 50(1): 211-227.
[84] 王义弘. 李俊清等. 森林生态学实验实习方法. 东北林业大学出版社,1990, 24-32
[85] 中国林学会森林水文与流域治理专业委员会. 全国森林水文学术研讨会文集. 北京: 测绘出版社, 1989, 12-24
[86] 周国逸著. 生态系统水热原理及应用. 北京: 气象出版社, 1997, 25-34
[87] 曹艳杰, 李庆夏,蔡体久. 松花江流域森林对河川径流的影响. 森林生态系统定位研究(第一集), 1991, 396-404
[88] 刘春秦.气候变化对我国水文资源的可能影响. 水科学进展. 1997, 8(4): 366-369
[89] 雷志栋, 杨诗秀, 谢森传. 土壤水动力学. 北京:清华大学出版社,1988, 38-42
[90] 王晓春. 长白山岳桦种群格局与动态-界面生态学中森林过度带的研究. [东北林业大学硕士学位论文]. 沈阳: 东北林业大学, 2000, 24-29
[91] 戴军虎. 太行山、五台山高山邻线与气候的关系. [北京大学博士学位论文]. 北京: 北京大学. 1999, 12-35
[92] 刘文耀. 滇中不同群落结构云南松林的水文作用. 北京林业大学学报,1992, 11(2):38~45
[93] 刘玉洪.哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林降水截留量分析. 云南林业科技, 1990, 9(3): 1-5
[94] 卢俊培.热带森林水文研究雏议. 热带林业科技, 1987, 9(72): 1-8
[95] 王彦辉. 江西省大岗山毛竹林水文效应研究. 林业科学研究, 1993, 9(4) : 373-378
[96] 温远光.里骆森林涵养水源功能的初步分析. 林业科技通讯, 1988, 10(5): 19-22
[97] 肖金喜.天童国家森林公园常绿阔叶林水文作用的初步研究. 山西师大学报(自然科学版), 1993, (增刊): 84-89
[98] 徐孝庆.森林综合效益计量评价.北京:中国林业出版社,1992, 15-20
[99] 阎顺国.桥山林区油松林水浑涵养功能的探讨. 水土保持学报,1989, 7(2): 21-23
[100]杨茂生.秦岭辛家山林区锐齿栋林水源涵养功能的若干特点. 西北林学院学报,1991 (1) : 1-7
[101]马良清.重庆地区森林水文作用的初步研究.北京林业大学学报,1998, 20(6): 54~58
[102]史玉虎, 袁克侃.鄂西三峡库区森林变化对河川径流的影响.北京林业大学学报,1998, 20(6): 26-30
[103]向成华, 蒋俊明. 平通河流域的森林水文效应. 南京林业大学学报,1999, 23(3): 37-40
[104]沈大军, 刘吕明.水文水资源系统对气候变化的影响.地理研究,1998, 17(4): 434~443
[105]张显峰, 崔伟宏. 运用 RS、OPS 和 GIS 技术进行大比例尺土地利用动态监测的实脸研究. 地理科学进展,1999, 18(2): 137-146
[106]蔡克疆.我国水文科学新进展及其展望. 水文, 1998, 18(5): 1-5
[107]阎国年.流域地形自动分割研究. 遥感学报, 1994, 2 (4): 297-304
[108]任立良. 刘新仁.数字高程模型在流城水系统拓扑结构计算中的应用.水科学进展, 1999, 10(2): 129-134
[109]张建云.何慧.应用地理信息进行无资料地区流域水文模拟研究.水科学进展,1998, 9(4): 129-134
[110]周红妹.地理信息系统在 NOAA 卫星遥感动态监测中的应用. 应用气象学报, 1999, 10(3):345-340
[111]Vogt R. Jaegerl. Reprobation from a pine forest using the aerodynamic method. Agriculture and Forest Meteorology, 1990, 50(1): 39-54
[112]Kita T. A climatological interpretation of Japanese vegetation zones. Proc., Intern Excursion and Symptom vegetation,1957, 105(4): 367-368
[113]Richard Lee. Forest Hydrology. Columbia Universty Press.USA.1980, 349-354
[114]莫天麟,顾庆超,赵亢生. 酸雨判别基准值探讨. 环境科学学报, 1998, 8(1): 32-38
[115]张光华,赵殿五.酸雨.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1988, 32-36
[116]刘菊秀.酸沉降背景下鼎湖山森林水和土城化学特征.[中国科学院硕士学位论文]北京:中国科学院研究生院. 2001, 28-32
[117]Cowling E B.Acid precipitation in historical perspective.Environmental Science and Tecchology, 1982, 16(2): 110-123
[118]Kupchella C E,Hyland M C.Environmental science.Boston:Allyn and Bacon, Inc.,1986, 589-601
[119]Wood,S J.英国空气污染的环境后果.生态学报,1990, 10(1): 13-23
[120]刘连贵,曹洪法,熊严军.酸雨和 SO2 复合污染对几种农作物的影响.环境科学,1996, 17(2): 16-19
[121]Cogbill C V,Likens G E.Acid precipitation in the northeastern United States. Water Resource Research, 1974, 10(6): 1133-1137
[122]陶福禄,冯宗炜.生态系统的酸沉降临界负荷及其研究进展.中国环境科学,1999,19(2): 123-126
[123]Kato N. Analysis of structure of energy consumption and dynamics of emission of atmospheric species related to the global environmental change (SO2, NOx, and CO2) in Asia. Atmospheric Environment, 1996, 30(4): 757-785
[124]Lee Yin-nan,Shen Ji,Paul J.Chemical composition of precipitation at Long Island, N.Y..Water Air and Soil Pollution,1986, 30(1): 143-152
[125]Dunn S M. and Ferrier R C. Natural flow in managed catchments: a case study of a modelling approach. Water Research, 1999, 33(4): 621 -630
[126]Linzon S N. Activities and results of the terrestrial effects program: Acid Precipitation in Ontario Study (APIOS). Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 1986, 31(1): 295-305
[127]齐文启, 席俊清, 汪志国, 等. 酸雨研究的现状和发展趋势. 中国环境监测, 2002, 18(1): 6-11
[128]谭燕宏.中国酸沉降现状. 辽宁师专学报, 2004, 6(1): 95-98
[129]邓仕贤,陈楚莹,张家斌.树冠及叶凋落物对模拟酸雨缓冲能力的初探. 环境科学,1992,13(3):10-17
[130]沈菁,黄建.酸性降水研究.四川环境, 1996, 15(2): 18-20
[131]刘厚田. 重庆南山马尾松衰亡与土壤铝活化的关系, 环境科学学报, 1992, 2(3): 297-305
[132]Morrison, I. K.; Foster, N. W.; Nicolson, J. A. Influence of acid deposition on element cycling in mature sugar Maple Forest, Algoma, Canada. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 1992, 84(1): 243-252
[133]王自发,黄美元,高会旺,等.关于我国和东亚酸性物质的输送研究—Ⅱ . 硫化物浓度空间分布特征及季节变化. 大气科学, 1998, 22(5):693-700
[134]Lee B. K., Hong S. H., Lee D. S. Chemical composition of precipitation and wetdeposition of major ions on the Korean peninsula. Atmospheric Environment, 2000, 34(4): 563- 575
[135]曹洪法,王玮,高映新,等.森林冠层对酸雨的反应及其影响.中国环境科学, 1989, 9(2): 81-85
[136]佐久间敏雄.干性沉降的测定-苗木洗净法.日本土壤肥料学会志,1994, 65(2): 378-384
[137]程伯容,许广山,高世东.森林林冠对酸性降水化学成分的影响.中国环境科学,1989, 9(2): 155-157
[138]Hanson P. J, Lindberg S E. Dry deposition and plant assimilation of gases and particles. Atmospheric Environment. 1991, 16(7): 889-910
[139]赵殿五,张晓山,熊际翎,等. 小集水区酸化过程观测研究. 环境化学, 1999, 18(1): 16-20
[140]Feng Zongwei, Huang Yizong, Feng Yanwen et al. Chemical composition of precipitation in Beijing area, Northern China. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 2001, 128(1): 197-205
[141]刘秀菊,温达志,周国逸.广东鹤山酸雨地区针叶林与阔叶林降水化学特征.中国环境科学, 2000, 20(3): 198-202
[142]高映新, 舒俭民, 刘连贵,等. 酸沉降-森林冠层反应模型. 环境科学学报,1992, 12(3): 316-323
[143]仇荣亮,于锡军.陆地生态系统酸沉降缓冲机制与缓冲能力.中山大学学报(自然科学报), 1998, 37(增刊): 157-161
[144]陶福禄,冯宗炜。植物对酸沉降的净化缓冲作用研究综述.农村生态环境, 1999, 15(2): 46-49
[145]许梅德。酸雨对陆生植物影响的探讨.农业环境保护, 1995, 14(4): 185-186
[146]Galloway J.N. Acid deposition: perspectives in time and space. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 1995, 85(1): 15-24
[147]黄继山,温文保,万来珍。湖南森林系统对酸沉降敏感性的初探.湖南林业科技,2001,28(2):59-61
[148]Foster N W. Acidic Deposition: What is Fact, What is Speculution, What is Needed .? Water Air, and Soil Pollution,1989, 48(2): 299-306
[149]Agneta Oskarsson,Gunnar Nordberg,Mats Block, et al.土壤和水酸化对于健康的危害:瑞典的研究项目.Ambio, 1996, 25(8): 526-530
[150]Brit Lisa Skjelkvale,Richard F. Wright.山地湖泊对酸沉降和全球气候变化的敏感性.Ambio,1998, 27(4): 280-285
[151]王代长,蒋新.模拟酸雨对不同土层酸度和 K'淋失规律的影响.环境科学,2003,24(2):30-34
[152]王连峰,潘根兴.酸沉降影响下庐山森林土壤溶液铝形态分异.南京农业大学学报,2000,23(3):45-48
[153]戎秋涛.模拟酸雨对浙东北红壤中盐基离子和铝的淋失影响研究.环境科学学报,1997,17(1):32-37
[154]庞叔薇. 酸性降水对土壤酸化及铝溶出的影响. 环境化学, 1987, 6(1): 41-45
[155]俞元春, 丁爱芳. 模拟酸雨对酸性上壤铝溶出及其形态转化的影响.土壤与环境,2001, 10(2): 87-90
[156]廖柏寒,蒋青.模拟酸沉降条柞下南方森林土壤铝的释放与活化研究.湖南农业大学学报(目然科学版), 2000, 26(5): 347-351
[157]Maaike C C Degraaf et al. Aluminium toxicity and tolerance in three heathland species. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 1997, 98(2):229-239
[158]Babe. M,Okazaki, M. and Hashitani, T. Effects of Acidic Deposition on Forested Andisols in the Tama Hill Region of Japan. Environmental Pollutin, 1995, 89(1):97-106
[159]Li C S, Bockheim J G. et al. Potential for Buffering of Acidic Precipitation by Mineral weathering in a Forested Entisol. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 1998, 52(8):1148-1154
[160]Louzao M J,Leiros M C et al. Study of buffering Systems in Soils from Galicia, N.W.Spain. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 1990, 49(1): 17-33
[161]Ulrich B. Nutrient and Acid-Base Budget of Central European Forest Ecosystems,in Godgold, D. L. and Hutterman, A. (eds), Effects of Acid Rain on Forest Processes, Wiley-Liss, 1994, 4l-50
[162]Bache B W,In: Hutchinson Tc et al,eds. Effects of acid precipitation on terrestrial ecosystems,New York: Plenum Press,1980, 183-206
[163]MERINO A., MACIAS F. and GARCIA-RODEJA E.. Element fluxes and buffer reactions in acidified soils from a humid-temperate region of southern Europe. Water, Air, and Soil Pollut ion, 2000, 120(1-3): 217-228
[164]Lau W M,. The determination of soil sensitivity to acid deposition. Water,Air and soil Pollution, 1985, 25(3): 451-464
[165]Kuylenstierna J C, Cambridge H, Cinderby S, et al. Terrestrial ecosystem sensitivity to acidic deposition in developing countries. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 1995, 85(4): 2319-2324
[166]Christ M, Zhang Y, Likens G E, et al. Nitrogen retention capacity of a northern hardwood forest soil under ammonium sulfate additions. Ecological Application, 1995, 5(4): 802-812
[167]谢绍东,郝吉明.中国酸沉降临界负荷区划,环境科学,1998,19(1):13-17
[168]Svein Solberg, Kjell Andreassen, Nicholas Clarke, et al. The possible influence of nitrogen and acid deposition on forest growth in Norway. Forest Ecology and Management, 2004., 192(2): 241-249
[169]廖柏寒,蒋青.模拟酸沉降下南方两种森林土壤对 SO42-及 NO3-的吸附.湖南农业大学学报,2000,26(3):200-204
[170]Calanni J , Berg E , Wood M , et al. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition at a conifer forest: response of free amino acids in Engelmann spruce needles. Environmental Pollution, 1999, 105(1): 79-89
[171]Makarov M I, Kiseleva V V. Acidification and nutrient imbalance in forest soils subjected to nitrogen deposition. Water Air and Soil Pollution,1995, 85(3): 1137-1142
[172]Singer A , Ganor E , Fried M. et al. Throughfall deposition of sulfur to a mixed oak and pine forest in Israel. Atmospheric Environment, 1996, 30(22): 3881-3889
[173]Huntington T G,Hooper R P,Johnson C E,et al. Calcium depletion in a southeastern United States forest ecosystem. Soil Sci . Soc .Amer . J., 2000, 64(11):1845-1858
[174]方运霆,莫江明,周国逸,等.森林土壤氮素转换及其对氮沉降的响应.生态学报,2004, 24(7): 1523-1531
[175]谢绍东,郝吉明,周中平.柳州地区酸沉降临界负荷的确定.环境科学,1996, 17(5): 1-4
[176]Gonzáalez-Arias A., Amezaga I., A. Echeandía and Onaindia M. Buffering capacity through cation leaching of Pinus radiata D. Don canopy. Plant Ecology, 2000,149(1), 23-42
[177]Lindberg S E, Bredemeier M, Schaefer D A, et al. Atmospheric concentrations and deposition of nitrogen and major ions in conifer forests in the United States and Federal Republic of Germany. Atmospheric Environment, 1990, 24(24): 2207-2220
[178]Gay D W, Murph C E. Final report: The deposition of SO2 on forest. EPIRI Project P. R. 1813.2. Electric PowerResearch Institute. Palo Alto. Califonia, 1985, 33-64
[179]Hajime Akimoto, Hirohito Narita. Distribution of SO2, NOx and CO2 emissions from fuel combustion and industrial activities in ASIA with 1°×1° resolution. Atmosphere Environment, 1994, 28(2): 213-225
[180]周国逸,闫俊华.鼎湖区域大气降水特征和物质元素输入对森林生态系统存在和发育的影响.生态学报, 2001, 21(12): 2002~2012
[181]高吉喜.土壤中铝对马尾松影响的试验研究.林业科学, 1991, 27(6): 649-657
[182]朱晓帆,卢红,金燕.峨眉山冷杉衰亡与土壤铝活化的关系研究.环境科学,1997,(3):25-28
[183]Shindo J. Evaluation of Estim ation Methods and Base Data Uncertainties for CriticalLoads of Acid Deposition in Japan. Water,Air and Soil Pollution,1995,85(4):2571-2576
[184]况琪军,李建秋.不同类型土壤对 SO42-吸附特性的研究.环境科学, 1995, 16(4):13-15
[185]王文兴,王玮,张婉华,等.我国 SO2 和 NOx 排放强度地理分布和历史趋势.中国环境科学, 1996, 16(3): 161-166
[186]赵殿五,张晓山,熊际翎.应用 MAGIC 模式确定酸沉降临界负荷.中国环境科学, 1992, 12(2): 93-97
[187]王文兴,张婉华,石泉,等.影响我国降水酸性因素的研究.中国环境科学,1993, 13(6): 401-407
[188]李祚泳.我国部分城市降水中离子浓度与 pH 值的关系研究.环境科学学报,1999, 19(3): 303-306
[189]Hans M.Selp,Per Aagaard,Valter Angell, et al.中国的酸化问题—一项基于重庆—广州森林监测点研究结果的评估.Ambio, 1999, 28(6): 524-530
[190]冯宗炜.中国酸雨的生态影响和防治对策.云南环境科学, 2000, 19(增刊): 1-6
[191]宋国菡,史衍玺.酸雨对环境的影响及防治对策.农业环境保护, 1998, 17(3): 141-143
[192]毛文永,文剑平.全球环境问题与对策.北京: 中国科学技术出版社. 1993, 12-25
[193]刘嘉祺.降水背景值与酸雨定义中国酸雨研究.北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 1997, 110-128
[194]Gash, J.H.C.: An analytical model of rainfall interception in forest, Q.J.R.. Meteorol. Soc., 1979, 105: 43-55
[195]Dolman, A.J.: Evaporation from an oak forest. [Disertaation], University of Groningen, the Netherlands, 1988,18-24
[196]H?rmann, G., Branding, A., Clemen, T., et al. Calculation and simulating of wind controlled canopy interception of a beech forest in Northern Germany. Agricultural Forest Meteorology, 1996, 79(1): 131-148
[197]Acreman M.C., Harding R.J., Lloyd C.R., et al. Evaporation characteristics of wetlands: experience from a wet grassland and a reedbed using eddy correlation measurements. Hydrol. Earth System Sci., 2003, 7(1): 11-21
[198]Lloyd, G.R., Gash, J.H.C., Shuttleworth, W.J., et al. The measurement and modeling of rainfall interception by Amazonian rain forest. Agricultural Forest Meteorology, 1988, 43(2): 277-294
[199]Mahendrappa, M.K. Partitioning of rain water and chemicals into throughfall and stemflow in different forest stands. Forest Ecology and Management, 1990, 30(1): 65-72
[200]Tobón, M., Bouten, C.W., and Serink, J. Gross rainfall and its portioning into throughfall, stemflow and evaporation of intercepted water in four forest ecosystems in western Amazionia. Journal of Hydrology, 2000, 237(1): 40-57
[201]Wright, R.F., Cosby, B.J., Flaten, M.B., and Reuss, J.O.: Evaluation of an acidification model with data from manipulated catchments in Norway. Nature, 1990, 343(1): 53-55
[202]Zeng, G.M., Zhang, G., Huang, G.H., et al. Exchange of Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+ and the uptake of H+, NH4+ for the canopies in the subtropical forest influenced by the acid rain in Shaoshan forest located in central south China. Plant Sci., 2005, 168(1): 259-266
[203]Whitehead, D. and Kelliher, F.M. A canopy water balance model for a Pinus adiata stand before and after thinning. Agricultural Forest Meteorology, 1991, 55(1): 109-123
[204]Thimonier, A. Measuring of atmospheric deposition under forest canopies: some recommendations for equipment and sampling design, Environ. Monitor. Assess., 1998, 52(2): 353-387
[205]Calder, L.R.: Evaporation in the uplands. New York: Wiley, 1990, 29-39
[206]Lankreijer, H., Lundberg, A., Grelle, A., et al. Evaporation and storage of interception rain analyzed by comparing two models applied to a boreal forest. Agricultural Forest Meteorology, 1999, 98-99(4): 595-604
[207]Rutter, A.J., Morton, A.J., and Robins, P.C. A predictive model of rainfall interception in forests. II. Generalization of the model and comparison with observations in some coniferous and hardwood stands. J. Appl. Ecol., 1975, 12(2): 367-384
[208]Leyton, L., Reynolds, E.R.C., and Thompson, F.B.: Rainfall interception in forests and moorland. In: W.E. Sopper and H.W. Lull (Ed.) Forest Hydrology, Oxford: Pergamon, 1967, 101-112
[209]Hutjes, R.W.A., Wierda, A., and Veen, A.W.L.: Rainfall interception in the Tai forest, Ivory coast, Application of two simulation models to a humid tropical system. Journal of Hydrology, 1990, 114(2): 259-275
[210]Dykes, A.P.: Rainfall interception from a lowland tropical rainforest in Brunei. Journal of Hydrology, 1997, 200(2): 260-279
[211]Aboal, J.R., Jiménez, M.S., Morales, D., Hernndez, J.M. Rainfall interception in laurel forest in the Canary Islands. Agricultural Forest Meteorology, 1999, 97(1): 73-86
[212]Jackson, N.A.: Measured and modelled rainfall interception loss from an agroforesry system in Kenya. Agricultural Forest Meteorology, 2000, 100(2): 323-336
[213]Price, A.G. and Carlyle-Moses, D.E. Measurement and modeling of growing-season canopy water fluxes in a mature mixed deciduous forest stand, south Ontario, Canada. Agricultural Forest Meteorology, 2003, 119(1): 69-85
[214]Gash, J.H.C., Lloyd, C.R. and Lachaud, G.: Estimating sparse forest rainfall interception with an analytical model. Journal of Hydrology, 1995, 170(1): 79-86
[215]Lankreijer, H., Hendriks, M.J. and Klaassen, W.: A comparison of models simulatingrainfall interception of forests. Agricultural Forest Meteorology, 1993, 64(1): 187-199
[216]Teklehaimonot Z., Jarvis, P.G. Modelling of rainfall interception loss on agroforestry systems. Agric. Sys., 1991, 14(1): 65-80
[217]Zhang, G, Zeng, G.M., Jiang, Y.M., et al. Effects of weak acids on canopy leaching and uptake processes in a coniferous-deciduous mixed evergreen forest in central-south China. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2006, 172(1-3): 39-55
[218]Carlyle-Moses, D.E., and Price, A.G. An evaluation of the Gas interception model in a northern hardwood stand, Journal of Hydrology, 1999, 214(1): 103-110
[219]Gash, JH.C., Valente, F., and David, J.S. Esitmates and measurements of evaporation from wet, sparse pine forest in Portugal. Agricultural Forest Meteorology, 1999,94(1): 149-158
[220]Carlyle-Moses D.E.: A reply to R. Keim’s comment on “Measurement and modeling of growing-season canopy water fluxes in a mature mixed deciduous forest stand, southern Ontario, Canada”. Agric. Forest Meteorol., 2004, 124(2): 281-284
[221]Schellekens, J., Scatena, F.N., Bruijnzeel, L.A., et al. Modelling rainfall interception by a lowland tropical rain forest in northeastern Puerto Rico. Journal of Hydrology, 1999, 225(2): 168-184
[222]Jetten, V.G. Interception of tropical forest: performance of a canopy water balance model. Hydrological Processes, 1996, 10(5): 671-685
[223]Calder, I.R. and Hall R. L. Comment on ‘‘Interception of tropical rain forest: Performance of a canopy water balance model’’ by Jetten V. G., Hydrological Processes, 1997, 11(2): 225–226
[224]Barbour, M.M., Hunt, J.E., Walcroft, A.S., et al. Components of ecosystem evaporation in a temperate coniferous rainforest, with canopy transpiration scaled using sapwood density. New Phytol., 2005, 165(3): 549-558
[225]Rowe, L.K. Rainfall interception by an evergreen beech forest Nelson, New Zealand. Journal of Hydrology, 1983, 66(1): 143-158
[226]Cui, J.B., Li, C.S., and Carl, T. Analyzing the ecosystem carbon and hydrologic characteristics of forested wetland using a biogeochemical process model, Global Change Biology, 2005, 11(2): 278-289
[227]Van Dijk A.I.J.M., and Bruijnzeel, L.A. Modelling rainfall interception by vegetation of variable density using an adapted analytical model. Part Ⅰ. Model description. Journal of Hydrology, 2001, 247(2): 230-238
[228]Van Dijk A.I.J.M., and Bruijnzeel, L.A. Modelling rainfall interception by vegetation of variable density using an adapted analytical model. Part Ⅱ. Model validation for a tropicalupland mixed cropping system. Journal of Hydrology, 2001, 247(2):239-262
[229]Gash, J.H.C., and Morton, A.J. An application of the Rutter model to the estimation of the interception loss from Thetford forest. Journal of Hydrology, 1978, 38(1): 49-58
[230]Gash, J.H.C., Wright, I.R., Lloyd, C.R. Comparative estimates of interception loss from three coniferous forests in Great Britain, Journal of Hydrology, 1980, 48(1): 89-105
[231]Pearce, A.J., and Rowe, I.K.: Rainfall interception in a multistoried evergreen mixed forest: estimates using Gash’s analytical model. Journal of Hydrology, 1981, 49(2): 341-353
[232]Paulson, CA, The mathematical representation of wind speed and temperature profiles in the unstable atmospheric surface layer. J. Appl. Meteor., 1970, 9, 857-861
[233]Choudhury, BJ, Monteith, JL A four-layer model for the heat budget of homogeneous land surfaces. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc.,1988,114:373-398
[234]Shaw RH and Perira A R. Aerodynamic roughness of a plant canopy: a numerical experiment. Agricultural Meteorology, 1982, 26:51-65
[235]Monteith, J. L. Evaporation and Environment-Symp. Soc. Expl. Biol. 1965, 19(2), 205-234
[236]Monteith JL, Unsworth M H. Principles of Environmental Physics. London: Edward Arnold, 1990, 291-298
[237]Návar, J. and Bryan, R.B. Fitting the analytical model of rainfall interception of Gash to individual shrubs of semi-arid vegetation in northern Mexico. Agricultural Forest Meteorology, 1994, 68(1): 133-143
[238]Klaassen, W., Boseveld, F., De Water, E. Water storage and evaporation as constituents of rainfall interception. Journal of Hydrology, 1998, 212-213(1): 36-50
[239]Robin, L.H. Interception loss as a function of rainfall and forest types: stochastic modeling for tropical canopies revisited. Journal of Hydrology, 2003, 280(1): 1-12
[240]Keim R.F.: Comment on “Measuremnt and modeling of growing-season canopy water fluxes in a mature mixed deciduous forest stand, southern Ontario, Canada” by Price A.G. and Carlye-Moses D.E., Agric. Forest Meteorol., 2004, 124(2): 277-279
[241]Calder, L.R. Dependence of rainfall interception on drop size. 1. Development of the two-layer stochastic model. Journal of Hydrology, 1996, 185(2): 363-378
[242]Link, T.E., Unsworth, M., and Marks, D. The dynamics of rainfall interception by a seasonal temperate rainforest. Agricultural Forest Meteorology, 2004, 124(1): 171-191
[243]Lousteau, D., Berbigier, P., and Granier, A. Interception loss, throughfall and stemflow in a maritime pine stand. II. An application of Gash’s analytical model of interception. Journal of Hydrology 1992, 138(2): 469-485
[244]Vrugt J.C., Dekker S.C. and Bouten W. Identification of rainfall interception model parameters from measurements of throughfall and forest canopy storage. Water Resource Res. 2003, 39: 1251-1259
[245]Leuning, R., Conden, A.G., Dunin, F.X., et al. Rainfall interception and evaporation from soil below a wheat canopy. Agricultural Forest Meteorology, 1994, 67: 221-238
[246]Domingo, F., Sánchez, G., Moro, M.J., Brenner, A.J., and Puigdefábregas, J.: Measurement and modeling of rainfall interception by three semi-arid canopies, Agricultural Forest Meteorology, 1998, 91(2): 275-292
[247]Thurow, T.L., W.H. Blackburn, S.D. Warren, and C.A. Taylor. Rainfall Interception by Midgrass, Shortgrass, and Live Oak Mottes. Journal of Range Management, 1987, 40(5): 455-460
[248]Thimonier, A. Measuring of atmospheric deposition under forest canopies: some recommendations for equipment and sampling design. Environ. Monitor. Assess. 1998, 52: 353-387
[249]Barbour, M.M., Hunt, J.E., Walcroft, A.S., Rogers, G.N.D., Mc Seveny, T.M., Whitehead, D., 2005. Components of ecosystem evaporation in a temperate coniferous rainforest, with canopy transpiration scaled using sapwood density. New Phytologist, 165(2): 549-558
[250]Garratt, J. R. and Francey, R. J. Bulk Characteristics of Heat Transfer in the Unstable,. Baroclinic Atmospheric Boundary Layer. Boundary-LayerMeteorol. 1978, 16, 399-421
[251]Louis, JF. A parametric model of vertical eddy fluxes in the atmosphere. Boundary Layer Meteorology, 1979, 17(2): 187-202
[252]Noilhan, J. Mahfouf, J.-F. The ISBA land surface parameterization scheme. Global and Planetary Change, 1996, 13: 145-159.
[253]Brutsaert W, Stricker H. An advection-aridity approach to estimate actual regional evapotranspiration. Water Resources Research, 1979, 15: 443-449
[254]Monin, AS, and AM Obukhov. Basic laws of turbulent mixing in the atmosphere near the ground. Tr.Geofiz. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1954, 24(151): 163-187
[255]Choudhury, B. J., Schmugge, T. J., Chang, A. T. C.et al. Effect of surface roughness on the microwave emission of soils. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1979, 84:5699-5705
[256]Feddes, R. A., P. J. Kowalik, and H. Zaradny. Simulation of field water use and crop yield. Wageningen: Simulation Monograph. Pudoc., 1978, 12
[257]Rijetma PE, Feddes RA,. Water withdrawal by plant roots. J. Hydrol, 1972, 17(1):33–59.
[258]Allen S. J., Tabatabaie Jr., N., Palmstr?m C. J., et al. ErAs epitaxial layers buried in GaAs: Magnetotransport and spin-disorder scattering. Physics Review Letters, 1989, 62, 2309–2312
[259]Monteith, J.L. Dew, facts and fallacies: Water relations of plants. London: Blackwell, 1963, 24-35
[260]Kellman, M., Roulet, N. Stemflow and throughfall in a tropical dry forest. Earth Surface Processes Landfill, 1990, 15(1): 55–61
[261]Herwitz, S.R. Raindrop impact and water flow on the vegetative surfaces of trees and the effects on stemflow and throughfall generation. Earth Surface Processes Landfill, 1987, 12(3):425–432
[262]Levia Jr. D.F., Frost E.E. A review and evaluation of stemflow literature in the hydrologic and biogeochemical cycles of forested and agricultural ecosystems. Journal of Hydrology, 2003, 208(1): 1-29
[263]Mauchamp, A., Janeau, J.L. Water funnelling by the crown of Flourensia cernua, a Chihuahuan Desert shrub. Journal of Arid Environment, 1993, 25(2): 299–306
[264]Masukata, H., Ando, M., Ogawa, H. Throughfall, stemflow and interception of rainwater in an evergreen broadleaved forest. Ecological Research, 1990, 5(2): 303–316
[265]Tang, C. Interception and recharge processes beneath a Pinus elliotii forest. Hydrological Processes, 1996, 10(11): 1427–1434
[266]王彦辉.2001.酸化森林生态系统对环境变化的响应.北京: 华文出版社,282-285
[267]冯宗炜.中国酸雨对陆地生态系统的影响和防治对策.中国工程科学,2000,2(9):5-11
[268]冯宗炜.酸雨对生态系统的影响-西南地区酸雨研究.北京:中国科学技术出版社,1993,23-29
[269]郑淑颖.二氧化硫污染对植物影响的研究进展.生态科学, 2000,19(1):59-64
[270]Cronan C. S, Reiners W. A. Canopy processing of acidic precipitation by coniferous and hardwood forests in New England. Oecologia, 1983, 59: 216(2)-223
[271]张龚,曾光明,蒋益民,等.湖南韶山大气降水及森林降水离子分布特征.环境科学研究, 2003, 16(3): 14-17
[272]蒋益民,曾光明,张龚,等.森林冠层盐基离子滤出和 H+和 NH4+的冠层吸收.热带亚热带植物学报, 2004, 12(5): 1-6
[273]程新金,黄美元.降水化学特性的一种分类分析方法.气候与环境研究,1998,3(1):82-87
[274]吴国南,生原喜久雄,黄宝龙.酸性沉降环境中森林生态系统的物质循环―树冠穿透水的水质及其形成机理.南京林业大学学报,1996,20(4):7-12
[275]蒋益民,曾光明,张龚,等.湖南韶山森林二维冠层沉降化学.生态学杂志,2004, 23(6):1-5
[276]Martin Ferm,Hans Hulterg. Dry deposition and internal circulation of nitrogen, sulfurand base cations to a coniferious forest. Atmospheric Environment,1999, 33(18): 4421-4430
[277]季劲钧,胡玉春.一个植物冠层物理传输和生理生长过程的多层模式.气候与环境研究,1999,4(2):152-164
[278]Galloway J N,Likens G E. Calibration of collection procedures for the determination of precipitation chemistry. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 1976, 6(2): 241-258
[279]Marchetto H., Mosello. R., Psenner R. Evaluation of the level of acidification and the critical loads for Alpine lakes. Ambio, 1994, 23(3): 150-154
[280]Dexuan Wang, Wei Deng.: Atmospheric SO2 pollution and acidity of rain in Changchun China. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 2001, 131(12): 1631-1634
[281]Johannes, A. H., Chen, Y. L. and Dackson, K. Modeling of throughfall chemistry and indirect measurement of dry deposition. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 1986, 30(2): 211-216
[282]Lindberg, S.E, Lovett, G.M., Richter D.D. and Johnson D.W. Atmospheric deposition and canopy interactions of major ions in a forest. Science, 1986, 231(2): 141-145
[283]Cao, H.F., Wang, W., Gao, Y.X., Shu, J.M., Liu, Y.Y. and Chen, Y.Z. Response of forest canopy to acidic precipitation and its effects. China Environ. Sci. 1989, 9(1): 81-85
[284]Bredemeier, M. Forest canopy transformation of atmospheric deposition. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 1988, 40(1), 122-138
[285]Solange F., Williams, M.R. and Melack, J.M. Composition and deposition of throughfall in a flooded forest archipelago (Negro River, Brazil.). Biogeochemistry, 1999, 45: 169-195
[286]Edmonds, R.L., Thomas, T.B., Rhodes, J.J. Canopy and soil modification of precipitation chemistry in a temperate rain forest. Soil Science Society American Journal, 1991, 55(12): 1685-1693
[287]Draaijers, G.P.J. and Erisman, J.W. A canopy budget model to assess atmospheric deposition from throughfall measurements. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 1995,85(4): 2253-2258
[288]Lovett, G.M., Nolan, S.S., Driscoll, C.T., et al. Factors regulating throughfall flux in a New Hampshire forested landscape. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1996, 26(11): 2134 - 2144
[289]Bruijnzeel, L. A., Waterloo, M. J., Proctor, J., et al. Hydrological observations in montane rain forests on Gunung Silam, Sabah, Malaysia, with special reference to the ‘Massenerhenbung’ effect. Journal of Ecology, 1993, 81(1): 145-167
[290]Zhang, G.ong, Zeng, Guangming, Jiang, Yimin, et al. Modelling and measurement oftwo-layer-canopy interception losses in a subtropical evergreen forest of central-south China. Hydrology and Earth System Science, 2006, 10(1): 65-77
[291]Dehaye, D.H., Schaber, P.G., Hwaler, G.J. and Strimbeck, G.R. Acid rain impacts on calcium nutrition and forest health. Bioscience, 1999, 49(3): 789-800
[292]Hamburg, S. P. and Lin, T. C. Throughfall chemistry of an ecotonal forest on the edge of the Great Plains. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1998, 28(10): 1456-1463
[293]Cheng, B.R., Xu, G.S. and Gao, S.T. Biogeochemical response of forest canopies to acid precipitation. China Environ. Sci., 1989, 9(2):155-157
[294]Ulrich, B. and Pankrath, J. Interactions of forest canopies with atmospheric constituents: SO2, alkali cations and chloride. In: Reidel Publ. Co. (eds) Effects of Accumulation of Air Pollutants in Forest Ecosystems. Netherlands: Dordrecht. 1983, 33-55
[295]Potter, C.S., Ragsdale, H.L., Swank, W.T. Atmospheric deposition and foliar leaching in a regenerating southern Appalachian forest canopy. Journal of Ecology, 1991, 79(1), 97-115
[296]Sayre, R.G. and Fahey, T.J. Effects of rainfall acidity and ozone on foliar leaching in red spruce (Picea rubens). Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1999, 29(2): 487-496
[297]Draaijers, G.P.J, Vanek, R. and Meijers, R. Research on the impact of forest stands structure on atmospheric deposition. Environmental Pollution, 1992, 75(1): 243-249
[298]Lin, T.C., Hamburg, S.P., .King, H.B. and Hsia, Y.J. Throughfall Patterns in a subtropical rain forest of Northeastern Taiwan. Journal of Environment Quality, 2000, 29(9): 1186-1193
[299]Butler, T.J. and Likens, G.E. A direct comparison of throughfall plus stemflow to estimates of dry and total deposition for S and N. Atmos. Environ., 1995, 29: 1253-1565
[300]Watmough, S.A., Dillon, P.J. Base cation and nitrogen budgets for seven forested catchments in central Ontario, 1983-1999. Forest Ecology and Management, 2003, 177(1): 155-177
[301]Mayer, R. and Ulrich B. Conclusions on the filtering action of forest from ecosystem analysis. Oecol. Plant, 1974, 9(1):157-168
[302]Lin, T.C., Hamburg, S.P., Hsia, Y.J. Base cation leaching from the canopy of a subtropical rainforest in northeastern Taiwan. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 2000, 31(9), 1156-1163
[303]Christ, M., Zhang,Y., Likens, G.E. and Driscoll, C.T. Nitrogen retention capacity of a northern hardwood forest soil under ammonium sulfate additions. Ecol. Appl., 1995, 5(5): 802-812
[304]Erisman, J.W., Vermeulen, A., De Vries W., et al. Final report of the project input-outputrelationship for intensive monitoring sites, ECN-C-02-066, the Netherlands. 2002, 113-120
[305]Lovett GM, Lindberg SE. Dry deposition and canopy exchange in a mixed oak forest as determined by analysis of throughfall. J. Appl. Ecol., 1984, 21(8): 1013-1027
[306]Berger TW, Eagar C, Likens GE Stingeder G. Effects of calcium and aluminum chloride additions on foliar and throughfall chemistry in sugar maples. Forest Ecology and Management, 2001, 149(1): 75-90
[307]Fan HB, Hong W, Ma Z, et al. Acidity and chemistry of bulk precipitation, throughfall and stemflow in a Chinese fir plantation in Fujian, China. Forest Ecology and Management, 1999, 122(2): 243-248.
[308]Fan HB, Hong W. Estimation of dry deposition and canopy exchange in Chinese fir plantations. Forest Ecology and Management, 2001, 130(1): 99-107
[309]Lin TC, Hamburg SP, Hsia YJ, King HB, Wang LJ, and Lin KC. Base cation leaching from the canopy of a subtropical rainforest in northeastern Taiwan. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 2001, 31: 1156-1163
[310]Turner DP, Van Broekhuizen HJ. Nutrient leaching form conifer needles in relation to foliar apoplast cation exchange capacity. Environmental Pollution, 1992, 75(2): 259-263
[311]Cappellato R, Peters NE, Ragsdale HL. Acidic atmospheric deposition and canopy interactions of adjacent deciduous and coniferous forests in the Georgia Piedmont. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1993, 23(8): 1114-1124
[312]Cappellato R, Peters NE. Dry deposition and canopy leaching rates in deciduous and coniferous forests of the Georgia Piedmont: an assessment of a regression model. Journal of Hydrology 1995, 69(1): 131-150
[313]Jiang, Y.M., Zeng, G.M., Huang, G.H., et al. Analysis on the representative chemical compositions of urban acid precipitation [Special issue]. Trans. Nonfer. Metal Soc. China, 2004,14(1), 93-97
[314]Likens GE, Driscoll CT, Buso DC, et al. The biogeochemistry of potassium at Hubbard Brook. Biogeochemistry,1994, 25(1): 61-125
[315]Hoffman WA, Lindberg SE, Turnewr RR. Some observations of organic consituents in rain above and below a forest canopy. Environ. Sci. Tech., 1980, 14(6): 999–1002
[316]Lovett GM, Hubbell JG. Effects of ozone and acid mist on foliar leaching from eastern white pine and sugar maple. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1991, 21(5): 794-802
[317]Staelens J, An De Schrijver, Oyarzún C, et al. Comparison of dry deposition and canopy exchange of base cations in temperate hardwood forests in Flanders and Chile. Gayana Bota. 2003, 60(1): 9-16
[318]Balestrini R, Tagliaferri A. Atmospheric deposition and canopy exchange processes in alpine forest ecosystems (Northern Italy). Atmospheric Environment, 2001, 36: 6421 -6433
[319]Piirainen S, Finér L, Starr M. Deposition and leaching of sulphate and base cations in a mixed boreal forest in Eastern Finland. Water Air Soil Pollut., 2002, 131(1): 185-204
[320]Finér L, Kortelainen P, Mattsson T, et al. Sulphate and base cation concentrations and export in streams from unmanaged forested catchments in Finland. Forest Ecology and Management, 2004, 195(1): 115-128
[321]Likens GE, Driscoll CT, Buso DC, et al. The biogeochemistry of sulfur at Hubbard Brook. Biogeochemistry, 2002, 60(2): 235–316
[322]Ignatovaa N, étienne D. Canopy uptake of N deposition in spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) stands. Annals of Forest Science, 2000, 57(1): 113–120
[323]Christ M, Zhang Y, Likens GE. Driscoll CT. Nitrogen retention capacity of a northern hardwood forest soil under ammonium sulfate additions. Ecol. Appl., 1995, 5(5): 802-812
[324]Brumme R, Borken W, Finke S. Hierarchical control on nitrous oxide emission in forest ecosystems. Global Biogeochem. Cycl., 1999, 13(10): 1137-1148
[325]Bulter TJ, Likens GE. A direct comparison of throughfall plus stemflow to estimates of dry and total deposition for S and N. Atmosphere Environment, 1995, 29: 1253-1265
[326]Dehaye DH, Schaber PG, Hwaler GJ, Strimbeck GR. Acid rain impacts on calcium nutrition and forest health. Bioscience, 1999, 49(5): 789-800
[327]Balasubramanian, R., Victor, T. and Chun, N. Chemical and statistical analysis of precipitation in Singapore. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 2001, 130(2): 451-460
[328]Xu YG., Zhou GY, Wu ZM, et al. Chemical composition of precipitation, throughfall and soil solutions at two forested sites in Guangzhou, South China. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 2001, 131(2): 1079-1084
[329]Campo J., Manuel, M.J., Vícotr J.J. et al. Calcium, potassium and magnesium cycling in a Mexican tropical dry forest ecosystem. Biogeochemistry, 2000, 49(1): 21-36
[330]Brown, A.D. and Lund, L.J. Factors controlling throughfall characteristics at a high elevation Sireea Neaveda Site, California. Journal of Environment Quality, 1994, 23:844-850
[331]Lin, T C., Hamburg, P. H. King, B. et al. Spatial variability of throughfall in a subtropical rain forest in Taiwan. Journal of Environment Quality, 1997, 26(1): 172-180
[332]Schaeferm D.A. and Reiners, W.A. Throughfall chemistry and canopy processing mechanisms. In Lindberg, S.E., et al. (eds) Acidic precipitation: Sources, deposition and canopy interactions. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990, 241-284
[333]Lovett GM, Schaeffer DA. Canopy interactions of Ca, Mg and K. In: Johnson DW and Lindberg SE (eds) Atmospheric deposition and forest nutrient cycling. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1992, 253-275
[334]Ulrich B. A concept of forest ecosystem stability and of acid deposition as driving force for destabilization, In: Ulrich B and Pankrath J (eds) Effects of accumulation of air pollutants in forest ecosystems, D. Reidel Publ. Co., Holland: Dordrecht , 1983, 1-29
[335]Baumler R, Zech W. Impact of forest thinning on the throughfall of mountain forest ecosystems in the Bavarian Alps. Forest Ecology and Management, 1997, 95(2): 243-251
[336]Zhang, F.Z., Zhang, J.Y., Zhang, H.G. Chemical composition of precipitation in a forest area of Chongqing, Southwest, China. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 1996,90(3): 407-415
[337]Draaijers, G.P.J, Erisman, J.W., Lee, Uwen N.R.M. Canopy exchange processes at the Spculder forest’, Report NO.722108004, National of Public Health and Environment Protection. The Netherlands: Bilthoven, 1994, 172-235
[338]Draaijers G.P.J., Erisman J.W., Van Leeuwen N.F.M., et al. The impact of canopy exchange on defferences observed between atmospheric deposition and throughfall fluxes, Atmospheric Environment, 1997, 31(2): 387-397
[339]Brown, A.D., Sposito, G. Acid–base chemistry of dissolved organic matter in aqueous leaf extracts: application to organic acids in throughfall. Journal of Environment Quality 1991, 20(6): 839-845
[340]Shibata, H., Kirikae, M., Tanaka, Y., et al. Proton budgets of forest ecosystems on volcano genous regosols in Hokkaido in Northern Japan. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 1998, 105(1): 63-72
[341]Van Ek, R. and Draaijers, G.P.J. Estimation of atmospheric deposition and canopy exchange for three common tree species in the Netherlands. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 1994, 73(1): 61-82
[342]Lovett, G.M., Lindberg, S.E., Richter, D.D. et al. The effects of acidic deposition on cation leaching from three deciduous forest canopies. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1985, 15(8): 1055-1060
[343]Wang, M.C., Liu C.P., Sheu B.H. Characterization of organic matter in rainfall, throughfall, stemflow, and streamwater from three subtropical forest ecosystems. Journal of Hydrology, 2004, 289(2): 275-285
[344]Kreutzer K., Beier C., Bredemeier, M., et al. Atmospheric deposition and soil acidification in five coniferous forest ecosystems: a comparison of the control plots of the EXMAN sites. Forest Ecology and Management, 1998, 101(1): 125-142
[345]Van der Maas, Van Breemen, M.P. and Van Langenvelde, I. Estimation of atmosphericdeposition and canopy exchange in two Douglas fir stands in the Netherlands, Internal publication, Department of soil science and geology, Agriculture University of Wageningen, The Netherlands: Wageningen, 1991, 25-30
[346]Ivens, W.P.M.F. Atmospheric deposition onto forest: an analysis of the deposition variability by means of throughfall measurements: [dissertation], The Netherlands: University of Utretcht,1990, 48-57
[347]Reynolds, B. Estimating the total deposition of base cations from throughfall measurements. Sci. Total Environ., 1996, 180(1), 183-186
[348]Topol, L.E., Lev-On, M., Flanagan, J., et al. Quality assurance manual for precipitation measurement systems, Research Triangle Park, NC, U.S.: Environmental Protection Agency, 1985, 78-95
[349]Matzner, E. Deposition / Canopy Interactions in Two Forest Ecosystems of Northwest Germany in: H.W. Gerogii (ed), Atmospheric pollutants in Forest Areas D. Reidel Pabl. Co.. Holland: Dorrecht, 1986, 247-262
[350]Ukonmaanaho, L., Starr, M. and Ruoho-Airola, T. Trends in sulphate, base cations and H+ concentrations in bulk precipitation and throughfall at integrated monitoring sites in Finland 1989-1995. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 1998, 105(2): 353-363
[351]Wilson, E.J. Foliar uptake and release of inorganic nitrogen compounds in Pinus sylvestris L. and Picea abies Karst. New Phytologist, 1992, 120(2): 407-416
[352]Strengbom, J., Nordin, A., N?sholm, T. et al. Slow recovery of boreal forest ecosystem following decreased nitrogen input. Functional Ecology, 2001, 15(2): 451- 457
[353]Likens, G.E., Driscoll ,C.T. & Buso, D.C. Long term effects of acid rain: response and recovery of a forest ecosystem. Science 1996, 272(1): 244-246
[354]Prescott, C.E. The influence of the forest canopy on nutrients cycling. Tree Physiol., 2002, 22(10), 1193-1200
[355]Boyce, R.L., Friedland, A.J., Page, C.C. et al. Direct canopy uptake from 15N-labeled wet deposition by mature red spruce. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 1996, 26(12):1539-1547
[356]Schmitta, M., Th?nib, L., Waldnera, P., et al. Total deposition of nitrogen on Swiss long-term forest ecosystem research (LWF) plots: comparison of the throughfall and the inferential method. Atmospheric Environment, 2005, 39(8): 1079–1091
[357]Lindberg, S.E., Coe, J.M. and Hoffman, W.A. Dissociation of weak acids during Gran plot free acidity titrations. TellusB, 1984, 36(1): 186-191
[358]Likens, G.E., Driscoll, C.T., Buso, D.C. Long term effects of acid rain: response and recovery of a forest ecosystem. Science, 1996, 272(1): 244-246
[359]Draaijers G.P.J., Erisman J.W., Spranger T., et al. The application of throughfall measurements for atmospheric deposition monitoring. Atmospheric Environment, 1996, 30: 3349-3361
[360]Moreno G., Gallardo J.F., Bussotti, F. Canopy modification of atmospheric deposition in oligotrophic Quercus pyrenaica forests of an unpolluted region (central-western Spain). Forest Ecology and Management, 2001, 149(1): 47-60
[361]Nich A.C., Kawi B. and Wlodek T. Modeling rainfall and canopy controls on net-precipitation beneath selectively-logged tropical forest. Plant Ecology, 2001, 153: 215-229
[362]Puckett LJ. Estimation of ion sources in deciduous and coniferous throughfall. Atmos. Environ. 1990, 24A: 545-555
[363]Xu X.N., Wang Q., Eiji Hirata. Precipitation partitioning and related nutrient fluxes in a subtropical forest in Okinawa, Japan. Annals of. Forest Science, 2005, 62: 245-252
[364]Zhao D.W., Hans M.S. Assessing effects of acid deposition in southwestern China using the MAGIC model. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 1991, 60 (1) 83-97
[365]Miller B.D., Hawkins B.J. Nitrogen uptake and utilization by slow- and fast-growing families of interior spruce under contrasting fertility regimes. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 2003, 33: 959-966
[366]Larssen T., Xiong J., Vogt R.D., Seip H.M, Liao B., Zhao D. Studies of soils, soil water and stream water at a small catchment near Guiyang, China. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 1998, 101: 137-162
[367]Barber S.A. Nutrient uptake by plant roots growing in soil. In: S.A. Barber (Ed). Soil nutrient bioavailability, 2nd edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons, USA, 1994, 85-109
[368]Eilers G., Brumme R., Maztner E. Above-ground N-uptake from wet deposition by Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.). Forest Ecology and Management, 1992,51:239-249
[369]Erisman J.W., Mols H., Fonteijn P., Geusebroek M., Draaijers G., Bleeker A., van der Veen D. Field intercomparison of precipitation measurements performed within the framework of the Pan European Intensive Monitoring Program of EU/ICP Forest. Environmental Pollution, 2003,125(1):139-155
[370]Hansen K. In-canopy throughfall measurements of ion fluxes in Norway spruce. Atmospheric Environment, 1996,30:4065-4076
[371]Eichert T, Burkhardt J. Quantification of stomatal uptake of ionic solutes using a new model system. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2001, 52(6): 771–781
[372]Jagels R, Jiang M, Marden S, et al. Red spruce canopy response to acid fog exposure. Atmospheric Research, 2002,64(1): 169-178
[373]Kirkham FW. Nitrogen uptake and nutrient limitation in six hill moorland species in relation to atmospheric nitrogen deposition in England and Wales. Journal of Ecology, 2001, 89: 1041-1053
[374]Driscoll CT, Whitall D, Aber J, et al. Nitrogen pollution in the northeastern United States: sources, effects, and management options. Bioscience, 2003, 53(2): 357-374
[375]Li GC, Han XG, Huang JH. N mineralization and nitrification in a primary Lithocarpus xylocarpus forest and degraded vegetation in the Ailao Mountain, Yunnan province. Acta Botany Sinica, 2004, 46(1): 194-201
[376]Miller BD, Hawkins BJ. Nitrogen uptake and utilization by slow- and fast-growing families of interior spruce under contrasting fertility regimes. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 2003, 33: 959-966
[377]Svein Solberg, Kjell Andreassen, Nicholas Clarke, et al. The possible influence of nitrogen and acid deposition on forest growth in Norway. Forest Ecology and Management, 2004., 192(2): 241-249
[378]肖辉林.大气氮沉降对森林土壤酸化的影响.林业科学,2001, 37(4): 111-116
[379]Calanni J , Berg E , Wood M , et al. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition at a conifer forest: response of free amino acids in Engelmann spruce needles. Environmental Pollution, 1999, 105(1): 79-89
[380]Makarov M I, Kiseleva V V. Acidification and nutrient imbalance in forest soils subjected to nitrogen deposition. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 1995, 85: 1137-1142
[381]Singer A , Ganor E , Fried M. et al. Throughfall deposition of sulfur to a mixed oak and pine forest in Israel. Atmospheric Environment, 1996, 30(22): 3881-3889
[382]郝吉明,谢绍东,段雷,等.酸沉降临界负荷及其应用.北京:清华大学出版社. 2001, 1-6
[383]Jin L, Shao M, AAS WC, et al. Total deposition of major inorganic ions at non-urban sites in China, 2000-2004 (Part Ⅱ) . Acid Rain 7th International Conference on Acid Deposition, Prague, Czech Republic, 2005, 224
[384]Dise N B, Wright R F, 1995. Nitrogen leaching from European forest in relation to nitrogen deposition. Forest Ecology Management, 1995, 71: 153-161
[385]Drury C E, Voroney R P, Beauchamp E G. Availability of NH4+-N to microorganisms and the soil internal N cycle. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 1991, 23: 165-169
[386]Aber J D, McDowell W, Nadelhoffer K J, et al. Nitrogen saturation in Northern forest ecosystems, hypotheses revisited. Bioscience, 1998, 48: 921-934
[387]Tamm C O. Nitrogen in terrestrial ecosystems: Questions of productivity, vegetation changes, and ecosystem stability. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1991, 217-221
[388]Nakaji T, M Fukami, Y Dokiya, et al. Effects of high nitrogen load on growth photosynthesis and nutrition status of Cryptomeria japonica and pinups snifter. Trees, 2001, 15: 453-461
[389]Binkley D, Hogberg P. Does atmospheric deposition of nitrogen threaten Swesish forests? Forest Ecology Management, 1997, 92(1): 119-152
[390]Schoettle A W. Effects of two years of nitrogen deposition on shoot growth and phonology of Engelmann Spruce seedlings. Journal of Sustainable Forest, 2000, 10(1): 181-189
[391]Francis J, Singer, Kathryn A. Do ungulates accelerate nitrogen cycling? Forest Ecology Management, 2003, 181: 189-204
[392]李德军, 莫江明, 方运霆, 等.氮沉降对森林植物的影响. 生态学报, 2003, 23(9): 1891-1900
[393]Tomaszewski T, Boyce R L, Sievering H. Canopy uptake of atmospheric nitrogen and new growth nitrogen requirement at a Colorado subalpine forest. Canandia Journal of Forest Research, 2003, 11: 2221-2227
[394]Boring L R, Swank W T. The role of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) in forest succession. Journal of Ecology, 1984, 72: 749-766
[395]石盛莉, 潘根兴, 张乐华, 等. 酸沉降影响下庐山森林生态系统水相的分布于动态研究。生态学报,2001, 21(9): 1463-1468
[396]Miller, H.G. & Miller, J.D. Transformations in rainwater chemistry on passing through forested ecosystems, In: Coughtrey, P., Martin, Unworth, M. (Ed), Pollutant Transport and Fate in Ecosystems. Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford, 1987, 171-180
[397]徐仁扣,季国亮.预测土壤和地表水酸化趋势的 MAGIC 模型.土壤学进展 1994,22(5):36-39
[398]Cosby B J. Modeling the effects of acid deposition—Estimation of long-term water quality response in a small forested catchment. Water Resources Research. 1985, 21(11):1591-1601
[399]安俊岭,黄美元.盐基离子沉降量变化的不确定性对酸沉降临界负荷的影响.环境科学学报,2000,增刊(20): 8-11
[2] 张增哲. 流域水文学. 中国林业出版社, 1991, 5-6
[3] 周晓峰. 森林生态系统定位研究极其体系的建立. 森林与环境——中国高级专家研讨文集. 北京:中国林业出版社, 1993, 112-120
[4] 周晓峰等主编. 中国森林生态系统定位研究. 东北大学出版社, 1994, 45-51
[5] 邓世宗等. 广西森林水文及流域治理理论文集. 气象出版社, 1994, 22-24
[6] 马雪华主编. 森林水文学. 中国林业出版社,1993, 20 (6): 54-58
[7] 任雪山. 白桦次生林水量及热量平衡的研究. [东北林业大学硕士学位论文]. 北京:东北林业大学,1989, 33-42
[8] 徐凤翔. 西藏高原森林生态研究. 辽宁大学出版社, 1995, 110-121
[9] 中野秀章著. 森林水文学. 李云森译. 中国林业出版社, 1983, 24-30
[10] 周晓峰主编. 森林生态系统定位研究.沈阳:东北林业大学出版社, 1991, 101-112
[11] 王德连, 雷瑞德, 韩创举. 国内外森林水文研究现状和进展. 西北林学院学报,2004, 19(2): 156-160
[12] 石培礼, 李文华. 森林植被变化对水文过程和径流的影响效应. 自然资源学报, 2001, 16(5): 481-487
[13] 王礼先, 张志强. 森林植被变化的水文生态效应研究进展.世界林业研究, 1998, 11(6): 14-23
[14] 于志民, 王礼先. 水源涵养林效益研究. 北京: 中国林业出版社, 1999, 31-34
[15] Mc Culloch J G, Robinson M. History of forest hydrology. Journal of Hydrology, 1993 150(2): 189-216
[16] Bormann F H, Likens G E. Pattern and processes in a forest 2nd ecosystem. New York: Springer Verlag, 1979, 110-120
[17] 周海滨. 太岳山典型森林水文特征的研究. [北京林业大学硕士学位论文]. 北京:北京林业大学, 2000, 24-31
[18] Jean Paul, Laclau. Nutrient cycling in a clonal stand of eucalyptus and an adjacent savanna ecosystem in Congo. Forest Ecology and Management, 2003, 176(1): 105-109
[19] Putuhena W M, Cordery I. Estimation of interception capacity of the forest floor. Journal of Hydrology, 1996, 180(2): 283-299
[20] Parker, G.G. Throughfall and stemflow in the forest nutrient cycle. Advancs in ecological research, 1983, 13(1): 57-117
[21] 刘世荣, 温远光, 王兵, 等. 中国森林生态系统水文生态功能规律. 北京: 中国林业出版社, 1996, 24-28
[22] Gash J H C. Comparative estimates of interception loss three conifers in Great Britain. Journal of Hydrology, 1980, 48: 89-150
[23] Rutter A J. A predictive model of rainfall interception in forests. I. Derivation of the model from observation in a plantation of Corsican pine. Agr. Met., 1971, 9: 367-384
[24] Teklehaimanot Z. Rainfall intercep tion and boundary conductance in relation to tree spacing, Journal of Hydrology , 1997, 123(2): 261-278
[25] 张建列, 李庆夏. 国外森林水文研究概述. 世界林业研究,1988, 11(4): 41-47
[26] 高人. 辽宁东部山区几种主要森林植被类型水量平衡研究. 水土保持通报, 2002, 22(2): 5-8
[27] 张玲, 王震洪. 云南牟定三种人工林森林水文效应的研究. 水土保持研究, 2001, 8(2): 69-73
[28] 朱劲伟. 小兴安岭红松阔叶林的水文效应. 东北林学院学报, 1982, 12(4): 17-24
[29] 杨海军, 孙立达, 余新晓. 晋西黄土区森林流域水量平衡研究. 水土保持通报, 1994, 14(2): 26-31
[30] 张胜利, 雷瑞德, 吕瑜良, 等. 秦岭火地塘林区森林生态系统水量平衡研究. 水土保持通报, 2000, 20(6): 18-22
[31] 温远光, 刘世荣. 我国主要森林生态类型降水截持规律的数量分析. 林业科学, 1995, 3(4): 289-298
[32] 卢俊培. 海南岛森林水文效应的初步探讨. 热带林业科技, 1982, 8(1): 13-20
[33] 张光灿, 刘霞, 赵玫. 树冠截留降雨模型研究进展及其述评. 南京林业大学学报, 2000, 24(1): 64-68
[34] 周晓峰, 赵惠勋, 孙慧珍. 正确评价森林水文效应. 自然资源学报, 2001, 16(5): 420-426
[35] 李凌浩, 林鹏, 何建源, 等. 森林降水化学研究综述. 水土保持学报, 1994, 8(1): 84-96
[36] Valente, F., David, J.J.M., Gash, J.H.C. Modeling interception loss for two sparse eucalypt and pine forests in central Portugal using reformulated Rutter and Gash analytical models. Journal of Hydrology 1997, 190(1), 141-162
[37] 田大伦, 项文化. 杉木林地土壤水分动态规律的研究. 见:刘煊章. 森林生 态系统定位研究. 北京: 中国林业出版社,1993, 209-215
[38] 张志强, 余新晓, 赵玉涛, 等. 森林对水文过程影响研究进展. 应用生态学报, 2003, 14 (1): 113-116
[39] 黄礼隆. 试论四川西部高山原始林的水源涵养效能. 全国森林水文学学术讨论会文集. 北京: 测绘出版社, 1989,119-125
[40] Tietema A. A bio tic factors regulating nitrogen transformations in the organic layer of acid forest soils: moisture and pH. Plant Soil, 1992, 147(1): 69-78
[41] Dunne T. Field studies of hill-slope flow processes. In: Kirkby (editor). Hill-slope hydrology. John Wiley & Sons, 1978, 227-294
[42] Kelliher F M. Evaporation and canopy characteristics of coniferous forests and grasslands. Oecologia, 1989, 95(1): 153-163
[43] Viville D. Intercep tion on a mountainous declining spruce stand in the Streng bach catchment (Voges, France). Journal of Hydrology, 1993, 144(2): 273-282
[44] 马雪华. 森林水文学. 北京: 中国林业出版社, 1992, 101-112
[45] 朱劲伟, 崔启武, 史继德. 红松林和采伐迹地的水量平衡.生态学报, 1982, 2(4): 335-343
[46] SwankWT, Crossley DA. Fo rest hydro logy and eco logy at Coweeta. Ecological studies 66. New York: Springer-verlag, 1988, 469-480
[47] 马雪华. 四川米亚罗地区高山冷杉林水文作用的研究. 林业科学, 1987, 23(3): 253-265
[48] Liebscher H. Results of research on some experimental basins in the Upper Harz Mountains. IAHS Publ., 1972, 150-162
[49] Brechtel H M, Fuhrer H W. Importance of forest hydro logical’ benchmark catchment’ in connection with the forest decline problem in Europe. Agr. For. Meter., 1994 (72): 89-89
[50] 马雪华. 森林与水质. 北京: 测绘出版社, 1989, 31-35
[51] 许静仪. 人类活动对径流的影响. 工程水文及水利计算, 1981, 5(13): 20-23
[52] 马雪华. 岷江上游森林采伐对河流流量和泥沙悬移物质的影响. 自然资源, 1981, 7(3): 29-33
[53] 张志强, 王礼先, 余新晓, 等. 森林植被影响径流形成机制研究进展.自然资源学报, 2001, 16(1): 71-78
[54] Mitchell D J. The use of vegetation and land use parameters in modelling catchment sediment yield. In: Thornes JB. Vegetation and erosion. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1990, 289-316
[55] Dawes W R. Evaluation of a distributed parameter eco-hydrological model (TOPOG2IRM) on a small cropping rotation catchment, Journal of Hydrology, 1997, 191(1): 64-86
[56] Becker A and Braun P. Disaggregation, aggregation and spatial scaling in hydrological modeling. Journal of Hydrology, 1999, 217(2): 239-252
[57] Bloeschl G, Grayson RB, and Sivapalan M. On the representative elementary area (REA)concept and its utility for distributed rainfall runoff modelling. Hydrological Processes, 1995, 9(2): 251-290
[58] Whelan MJ and Anderson JM. Modelling spatial patterns of throughfall and interception loss in a Norway spruce (Picea abies) plantation at the plot scale. Journal of Hydrology, 1996, 186(2): 335-354
[59] Beldring S. Kinematic wave approximations to hillslope hydrological processes in tills. Hydrological Processes, 2000, 14(5): 727-745
[60] Buttle JM, Creed IF and Pomeroy JW. Advances in Canadian forest hydrology: 1995～1998. Hydrological Processes, 2000, 14(9): 1551-1578
[61] Herdrayanto JB. Scaling hydraulic properties of forest soils. Hydrological Processes, 2000, 14(3): 521-538
[62] 唐臻. 锐齿乐林林冠截留与大气降水的关系. 西北林学院学报, 1992,15(4): 8-13
[63] 马雪华. 亚热带杉木、马尾松人工林水文功能的研究. 林业科学, 1993,13(3):199-206
[64] 张志强, 王礼先. 余新晓. 李亚光, 等. 渗透坡面林地地表径流运动的有效糙率研究. 林业科学, 2000, 36 (5): 22-27
[65] Beven KJ and Kirkby MJ. A physically based variable contributing area model of basin hydrology. Hydrol. Sci. Bull., 1979, 24 (1): 43-69
[66] Davis SH. The sensitivity of a catchment model to soil hydraulic properties obtained by using different measurement techniques. Hydrological Processes, 1999, 13(4): 677-688
[67] Heuvelman WJ. Spatial variability of water fluxes in soil: A field study. Soil Sci Soc Am J, 1997, 61:1037-1041
[68] Wallach R, Grigorin G, and Rivlin J. The errors in surface runoff prediction by neglecting the relationship between infiltration rate and overland flow depth. J Hydrol, 1997, 200(2): 243-259
[69] Chen XX. Theory and application of water shed hydrologic model: TOPMODEL. Quart J Exp For Nat Taiwan Univ, 1996, 10(3): 91-100
[70] Dunne T, Zhang W and Aubry B. Effects of rainfall, vegetation, and microtopography on infiltration and runoff. Water Resour. Res., 1991, 27(9): 2271-2285
[71] Zhang L, Dawes WR, et al. Estimation of soil moisture and groundwater recharge using the TOPOG-IRM model. Water Resour. Res., 1999, 35 (1): 149-161
[72] Cuenca RH. Soil water balance in a boreal forest. J. Geophy. Res., 1997, 102(D24): 355-368
[73] Bruneau P, Gascuel-Odoux C, Robin P, et al . The sensitivity to space and time resolution of a hydrological model using digital elevation data. Hydrological Processes, 1995, 9(1): 69-81
[74] Zhang W and Montgomery DR. Digital elevation model grid size, landscape representation and hydrologic simulations. Water Resour. Res., 1994, 30(9): 1019-1028
[75] Gyasi-Agyei Y, Willgoose G and de Troch FP. Effects of vertical resolution and map scale of digital elevation models on geomorphological parameters used in hydrology. Hydrological Processes, 1995, 9(3):363-382
[76] Thieken AH, Andreas L, Bernd D, et al. Scaling input data by GIS for hydrological modelling. Hydrological Processes, 1999, 13(4): 611-630
[77] Clark MJ. Putting water in its place: a perspective on GIS in hydrology and water management. Hydrological Processes, 1998, 12(7): 823-834
[78] 王景升. 西藏冷杉原始森林水文效应研究. [东北林业大学硕士学位论文], 沈阳: 东北林业大学, 2002,45-52
[79] 刘煊章主编. 森林生态系统定位研究. 北京:中国林业出版社,1993, 12-37
[80] 刘世荣等主编. 中国森林生态系统水文生态功能规律研究. 北京:中国森林出版社, 1996, 45-57
[81] 郑维烈. 西藏色季拉山野生花卉资源初步研究. 西藏高原森林生态研究. 沈阳:辽宁大学出版社, 1995, 112-118
[82] 徐凤翔. 西藏色季拉山森林植被类型、生态环境及经营措施研究的综合报告. 沈阳:辽宁大学出版社, 1995, 78-85
[83] Kelliher, F.M., Whitehead, D., McAneney, K.J., and Judd, M,J.: Partitioning evaporanspiration into understory components in two young Pinus radiato D.Don stands. Agricultural Forest Meteorology, 1990, 50(1): 211-227.
[84] 王义弘. 李俊清等. 森林生态学实验实习方法. 东北林业大学出版社,1990, 24-32
[85] 中国林学会森林水文与流域治理专业委员会. 全国森林水文学术研讨会文集. 北京: 测绘出版社, 1989, 12-24
[86] 周国逸著. 生态系统水热原理及应用. 北京: 气象出版社, 1997, 25-34
[87] 曹艳杰, 李庆夏,蔡体久. 松花江流域森林对河川径流的影响. 森林生态系统定位研究(第一集), 1991, 396-404
[88] 刘春秦.气候变化对我国水文资源的可能影响. 水科学进展. 1997, 8(4): 366-369
[89] 雷志栋, 杨诗秀, 谢森传. 土壤水动力学. 北京:清华大学出版社,1988, 38-42
[90] 王晓春. 长白山岳桦种群格局与动态-界面生态学中森林过度带的研究. [东北林业大学硕士学位论文]. 沈阳: 东北林业大学, 2000, 24-29
[91] 戴军虎. 太行山、五台山高山邻线与气候的关系. [北京大学博士学位论文]. 北京: 北京大学. 1999, 12-35
[92] 刘文耀. 滇中不同群落结构云南松林的水文作用. 北京林业大学学报,1992, 11(2):38~45
[93] 刘玉洪.哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林降水截留量分析. 云南林业科技, 1990, 9(3): 1-5
[94] 卢俊培.热带森林水文研究雏议. 热带林业科技, 1987, 9(72): 1-8
[95] 王彦辉. 江西省大岗山毛竹林水文效应研究. 林业科学研究, 1993, 9(4) : 373-378
[96] 温远光.里骆森林涵养水源功能的初步分析. 林业科技通讯, 1988, 10(5): 19-22
[97] 肖金喜.天童国家森林公园常绿阔叶林水文作用的初步研究. 山西师大学报(自然科学版), 1993, (增刊): 84-89
[98] 徐孝庆.森林综合效益计量评价.北京:中国林业出版社,1992, 15-20
[99] 阎顺国.桥山林区油松林水浑涵养功能的探讨. 水土保持学报,1989, 7(2): 21-23
[100]杨茂生.秦岭辛家山林区锐齿栋林水源涵养功能的若干特点. 西北林学院学报,1991 (1) : 1-7
[101]马良清.重庆地区森林水文作用的初步研究.北京林业大学学报,1998, 20(6): 54~58
[102]史玉虎, 袁克侃.鄂西三峡库区森林变化对河川径流的影响.北京林业大学学报,1998, 20(6): 26-30
[103]向成华, 蒋俊明. 平通河流域的森林水文效应. 南京林业大学学报,1999, 23(3): 37-40
[104]沈大军, 刘吕明.水文水资源系统对气候变化的影响.地理研究,1998, 17(4): 434~443
[105]张显峰, 崔伟宏. 运用 RS、OPS 和 GIS 技术进行大比例尺土地利用动态监测的实脸研究. 地理科学进展,1999, 18(2): 137-146
[106]蔡克疆.我国水文科学新进展及其展望. 水文, 1998, 18(5): 1-5
[107]阎国年.流域地形自动分割研究. 遥感学报, 1994, 2 (4): 297-304
[108]任立良. 刘新仁.数字高程模型在流城水系统拓扑结构计算中的应用.水科学进展, 1999, 10(2): 129-134
[109]张建云.何慧.应用地理信息进行无资料地区流域水文模拟研究.水科学进展,1998, 9(4): 129-134
[110]周红妹.地理信息系统在 NOAA 卫星遥感动态监测中的应用. 应用气象学报, 1999, 10(3):345-340
[111]Vogt R. Jaegerl. Reprobation from a pine forest using the aerodynamic method. Agriculture and Forest Meteorology, 1990, 50(1): 39-54
[112]Kita T. A climatological interpretation of Japanese vegetation zones. Proc., Intern Excursion and Symptom vegetation,1957, 105(4): 367-368
[113]Richard Lee. Forest Hydrology. Columbia Universty Press.USA.1980, 349-354
[114]莫天麟,顾庆超,赵亢生. 酸雨判别基准值探讨. 环境科学学报, 1998, 8(1): 32-38
[115]张光华,赵殿五.酸雨.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1988, 32-36
[116]刘菊秀.酸沉降背景下鼎湖山森林水和土城化学特征.[中国科学院硕士学位论文]北京:中国科学院研究生院. 2001, 28-32
[117]Cowling E B.Acid precipitation in historical perspective.Environmental Science and Tecchology, 1982, 16(2): 110-123
[118]Kupchella C E,Hyland M C.Environmental science.Boston:Allyn and Bacon, Inc.,1986, 589-601
[119]Wood,S J.英国空气污染的环境后果.生态学报,1990, 10(1): 13-23
[120]刘连贵,曹洪法,熊严军.酸雨和 SO2 复合污染对几种农作物的影响.环境科学,1996, 17(2): 16-19
[121]Cogbill C V,Likens G E.Acid precipitation in the northeastern United States. Water Resource Research, 1974, 10(6): 1133-1137
[122]陶福禄,冯宗炜.生态系统的酸沉降临界负荷及其研究进展.中国环境科学,1999,19(2): 123-126
[123]Kato N. Analysis of structure of energy consumption and dynamics of emission of atmospheric species related to the global environmental change (SO2, NOx, and CO2) in Asia. Atmospheric Environment, 1996, 30(4): 757-785
[124]Lee Yin-nan,Shen Ji,Paul J.Chemical composition of precipitation at Long Island, N.Y..Water Air and Soil Pollution,1986, 30(1): 143-152
[125]Dunn S M. and Ferrier R C. Natural flow in managed catchments: a case study of a modelling approach. Water Research, 1999, 33(4): 621 -630
[126]Linzon S N. Activities and results of the terrestrial effects program: Acid Precipitation in Ontario Study (APIOS). Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 1986, 31(1): 295-305
[127]齐文启, 席俊清, 汪志国, 等. 酸雨研究的现状和发展趋势. 中国环境监测, 2002, 18(1): 6-11
[128]谭燕宏.中国酸沉降现状. 辽宁师专学报, 2004, 6(1): 95-98
[129]邓仕贤,陈楚莹,张家斌.树冠及叶凋落物对模拟酸雨缓冲能力的初探. 环境科学,1992,13(3):10-17
[130]沈菁,黄建.酸性降水研究.四川环境, 1996, 15(2): 18-20
[131]刘厚田. 重庆南山马尾松衰亡与土壤铝活化的关系, 环境科学学报, 1992, 2(3): 297-305
[132]Morrison, I. K.; Foster, N. W.; Nicolson, J. A. Influence of acid deposition on element cycling in mature sugar Maple Forest, Algoma, Canada. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 1992, 84(1): 243-252
[133]王自发,黄美元,高会旺,等.关于我国和东亚酸性物质的输送研究—Ⅱ . 硫化物浓度空间分布特征及季节变化. 大气科学, 1998, 22(5):693-700
[134]Lee B. K., Hong S. H., Lee D. S. Chemical composition of precipitation and wetdeposition of major ions on the Korean peninsula. Atmospheric Environment, 2000, 34(4): 563- 575
[135]曹洪法,王玮,高映新,等.森林冠层对酸雨的反应及其影响.中国环境科学, 1989, 9(2): 81-85
[136]佐久间敏雄.干性沉降的测定-苗木洗净法.日本土壤肥料学会志,1994, 65(2): 378-384
[137]程伯容,许广山,高世东.森林林冠对酸性降水化学成分的影响.中国环境科学,1989, 9(2): 155-157
[138]Hanson P. J, Lindberg S E. Dry deposition and plant assimilation of gases and particles. Atmospheric Environment. 1991, 16(7): 889-910
[139]赵殿五,张晓山,熊际翎,等. 小集水区酸化过程观测研究. 环境化学, 1999, 18(1): 16-20
[140]Feng Zongwei, Huang Yizong, Feng Yanwen et al. Chemical composition of precipitation in Beijing area, Northern China. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 2001, 128(1): 197-205
[141]刘秀菊,温达志,周国逸.广东鹤山酸雨地区针叶林与阔叶林降水化学特征.中国环境科学, 2000, 20(3): 198-202
[142]高映新, 舒俭民, 刘连贵,等. 酸沉降-森林冠层反应模型. 环境科学学报,1992, 12(3): 316-323
[143]仇荣亮,于锡军.陆地生态系统酸沉降缓冲机制与缓冲能力.中山大学学报(自然科学报), 1998, 37(增刊): 157-161
[144]陶福禄,冯宗炜。植物对酸沉降的净化缓冲作用研究综述.农村生态环境, 1999, 15(2): 46-49
[145]许梅德。酸雨对陆生植物影响的探讨.农业环境保护, 1995, 14(4): 185-186
[146]Galloway J.N. Acid deposition: perspectives in time and space. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 1995, 85(1): 15-24
[147]黄继山,温文保,万来珍。湖南森林系统对酸沉降敏感性的初探.湖南林业科技,2001,28(2):59-61
[148]Foster N W. Acidic Deposition: What is Fact, What is Speculution, What is Needed .? Water Air, and Soil Pollution,1989, 48(2): 299-306
[149]Agneta Oskarsson,Gunnar Nordberg,Mats Block, et al.土壤和水酸化对于健康的危害:瑞典的研究项目.Ambio, 1996, 25(8): 526-530
[150]Brit Lisa Skjelkvale,Richard F. Wright.山地湖泊对酸沉降和全球气候变化的敏感性.Ambio,1998, 27(4): 280-285
[151]王代长,蒋新.模拟酸雨对不同土层酸度和 K'淋失规律的影响.环境科学,2003,24(2):30-34
[152]王连峰,潘根兴.酸沉降影响下庐山森林土壤溶液铝形态分异.南京农业大学学报,2000,23(3):45-48
[153]戎秋涛.模拟酸雨对浙东北红壤中盐基离子和铝的淋失影响研究.环境科学学报,1997,17(1):32-37
[154]庞叔薇. 酸性降水对土壤酸化及铝溶出的影响. 环境化学, 1987, 6(1): 41-45
[155]俞元春, 丁爱芳. 模拟酸雨对酸性上壤铝溶出及其形态转化的影响.土壤与环境,2001, 10(2): 87-90
[156]廖柏寒,蒋青.模拟酸沉降条柞下南方森林土壤铝的释放与活化研究.湖南农业大学学报(目然科学版), 2000, 26(5): 347-351
[157]Maaike C C Degraaf et al. Aluminium toxicity and tolerance in three heathland species. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 1997, 98(2):229-239
[158]Babe. M,Okazaki, M. and Hashitani, T. Effects of Acidic Deposition on Forested Andisols in the Tama Hill Region of Japan. Environmental Pollutin, 1995, 89(1):97-106
[159]Li C S, Bockheim J G. et al. Potential for Buffering of Acidic Precipitation by Mineral weathering in a Forested Entisol. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 1998, 52(8):1148-1154
[160]Louzao M J,Leiros M C et al. Study of buffering Systems in Soils from Galicia, N.W.Spain. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 1990, 49(1): 17-33
[161]Ulrich B. Nutrient and Acid-Base Budget of Central European Forest Ecosystems,in Godgold, D. L. and Hutterman, A. (eds), Effects of Acid Rain on Forest Processes, Wiley-Liss, 1994, 4l-50
[162]Bache B W,In: Hutchinson Tc et al,eds. Effects of acid precipitation on terrestrial ecosystems,New York: Plenum Press,1980, 183-206
[163]MERINO A., MACIAS F. and GARCIA-RODEJA E.. Element fluxes and buffer reactions in acidified soils from a humid-temperate region of southern Europe. Water, Air, and Soil Pollut ion, 2000, 120(1-3): 217-228
[164]Lau W M,. The determination of soil sensitivity to acid deposition. Water,Air and soil Pollution, 1985, 25(3): 451-464
[165]Kuylenstierna J C, Cambridge H, Cinderby S, et al. Terrestrial ecosystem sensitivity to acidic deposition in developing countries. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 1995, 85(4): 2319-2324
[166]Christ M, Zhang Y, Likens G E, et al. Nitrogen retention capacity of a northern hardwood forest soil under ammonium sulfate additions. Ecological Application, 1995, 5(4): 802-812
[167]谢绍东,郝吉明.中国酸沉降临界负荷区划,环境科学,1998,19(1):13-17
[168]Svein Solberg, Kjell Andreassen, Nicholas Clarke, et al. The possible influence of nitrogen and acid deposition on forest growth in Norway. Forest Ecology and Management, 2004., 192(2): 241-249
[169]廖柏寒,蒋青.模拟酸沉降下南方两种森林土壤对 SO42-及 NO3-的吸附.湖南农业大学学报,2000,26(3):200-204
[170]Calanni J , Berg E , Wood M , et al. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition at a conifer forest: response of free amino acids in Engelmann spruce needles. Environmental Pollution, 1999, 105(1): 79-89
[171]Makarov M I, Kiseleva V V. Acidification and nutrient imbalance in forest soils subjected to nitrogen deposition. Water Air and Soil Pollution,1995, 85(3): 1137-1142
[172]Singer A , Ganor E , Fried M. et al. Throughfall deposition of sulfur to a mixed oak and pine forest in Israel. Atmospheric Environment, 1996, 30(22): 3881-3889
[173]Huntington T G,Hooper R P,Johnson C E,et al. Calcium depletion in a southeastern United States forest ecosystem. Soil Sci . Soc .Amer . J., 2000, 64(11):1845-1858
[174]方运霆,莫江明,周国逸,等.森林土壤氮素转换及其对氮沉降的响应.生态学报,2004, 24(7): 1523-1531
[175]谢绍东,郝吉明,周中平.柳州地区酸沉降临界负荷的确定.环境科学,1996, 17(5): 1-4
[176]Gonzáalez-Arias A., Amezaga I., A. Echeandía and Onaindia M. Buffering capacity through cation leaching of Pinus radiata D. Don canopy. Plant Ecology, 2000,149(1), 23-42
[177]Lindberg S E, Bredemeier M, Schaefer D A, et al. Atmospheric concentrations and deposition of nitrogen and major ions in conifer forests in the United States and Federal Republic of Germany. Atmospheric Environment, 1990, 24(24): 2207-2220
[178]Gay D W, Murph C E. Final report: The deposition of SO2 on forest. EPIRI Project P. R. 1813.2. Electric PowerResearch Institute. Palo Alto. Califonia, 1985, 33-64
[179]Hajime Akimoto, Hirohito Narita. Distribution of SO2, NOx and CO2 emissions from fuel combustion and industrial activities in ASIA with 1°×1° resolution. Atmosphere Environment, 1994, 28(2): 213-225
[180]周国逸,闫俊华.鼎湖区域大气降水特征和物质元素输入对森林生态系统存在和发育的影响.生态学报, 2001, 21(12): 2002~2012
[181]高吉喜.土壤中铝对马尾松影响的试验研究.林业科学, 1991, 27(6): 649-657
[182]朱晓帆,卢红,金燕.峨眉山冷杉衰亡与土壤铝活化的关系研究.环境科学,1997,(3):25-28
[183]Shindo J. Evaluation of Estim ation Methods and Base Data Uncertainties for CriticalLoads of Acid Deposition in Japan. Water,Air and Soil Pollution,1995,85(4):2571-2576
[184]况琪军,李建秋.不同类型土壤对 SO42-吸附特性的研究.环境科学, 1995, 16(4):13-15
[185]王文兴,王玮,张婉华,等.我国 SO2 和 NOx 排放强度地理分布和历史趋势.中国环境科学, 1996, 16(3): 161-166
[186]赵殿五,张晓山,熊际翎.应用 MAGIC 模式确定酸沉降临界负荷.中国环境科学, 1992, 12(2): 93-97
[187]王文兴,张婉华,石泉,等.影响我国降水酸性因素的研究.中国环境科学,1993, 13(6): 401-407
[188]李祚泳.我国部分城市降水中离子浓度与 pH 值的关系研究.环境科学学报,1999, 19(3): 303-306
[189]Hans M.Selp,Per Aagaard,Valter Angell, et al.中国的酸化问题—一项基于重庆—广州森林监测点研究结果的评估.Ambio, 1999, 28(6): 524-530
[190]冯宗炜.中国酸雨的生态影响和防治对策.云南环境科学, 2000, 19(增刊): 1-6
[191]宋国菡,史衍玺.酸雨对环境的影响及防治对策.农业环境保护, 1998, 17(3): 141-143
[192]毛文永,文剑平.全球环境问题与对策.北京: 中国科学技术出版社. 1993, 12-25
[193]刘嘉祺.降水背景值与酸雨定义中国酸雨研究.北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 1997, 110-128
[194]Gash, J.H.C.: An analytical model of rainfall interception in forest, Q.J.R.. Meteorol. Soc., 1979, 105: 43-55
[195]Dolman, A.J.: Evaporation from an oak forest. [Disertaation], University of Groningen, the Netherlands, 1988,18-24
[196]H?rmann, G., Branding, A., Clemen, T., et al. Calculation and simulating of wind controlled canopy interception of a beech forest in Northern Germany. Agricultural Forest Meteorology, 1996, 79(1): 131-148
[197]Acreman M.C., Harding R.J., Lloyd C.R., et al. Evaporation characteristics of wetlands: experience from a wet grassland and a reedbed using eddy correlation measurements. Hydrol. Earth System Sci., 2003, 7(1): 11-21
[198]Lloyd, G.R., Gash, J.H.C., Shuttleworth, W.J., et al. The measurement and modeling of rainfall interception by Amazonian rain forest. Agricultural Forest Meteorology, 1988, 43(2): 277-294
[199]Mahendrappa, M.K. Partitioning of rain water and chemicals into throughfall and stemflow in different forest stands. Forest Ecology and Management, 1990, 30(1): 65-72
[200]Tobón, M., Bouten, C.W., and Serink, J. Gross rainfall and its portioning into throughfall, stemflow and evaporation of intercepted water in four forest ecosystems in western Amazionia. Journal of Hydrology, 2000, 237(1): 40-57
[201]Wright, R.F., Cosby, B.J., Flaten, M.B., and Reuss, J.O.: Evaluation of an acidification model with data from manipulated catchments in Norway. Nature, 1990, 343(1): 53-55
[202]Zeng, G.M., Zhang, G., Huang, G.H., et al. Exchange of Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+ and the uptake of H+, NH4+ for the canopies in the subtropical forest influenced by the acid rain in Shaoshan forest located in central south China. Plant Sci., 2005, 168(1): 259-266
[203]Whitehead, D. and Kelliher, F.M. A canopy water balance model for a Pinus adiata stand before and after thinning. Agricultural Forest Meteorology, 1991, 55(1): 109-123
[204]Thimonier, A. Measuring of atmospheric deposition under forest canopies: some recommendations for equipment and sampling design, Environ. Monitor. Assess., 1998, 52(2): 353-387
[205]Calder, L.R.: Evaporation in the uplands. New York: Wiley, 1990, 29-39
[206]Lankreijer, H., Lundberg, A., Grelle, A., et al. Evaporation and storage of interception rain analyzed by comparing two models applied to a boreal forest. Agricultural Forest Meteorology, 1999, 98-99(4): 595-604
[207]Rutter, A.J., Morton, A.J., and Robins, P.C. A predictive model of rainfall interception in forests. II. Generalization of the model and comparison with observations in some coniferous and hardwood stands. J. Appl. Ecol., 1975, 12(2): 367-384
[208]Leyton, L., Reynolds, E.R.C., and Thompson, F.B.: Rainfall interception in forests and moorland. In: W.E. Sopper and H.W. Lull (Ed.) Forest Hydrology, Oxford: Pergamon, 1967, 101-112
[209]Hutjes, R.W.A., Wierda, A., and Veen, A.W.L.: Rainfall interception in the Tai forest, Ivory coast, Application of two simulation models to a humid tropical system. Journal of Hydrology, 1990, 114(2): 259-275
[210]Dykes, A.P.: Rainfall interception from a lowland tropical rainforest in Brunei. Journal of Hydrology, 1997, 200(2): 260-279
[211]Aboal, J.R., Jiménez, M.S., Morales, D., Hernndez, J.M. Rainfall interception in laurel forest in the Canary Islands. Agricultural Forest Meteorology, 1999, 97(1): 73-86
[212]Jackson, N.A.: Measured and modelled rainfall interception loss from an agroforesry system in Kenya. Agricultural Forest Meteorology, 2000, 100(2): 323-336
[213]Price, A.G. and Carlyle-Moses, D.E. Measurement and modeling of growing-season canopy water fluxes in a mature mixed deciduous forest stand, south Ontario, Canada. Agricultural Forest Meteorology, 2003, 119(1): 69-85
[214]Gash, J.H.C., Lloyd, C.R. and Lachaud, G.: Estimating sparse forest rainfall interception with an analytical model. Journal of Hydrology, 1995, 170(1): 79-86
[215]Lankreijer, H., Hendriks, M.J. and Klaassen, W.: A comparison of models simulatingrainfall interception of forests. Agricultural Forest Meteorology, 1993, 64(1): 187-199
[216]Teklehaimonot Z., Jarvis, P.G. Modelling of rainfall interception loss on agroforestry systems. Agric. Sys., 1991, 14(1): 65-80
[217]Zhang, G, Zeng, G.M., Jiang, Y.M., et al. Effects of weak acids on canopy leaching and uptake processes in a coniferous-deciduous mixed evergreen forest in central-south China. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2006, 172(1-3): 39-55
[218]Carlyle-Moses, D.E., and Price, A.G. An evaluation of the Gas interception model in a northern hardwood stand, Journal of Hydrology, 1999, 214(1): 103-110
[219]Gash, JH.C., Valente, F., and David, J.S. Esitmates and measurements of evaporation from wet, sparse pine forest in Portugal. Agricultural Forest Meteorology, 1999,94(1): 149-158
[220]Carlyle-Moses D.E.: A reply to R. Keim’s comment on “Measurement and modeling of growing-season canopy water fluxes in a mature mixed deciduous forest stand, southern Ontario, Canada”. Agric. Forest Meteorol., 2004, 124(2): 281-284
[221]Schellekens, J., Scatena, F.N., Bruijnzeel, L.A., et al. Modelling rainfall interception by a lowland tropical rain forest in northeastern Puerto Rico. Journal of Hydrology, 1999, 225(2): 168-184
[222]Jetten, V.G. Interception of tropical forest: performance of a canopy water balance model. Hydrological Processes, 1996, 10(5): 671-685
[223]Calder, I.R. and Hall R. L. Comment on ‘‘Interception of tropical rain forest: Performance of a canopy water balance model’’ by Jetten V. G., Hydrological Processes, 1997, 11(2): 225–226
[224]Barbour, M.M., Hunt, J.E., Walcroft, A.S., et al. Components of ecosystem evaporation in a temperate coniferous rainforest, with canopy transpiration scaled using sapwood density. New Phytol., 2005, 165(3): 549-558
[225]Rowe, L.K. Rainfall interception by an evergreen beech forest Nelson, New Zealand. Journal of Hydrology, 1983, 66(1): 143-158
[226]Cui, J.B., Li, C.S., and Carl, T. Analyzing the ecosystem carbon and hydrologic characteristics of forested wetland using a biogeochemical process model, Global Change Biology, 2005, 11(2): 278-289
[227]Van Dijk A.I.J.M., and Bruijnzeel, L.A. Modelling rainfall interception by vegetation of variable density using an adapted analytical model. Part Ⅰ. Model description. Journal of Hydrology, 2001, 247(2): 230-238
[228]Van Dijk A.I.J.M., and Bruijnzeel, L.A. Modelling rainfall interception by vegetation of variable density using an adapted analytical model. Part Ⅱ. Model validation for a tropicalupland mixed cropping system. Journal of Hydrology, 2001, 247(2):239-262
[229]Gash, J.H.C., and Morton, A.J. An application of the Rutter model to the estimation of the interception loss from Thetford forest. Journal of Hydrology, 1978, 38(1): 49-58
[230]Gash, J.H.C., Wright, I.R., Lloyd, C.R. Comparative estimates of interception loss from three coniferous forests in Great Britain, Journal of Hydrology, 1980, 48(1): 89-105
[231]Pearce, A.J., and Rowe, I.K.: Rainfall interception in a multistoried evergreen mixed forest: estimates using Gash’s analytical model. Journal of Hydrology, 1981, 49(2): 341-353
[232]Paulson, CA, The mathematical representation of wind speed and temperature profiles in the unstable atmospheric surface layer. J. Appl. Meteor., 1970, 9, 857-861
[233]Choudhury, BJ, Monteith, JL A four-layer model for the heat budget of homogeneous land surfaces. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc.,1988,114:373-398
[234]Shaw RH and Perira A R. Aerodynamic roughness of a plant canopy: a numerical experiment. Agricultural Meteorology, 1982, 26:51-65
[235]Monteith, J. L. Evaporation and Environment-Symp. Soc. Expl. Biol. 1965, 19(2), 205-234
[236]Monteith JL, Unsworth M H. Principles of Environmental Physics. London: Edward Arnold, 1990, 291-298
[237]Návar, J. and Bryan, R.B. Fitting the analytical model of rainfall interception of Gash to individual shrubs of semi-arid vegetation in northern Mexico. Agricultural Forest Meteorology, 1994, 68(1): 133-143
[238]Klaassen, W., Boseveld, F., De Water, E. Water storage and evaporation as constituents of rainfall interception. Journal of Hydrology, 1998, 212-213(1): 36-50
[239]Robin, L.H. Interception loss as a function of rainfall and forest types: stochastic modeling for tropical canopies revisited. Journal of Hydrology, 2003, 280(1): 1-12
[240]Keim R.F.: Comment on “Measuremnt and modeling of growing-season canopy water fluxes in a mature mixed deciduous forest stand, southern Ontario, Canada” by Price A.G. and Carlye-Moses D.E., Agric. Forest Meteorol., 2004, 124(2): 277-279
[241]Calder, L.R. Dependence of rainfall interception on drop size. 1. Development of the two-layer stochastic model. Journal of Hydrology, 1996, 185(2): 363-378
[242]Link, T.E., Unsworth, M., and Marks, D. The dynamics of rainfall interception by a seasonal temperate rainforest. Agricultural Forest Meteorology, 2004, 124(1): 171-191
[243]Lousteau, D., Berbigier, P., and Granier, A. Interception loss, throughfall and stemflow in a maritime pine stand. II. An application of Gash’s analytical model of interception. Journal of Hydrology 1992, 138(2): 469-485
[244]Vrugt J.C., Dekker S.C. and Bouten W. Identification of rainfall interception model parameters from measurements of throughfall and forest canopy storage. Water Resource Res. 2003, 39: 1251-1259
[245]Leuning, R., Conden, A.G., Dunin, F.X., et al. Rainfall interception and evaporation from soil below a wheat canopy. Agricultural Forest Meteorology, 1994, 67: 221-238
[246]Domingo, F., Sánchez, G., Moro, M.J., Brenner, A.J., and Puigdefábregas, J.: Measurement and modeling of rainfall interception by three semi-arid canopies, Agricultural Forest Meteorology, 1998, 91(2): 275-292
[247]Thurow, T.L., W.H. Blackburn, S.D. Warren, and C.A. Taylor. Rainfall Interception by Midgrass, Shortgrass, and Live Oak Mottes. Journal of Range Management, 1987, 40(5): 455-460
[248]Thimonier, A. Measuring of atmospheric deposition under forest canopies: some recommendations for equipment and sampling design. Environ. Monitor. Assess. 1998, 52: 353-387
[249]Barbour, M.M., Hunt, J.E., Walcroft, A.S., Rogers, G.N.D., Mc Seveny, T.M., Whitehead, D., 2005. Components of ecosystem evaporation in a temperate coniferous rainforest, with canopy transpiration scaled using sapwood density. New Phytologist, 165(2): 549-558
[250]Garratt, J. R. and Francey, R. J. Bulk Characteristics of Heat Transfer in the Unstable,. Baroclinic Atmospheric Boundary Layer. Boundary-LayerMeteorol. 1978, 16, 399-421
[251]Louis, JF. A parametric model of vertical eddy fluxes in the atmosphere. Boundary Layer Meteorology, 1979, 17(2): 187-202
[252]Noilhan, J. Mahfouf, J.-F. The ISBA land surface parameterization scheme. Global and Planetary Change, 1996, 13: 145-159.
[253]Brutsaert W, Stricker H. An advection-aridity approach to estimate actual regional evapotranspiration. Water Resources Research, 1979, 15: 443-449
[254]Monin, AS, and AM Obukhov. Basic laws of turbulent mixing in the atmosphere near the ground. Tr.Geofiz. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1954, 24(151): 163-187
[255]Choudhury, B. J., Schmugge, T. J., Chang, A. T. C.et al. Effect of surface roughness on the microwave emission of soils. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1979, 84:5699-5705
[256]Feddes, R. A., P. J. Kowalik, and H. Zaradny. Simulation of field water use and crop yield. Wageningen: Simulation Monograph. Pudoc., 1978, 12
[257]Rijetma PE, Feddes RA,. Water withdrawal by plant roots. J. Hydrol, 1972, 17(1):33–59.
[258]Allen S. J., Tabatabaie Jr., N., Palmstr?m C. J., et al. ErAs epitaxial layers buried in GaAs: Magnetotransport and spin-disorder scattering. Physics Review Letters, 1989, 62, 2309–2312
[259]Monteith, J.L. Dew, facts and fallacies: Water relations of plants. London: Blackwell, 1963, 24-35
[260]Kellman, M., Roulet, N. Stemflow and throughfall in a tropical dry forest. Earth Surface Processes Landfill, 1990, 15(1): 55–61
[261]Herwitz, S.R. Raindrop impact and water flow on the vegetative surfaces of trees and the effects on stemflow and throughfall generation. Earth Surface Processes Landfill, 1987, 12(3):425–432
[262]Levia Jr. D.F., Frost E.E. A review and evaluation of stemflow literature in the hydrologic and biogeochemical cycles of forested and agricultural ecosystems. Journal of Hydrology, 2003, 208(1): 1-29
[263]Mauchamp, A., Janeau, J.L. Water funnelling by the crown of Flourensia cernua, a Chihuahuan Desert shrub. Journal of Arid Environment, 1993, 25(2): 299–306
[264]Masukata, H., Ando, M., Ogawa, H. Throughfall, stemflow and interception of rainwater in an evergreen broadleaved forest. Ecological Research, 1990, 5(2): 303–316
[265]Tang, C. Interception and recharge processes beneath a Pinus elliotii forest. Hydrological Processes, 1996, 10(11): 1427–1434
[266]王彦辉.2001.酸化森林生态系统对环境变化的响应.北京: 华文出版社,282-285
[267]冯宗炜.中国酸雨对陆地生态系统的影响和防治对策.中国工程科学,2000,2(9):5-11
[268]冯宗炜.酸雨对生态系统的影响-西南地区酸雨研究.北京:中国科学技术出版社,1993,23-29
[269]郑淑颖.二氧化硫污染对植物影响的研究进展.生态科学, 2000,19(1):59-64
[270]Cronan C. S, Reiners W. A. Canopy processing of acidic precipitation by coniferous and hardwood forests in New England. Oecologia, 1983, 59: 216(2)-223
[271]张龚,曾光明,蒋益民,等.湖南韶山大气降水及森林降水离子分布特征.环境科学研究, 2003, 16(3): 14-17
[272]蒋益民,曾光明,张龚,等.森林冠层盐基离子滤出和 H+和 NH4+的冠层吸收.热带亚热带植物学报, 2004, 12(5): 1-6
[273]程新金,黄美元.降水化学特性的一种分类分析方法.气候与环境研究,1998,3(1):82-87
[274]吴国南,生原喜久雄,黄宝龙.酸性沉降环境中森林生态系统的物质循环―树冠穿透水的水质及其形成机理.南京林业大学学报,1996,20(4):7-12
[275]蒋益民,曾光明,张龚,等.湖南韶山森林二维冠层沉降化学.生态学杂志,2004, 23(6):1-5
[276]Martin Ferm,Hans Hulterg. Dry deposition and internal circulation of nitrogen, sulfurand base cations to a coniferious forest. Atmospheric Environment,1999, 33(18): 4421-4430
[277]季劲钧,胡玉春.一个植物冠层物理传输和生理生长过程的多层模式.气候与环境研究,1999,4(2):152-164
[278]Galloway J N,Likens G E. Calibration of collection procedures for the determination of precipitation chemistry. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 1976, 6(2): 241-258
[279]Marchetto H., Mosello. R., Psenner R. Evaluation of the level of acidification and the critical loads for Alpine lakes. Ambio, 1994, 23(3): 150-154
[280]Dexuan Wang, Wei Deng.: Atmospheric SO2 pollution and acidity of rain in Changchun China. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 2001, 131(12): 1631-1634
[281]Johannes, A. H., Chen, Y. L. and Dackson, K. Modeling of throughfall chemistry and indirect measurement of dry deposition. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 1986, 30(2): 211-216
[282]Lindberg, S.E, Lovett, G.M., Richter D.D. and Johnson D.W. Atmospheric deposition and canopy interactions of major ions in a forest. Science, 1986, 231(2): 141-145
[283]Cao, H.F., Wang, W., Gao, Y.X., Shu, J.M., Liu, Y.Y. and Chen, Y.Z. Response of forest canopy to acidic precipitation and its effects. China Environ. Sci. 1989, 9(1): 81-85
[284]Bredemeier, M. Forest canopy transformation of atmospheric deposition. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 1988, 40(1), 122-138
[285]Solange F., Williams, M.R. and Melack, J.M. Composition and deposition of throughfall in a flooded forest archipelago (Negro River, Brazil.). Biogeochemistry, 1999, 45: 169-195
[286]Edmonds, R.L., Thomas, T.B., Rhodes, J.J. Canopy and soil modification of precipitation chemistry in a temperate rain forest. Soil Science Society American Journal, 1991, 55(12): 1685-1693
[287]Draaijers, G.P.J. and Erisman, J.W. A canopy budget model to assess atmospheric deposition from throughfall measurements. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 1995,85(4): 2253-2258
[288]Lovett, G.M., Nolan, S.S., Driscoll, C.T., et al. Factors regulating throughfall flux in a New Hampshire forested landscape. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1996, 26(11): 2134 - 2144
[289]Bruijnzeel, L. A., Waterloo, M. J., Proctor, J., et al. Hydrological observations in montane rain forests on Gunung Silam, Sabah, Malaysia, with special reference to the ‘Massenerhenbung’ effect. Journal of Ecology, 1993, 81(1): 145-167
[290]Zhang, G.ong, Zeng, Guangming, Jiang, Yimin, et al. Modelling and measurement oftwo-layer-canopy interception losses in a subtropical evergreen forest of central-south China. Hydrology and Earth System Science, 2006, 10(1): 65-77
[291]Dehaye, D.H., Schaber, P.G., Hwaler, G.J. and Strimbeck, G.R. Acid rain impacts on calcium nutrition and forest health. Bioscience, 1999, 49(3): 789-800
[292]Hamburg, S. P. and Lin, T. C. Throughfall chemistry of an ecotonal forest on the edge of the Great Plains. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1998, 28(10): 1456-1463
[293]Cheng, B.R., Xu, G.S. and Gao, S.T. Biogeochemical response of forest canopies to acid precipitation. China Environ. Sci., 1989, 9(2):155-157
[294]Ulrich, B. and Pankrath, J. Interactions of forest canopies with atmospheric constituents: SO2, alkali cations and chloride. In: Reidel Publ. Co. (eds) Effects of Accumulation of Air Pollutants in Forest Ecosystems. Netherlands: Dordrecht. 1983, 33-55
[295]Potter, C.S., Ragsdale, H.L., Swank, W.T. Atmospheric deposition and foliar leaching in a regenerating southern Appalachian forest canopy. Journal of Ecology, 1991, 79(1), 97-115
[296]Sayre, R.G. and Fahey, T.J. Effects of rainfall acidity and ozone on foliar leaching in red spruce (Picea rubens). Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1999, 29(2): 487-496
[297]Draaijers, G.P.J, Vanek, R. and Meijers, R. Research on the impact of forest stands structure on atmospheric deposition. Environmental Pollution, 1992, 75(1): 243-249
[298]Lin, T.C., Hamburg, S.P., .King, H.B. and Hsia, Y.J. Throughfall Patterns in a subtropical rain forest of Northeastern Taiwan. Journal of Environment Quality, 2000, 29(9): 1186-1193
[299]Butler, T.J. and Likens, G.E. A direct comparison of throughfall plus stemflow to estimates of dry and total deposition for S and N. Atmos. Environ., 1995, 29: 1253-1565
[300]Watmough, S.A., Dillon, P.J. Base cation and nitrogen budgets for seven forested catchments in central Ontario, 1983-1999. Forest Ecology and Management, 2003, 177(1): 155-177
[301]Mayer, R. and Ulrich B. Conclusions on the filtering action of forest from ecosystem analysis. Oecol. Plant, 1974, 9(1):157-168
[302]Lin, T.C., Hamburg, S.P., Hsia, Y.J. Base cation leaching from the canopy of a subtropical rainforest in northeastern Taiwan. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 2000, 31(9), 1156-1163
[303]Christ, M., Zhang,Y., Likens, G.E. and Driscoll, C.T. Nitrogen retention capacity of a northern hardwood forest soil under ammonium sulfate additions. Ecol. Appl., 1995, 5(5): 802-812
[304]Erisman, J.W., Vermeulen, A., De Vries W., et al. Final report of the project input-outputrelationship for intensive monitoring sites, ECN-C-02-066, the Netherlands. 2002, 113-120
[305]Lovett GM, Lindberg SE. Dry deposition and canopy exchange in a mixed oak forest as determined by analysis of throughfall. J. Appl. Ecol., 1984, 21(8): 1013-1027
[306]Berger TW, Eagar C, Likens GE Stingeder G. Effects of calcium and aluminum chloride additions on foliar and throughfall chemistry in sugar maples. Forest Ecology and Management, 2001, 149(1): 75-90
[307]Fan HB, Hong W, Ma Z, et al. Acidity and chemistry of bulk precipitation, throughfall and stemflow in a Chinese fir plantation in Fujian, China. Forest Ecology and Management, 1999, 122(2): 243-248.
[308]Fan HB, Hong W. Estimation of dry deposition and canopy exchange in Chinese fir plantations. Forest Ecology and Management, 2001, 130(1): 99-107
[309]Lin TC, Hamburg SP, Hsia YJ, King HB, Wang LJ, and Lin KC. Base cation leaching from the canopy of a subtropical rainforest in northeastern Taiwan. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 2001, 31: 1156-1163
[310]Turner DP, Van Broekhuizen HJ. Nutrient leaching form conifer needles in relation to foliar apoplast cation exchange capacity. Environmental Pollution, 1992, 75(2): 259-263
[311]Cappellato R, Peters NE, Ragsdale HL. Acidic atmospheric deposition and canopy interactions of adjacent deciduous and coniferous forests in the Georgia Piedmont. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1993, 23(8): 1114-1124
[312]Cappellato R, Peters NE. Dry deposition and canopy leaching rates in deciduous and coniferous forests of the Georgia Piedmont: an assessment of a regression model. Journal of Hydrology 1995, 69(1): 131-150
[313]Jiang, Y.M., Zeng, G.M., Huang, G.H., et al. Analysis on the representative chemical compositions of urban acid precipitation [Special issue]. Trans. Nonfer. Metal Soc. China, 2004,14(1), 93-97
[314]Likens GE, Driscoll CT, Buso DC, et al. The biogeochemistry of potassium at Hubbard Brook. Biogeochemistry,1994, 25(1): 61-125
[315]Hoffman WA, Lindberg SE, Turnewr RR. Some observations of organic consituents in rain above and below a forest canopy. Environ. Sci. Tech., 1980, 14(6): 999–1002
[316]Lovett GM, Hubbell JG. Effects of ozone and acid mist on foliar leaching from eastern white pine and sugar maple. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1991, 21(5): 794-802
[317]Staelens J, An De Schrijver, Oyarzún C, et al. Comparison of dry deposition and canopy exchange of base cations in temperate hardwood forests in Flanders and Chile. Gayana Bota. 2003, 60(1): 9-16
[318]Balestrini R, Tagliaferri A. Atmospheric deposition and canopy exchange processes in alpine forest ecosystems (Northern Italy). Atmospheric Environment, 2001, 36: 6421 -6433
[319]Piirainen S, Finér L, Starr M. Deposition and leaching of sulphate and base cations in a mixed boreal forest in Eastern Finland. Water Air Soil Pollut., 2002, 131(1): 185-204
[320]Finér L, Kortelainen P, Mattsson T, et al. Sulphate and base cation concentrations and export in streams from unmanaged forested catchments in Finland. Forest Ecology and Management, 2004, 195(1): 115-128
[321]Likens GE, Driscoll CT, Buso DC, et al. The biogeochemistry of sulfur at Hubbard Brook. Biogeochemistry, 2002, 60(2): 235–316
[322]Ignatovaa N, étienne D. Canopy uptake of N deposition in spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) stands. Annals of Forest Science, 2000, 57(1): 113–120
[323]Christ M, Zhang Y, Likens GE. Driscoll CT. Nitrogen retention capacity of a northern hardwood forest soil under ammonium sulfate additions. Ecol. Appl., 1995, 5(5): 802-812
[324]Brumme R, Borken W, Finke S. Hierarchical control on nitrous oxide emission in forest ecosystems. Global Biogeochem. Cycl., 1999, 13(10): 1137-1148
[325]Bulter TJ, Likens GE. A direct comparison of throughfall plus stemflow to estimates of dry and total deposition for S and N. Atmosphere Environment, 1995, 29: 1253-1265
[326]Dehaye DH, Schaber PG, Hwaler GJ, Strimbeck GR. Acid rain impacts on calcium nutrition and forest health. Bioscience, 1999, 49(5): 789-800
[327]Balasubramanian, R., Victor, T. and Chun, N. Chemical and statistical analysis of precipitation in Singapore. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 2001, 130(2): 451-460
[328]Xu YG., Zhou GY, Wu ZM, et al. Chemical composition of precipitation, throughfall and soil solutions at two forested sites in Guangzhou, South China. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 2001, 131(2): 1079-1084
[329]Campo J., Manuel, M.J., Vícotr J.J. et al. Calcium, potassium and magnesium cycling in a Mexican tropical dry forest ecosystem. Biogeochemistry, 2000, 49(1): 21-36
[330]Brown, A.D. and Lund, L.J. Factors controlling throughfall characteristics at a high elevation Sireea Neaveda Site, California. Journal of Environment Quality, 1994, 23:844-850
[331]Lin, T C., Hamburg, P. H. King, B. et al. Spatial variability of throughfall in a subtropical rain forest in Taiwan. Journal of Environment Quality, 1997, 26(1): 172-180
[332]Schaeferm D.A. and Reiners, W.A. Throughfall chemistry and canopy processing mechanisms. In Lindberg, S.E., et al. (eds) Acidic precipitation: Sources, deposition and canopy interactions. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990, 241-284
[333]Lovett GM, Schaeffer DA. Canopy interactions of Ca, Mg and K. In: Johnson DW and Lindberg SE (eds) Atmospheric deposition and forest nutrient cycling. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1992, 253-275
[334]Ulrich B. A concept of forest ecosystem stability and of acid deposition as driving force for destabilization, In: Ulrich B and Pankrath J (eds) Effects of accumulation of air pollutants in forest ecosystems, D. Reidel Publ. Co., Holland: Dordrecht , 1983, 1-29
[335]Baumler R, Zech W. Impact of forest thinning on the throughfall of mountain forest ecosystems in the Bavarian Alps. Forest Ecology and Management, 1997, 95(2): 243-251
[336]Zhang, F.Z., Zhang, J.Y., Zhang, H.G. Chemical composition of precipitation in a forest area of Chongqing, Southwest, China. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 1996,90(3): 407-415
[337]Draaijers, G.P.J, Erisman, J.W., Lee, Uwen N.R.M. Canopy exchange processes at the Spculder forest’, Report NO.722108004, National of Public Health and Environment Protection. The Netherlands: Bilthoven, 1994, 172-235
[338]Draaijers G.P.J., Erisman J.W., Van Leeuwen N.F.M., et al. The impact of canopy exchange on defferences observed between atmospheric deposition and throughfall fluxes, Atmospheric Environment, 1997, 31(2): 387-397
[339]Brown, A.D., Sposito, G. Acid–base chemistry of dissolved organic matter in aqueous leaf extracts: application to organic acids in throughfall. Journal of Environment Quality 1991, 20(6): 839-845
[340]Shibata, H., Kirikae, M., Tanaka, Y., et al. Proton budgets of forest ecosystems on volcano genous regosols in Hokkaido in Northern Japan. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 1998, 105(1): 63-72
[341]Van Ek, R. and Draaijers, G.P.J. Estimation of atmospheric deposition and canopy exchange for three common tree species in the Netherlands. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 1994, 73(1): 61-82
[342]Lovett, G.M., Lindberg, S.E., Richter, D.D. et al. The effects of acidic deposition on cation leaching from three deciduous forest canopies. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1985, 15(8): 1055-1060
[343]Wang, M.C., Liu C.P., Sheu B.H. Characterization of organic matter in rainfall, throughfall, stemflow, and streamwater from three subtropical forest ecosystems. Journal of Hydrology, 2004, 289(2): 275-285
[344]Kreutzer K., Beier C., Bredemeier, M., et al. Atmospheric deposition and soil acidification in five coniferous forest ecosystems: a comparison of the control plots of the EXMAN sites. Forest Ecology and Management, 1998, 101(1): 125-142
[345]Van der Maas, Van Breemen, M.P. and Van Langenvelde, I. Estimation of atmosphericdeposition and canopy exchange in two Douglas fir stands in the Netherlands, Internal publication, Department of soil science and geology, Agriculture University of Wageningen, The Netherlands: Wageningen, 1991, 25-30
[346]Ivens, W.P.M.F. Atmospheric deposition onto forest: an analysis of the deposition variability by means of throughfall measurements: [dissertation], The Netherlands: University of Utretcht,1990, 48-57
[347]Reynolds, B. Estimating the total deposition of base cations from throughfall measurements. Sci. Total Environ., 1996, 180(1), 183-186
[348]Topol, L.E., Lev-On, M., Flanagan, J., et al. Quality assurance manual for precipitation measurement systems, Research Triangle Park, NC, U.S.: Environmental Protection Agency, 1985, 78-95
[349]Matzner, E. Deposition / Canopy Interactions in Two Forest Ecosystems of Northwest Germany in: H.W. Gerogii (ed), Atmospheric pollutants in Forest Areas D. Reidel Pabl. Co.. Holland: Dorrecht, 1986, 247-262
[350]Ukonmaanaho, L., Starr, M. and Ruoho-Airola, T. Trends in sulphate, base cations and H+ concentrations in bulk precipitation and throughfall at integrated monitoring sites in Finland 1989-1995. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 1998, 105(2): 353-363
[351]Wilson, E.J. Foliar uptake and release of inorganic nitrogen compounds in Pinus sylvestris L. and Picea abies Karst. New Phytologist, 1992, 120(2): 407-416
[352]Strengbom, J., Nordin, A., N?sholm, T. et al. Slow recovery of boreal forest ecosystem following decreased nitrogen input. Functional Ecology, 2001, 15(2): 451- 457
[353]Likens, G.E., Driscoll ,C.T. & Buso, D.C. Long term effects of acid rain: response and recovery of a forest ecosystem. Science 1996, 272(1): 244-246
[354]Prescott, C.E. The influence of the forest canopy on nutrients cycling. Tree Physiol., 2002, 22(10), 1193-1200
[355]Boyce, R.L., Friedland, A.J., Page, C.C. et al. Direct canopy uptake from 15N-labeled wet deposition by mature red spruce. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 1996, 26(12):1539-1547
[356]Schmitta, M., Th?nib, L., Waldnera, P., et al. Total deposition of nitrogen on Swiss long-term forest ecosystem research (LWF) plots: comparison of the throughfall and the inferential method. Atmospheric Environment, 2005, 39(8): 1079–1091
[357]Lindberg, S.E., Coe, J.M. and Hoffman, W.A. Dissociation of weak acids during Gran plot free acidity titrations. TellusB, 1984, 36(1): 186-191
[358]Likens, G.E., Driscoll, C.T., Buso, D.C. Long term effects of acid rain: response and recovery of a forest ecosystem. Science, 1996, 272(1): 244-246
[359]Draaijers G.P.J., Erisman J.W., Spranger T., et al. The application of throughfall measurements for atmospheric deposition monitoring. Atmospheric Environment, 1996, 30: 3349-3361
[360]Moreno G., Gallardo J.F., Bussotti, F. Canopy modification of atmospheric deposition in oligotrophic Quercus pyrenaica forests of an unpolluted region (central-western Spain). Forest Ecology and Management, 2001, 149(1): 47-60
[361]Nich A.C., Kawi B. and Wlodek T. Modeling rainfall and canopy controls on net-precipitation beneath selectively-logged tropical forest. Plant Ecology, 2001, 153: 215-229
[362]Puckett LJ. Estimation of ion sources in deciduous and coniferous throughfall. Atmos. Environ. 1990, 24A: 545-555
[363]Xu X.N., Wang Q., Eiji Hirata. Precipitation partitioning and related nutrient fluxes in a subtropical forest in Okinawa, Japan. Annals of. Forest Science, 2005, 62: 245-252
[364]Zhao D.W., Hans M.S. Assessing effects of acid deposition in southwestern China using the MAGIC model. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 1991, 60 (1) 83-97
[365]Miller B.D., Hawkins B.J. Nitrogen uptake and utilization by slow- and fast-growing families of interior spruce under contrasting fertility regimes. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 2003, 33: 959-966
[366]Larssen T., Xiong J., Vogt R.D., Seip H.M, Liao B., Zhao D. Studies of soils, soil water and stream water at a small catchment near Guiyang, China. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 1998, 101: 137-162
[367]Barber S.A. Nutrient uptake by plant roots growing in soil. In: S.A. Barber (Ed). Soil nutrient bioavailability, 2nd edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons, USA, 1994, 85-109
[368]Eilers G., Brumme R., Maztner E. Above-ground N-uptake from wet deposition by Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.). Forest Ecology and Management, 1992,51:239-249
[369]Erisman J.W., Mols H., Fonteijn P., Geusebroek M., Draaijers G., Bleeker A., van der Veen D. Field intercomparison of precipitation measurements performed within the framework of the Pan European Intensive Monitoring Program of EU/ICP Forest. Environmental Pollution, 2003,125(1):139-155
[370]Hansen K. In-canopy throughfall measurements of ion fluxes in Norway spruce. Atmospheric Environment, 1996,30:4065-4076
[371]Eichert T, Burkhardt J. Quantification of stomatal uptake of ionic solutes using a new model system. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2001, 52(6): 771–781
[372]Jagels R, Jiang M, Marden S, et al. Red spruce canopy response to acid fog exposure. Atmospheric Research, 2002,64(1): 169-178
[373]Kirkham FW. Nitrogen uptake and nutrient limitation in six hill moorland species in relation to atmospheric nitrogen deposition in England and Wales. Journal of Ecology, 2001, 89: 1041-1053
[374]Driscoll CT, Whitall D, Aber J, et al. Nitrogen pollution in the northeastern United States: sources, effects, and management options. Bioscience, 2003, 53(2): 357-374
[375]Li GC, Han XG, Huang JH. N mineralization and nitrification in a primary Lithocarpus xylocarpus forest and degraded vegetation in the Ailao Mountain, Yunnan province. Acta Botany Sinica, 2004, 46(1): 194-201
[376]Miller BD, Hawkins BJ. Nitrogen uptake and utilization by slow- and fast-growing families of interior spruce under contrasting fertility regimes. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 2003, 33: 959-966
[377]Svein Solberg, Kjell Andreassen, Nicholas Clarke, et al. The possible influence of nitrogen and acid deposition on forest growth in Norway. Forest Ecology and Management, 2004., 192(2): 241-249
[378]肖辉林.大气氮沉降对森林土壤酸化的影响.林业科学,2001, 37(4): 111-116
[379]Calanni J , Berg E , Wood M , et al. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition at a conifer forest: response of free amino acids in Engelmann spruce needles. Environmental Pollution, 1999, 105(1): 79-89
[380]Makarov M I, Kiseleva V V. Acidification and nutrient imbalance in forest soils subjected to nitrogen deposition. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 1995, 85: 1137-1142
[381]Singer A , Ganor E , Fried M. et al. Throughfall deposition of sulfur to a mixed oak and pine forest in Israel. Atmospheric Environment, 1996, 30(22): 3881-3889
[382]郝吉明,谢绍东,段雷,等.酸沉降临界负荷及其应用.北京:清华大学出版社. 2001, 1-6
[383]Jin L, Shao M, AAS WC, et al. Total deposition of major inorganic ions at non-urban sites in China, 2000-2004 (Part Ⅱ) . Acid Rain 7th International Conference on Acid Deposition, Prague, Czech Republic, 2005, 224
[384]Dise N B, Wright R F, 1995. Nitrogen leaching from European forest in relation to nitrogen deposition. Forest Ecology Management, 1995, 71: 153-161
[385]Drury C E, Voroney R P, Beauchamp E G. Availability of NH4+-N to microorganisms and the soil internal N cycle. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 1991, 23: 165-169
[386]Aber J D, McDowell W, Nadelhoffer K J, et al. Nitrogen saturation in Northern forest ecosystems, hypotheses revisited. Bioscience, 1998, 48: 921-934
[387]Tamm C O. Nitrogen in terrestrial ecosystems: Questions of productivity, vegetation changes, and ecosystem stability. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1991, 217-221
[388]Nakaji T, M Fukami, Y Dokiya, et al. Effects of high nitrogen load on growth photosynthesis and nutrition status of Cryptomeria japonica and pinups snifter. Trees, 2001, 15: 453-461
[389]Binkley D, Hogberg P. Does atmospheric deposition of nitrogen threaten Swesish forests? Forest Ecology Management, 1997, 92(1): 119-152
[390]Schoettle A W. Effects of two years of nitrogen deposition on shoot growth and phonology of Engelmann Spruce seedlings. Journal of Sustainable Forest, 2000, 10(1): 181-189
[391]Francis J, Singer, Kathryn A. Do ungulates accelerate nitrogen cycling? Forest Ecology Management, 2003, 181: 189-204
[392]李德军, 莫江明, 方运霆, 等.氮沉降对森林植物的影响. 生态学报, 2003, 23(9): 1891-1900
[393]Tomaszewski T, Boyce R L, Sievering H. Canopy uptake of atmospheric nitrogen and new growth nitrogen requirement at a Colorado subalpine forest. Canandia Journal of Forest Research, 2003, 11: 2221-2227
[394]Boring L R, Swank W T. The role of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) in forest succession. Journal of Ecology, 1984, 72: 749-766
[395]石盛莉, 潘根兴, 张乐华, 等. 酸沉降影响下庐山森林生态系统水相的分布于动态研究。生态学报,2001, 21(9): 1463-1468
[396]Miller, H.G. & Miller, J.D. Transformations in rainwater chemistry on passing through forested ecosystems, In: Coughtrey, P., Martin, Unworth, M. (Ed), Pollutant Transport and Fate in Ecosystems. Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford, 1987, 171-180
[397]徐仁扣,季国亮.预测土壤和地表水酸化趋势的 MAGIC 模型.土壤学进展 1994,22(5):36-39
[398]Cosby B J. Modeling the effects of acid deposition—Estimation of long-term water quality response in a small forested catchment. Water Resources Research. 1985, 21(11):1591-1601
[399]安俊岭,黄美元.盐基离子沉降量变化的不确定性对酸沉降临界负荷的影响.环境科学学报,2000,增刊(20): 8-11