成都经济圈（城市群）大气边界层模拟
摘要
大气边界层是存在于对流层底部的一层大气,其下界直接与地球表面相接,是地表和大气之间物质和能量交换的媒介,我们日常所见到的自然现象和大气污染都是发生在这层大气中。
随着二十一世纪城市化进程的加快,单个城市的发展已经到了“瓶颈”处,因此城市群经济圈的发展就成为了必要,成都经济圈就是在这样一个大背景下形成的。于此同时,大气污染防治也被提升到了一个宏观的层面上来,即联防联控。要做到成都经济圈大气污染联防联控就必须弄清经济圈内大气污染物输送规律,而污染物是在大气边界层中迁移和扩散的,所以就必须研究城市群间大气边界层特征。成都经济圈最初包含的城市群为成都、德阳、绵阳、资阳和眉山,范围较大,即所谓的中尺度城市群。中尺度城市群大气边界层内大气流动比较复杂,属于湍流状态,经过国内外多年研究得出一套包含大气边界层特征参数的大气运动方程组。利用解析方法求解大气运动方程组并不是件容易的事,目前研究大气边界层只能采用数值模拟求解。本文利用MM5-Calmet耦合数值模型模拟中尺度成都经济圈大气边界层气象特征,提取出风向、风速、气温、湿度等污染气象条件因子,勾勒出成都经济圈的大气流场分布,进而描绘整个经济圈的大气污染物输送规律,最后为成都经济圈(城市群)大气污染研究和区域布局提供参考依据。
Atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is an air layer in the bottom of troposphere, it's lower interface is directly connected with the surface of the earth. And it is a media in which the material and energy exchange between atmosphere and the earth serface. Natural phenomenon and atmospheric pollution we always saw occur in this layer of atmosphere.
As the acceleration of urbanization in the twenty-first century, the development of individual cities has reached "bottleneck", thus urban agglomeration in the economic circle development becames necessary, Chengdu Economic Circle(CDEC) is formed in such a big background.Meanwhile, air pollution control was also promoted to a macro platform, that is jiont prevention and control. To do so of air pollution we must find the regular of air pollutants conveying in the CDEC,but the pollutants convey and diffuse in the ABL,so we must survey the ABL features among the agglomeration. The circle originally included a large scope of cities of Chengdu, Mianyang, Meyang, Ziyang and Meishan, the so-called mesoscale cities. The atmosphere flow in mesoscale ABL of Urban agglomeration is complex, in a turbulent status. At home and-abroad, after many years study the scientists concluded a series of atmospheric motion equations which contain atmospheric boundary characteristic parameters. It is not easy using analytic methods to solve the equations, up to now we can research atmospheric boundary layer by using the numerical simulation only. In this paper I used MM5-Calmet coupling numerical model to simulate CDEC mesoscale ABL meteorological characteristics, to extract the pollution meteorological conditions factors such as wind direction, wind speed, temperature, humidity and so on, then draw the outline of air flow field in CDEC, and then depict the regular of air pollutants conveying in the whole circle, at last provide references for the CDEC (urban agglomeration) atmospheric pollution research and regional layout.
随着二十一世纪城市化进程的加快,单个城市的发展已经到了“瓶颈”处,因此城市群经济圈的发展就成为了必要,成都经济圈就是在这样一个大背景下形成的。于此同时,大气污染防治也被提升到了一个宏观的层面上来,即联防联控。要做到成都经济圈大气污染联防联控就必须弄清经济圈内大气污染物输送规律,而污染物是在大气边界层中迁移和扩散的,所以就必须研究城市群间大气边界层特征。成都经济圈最初包含的城市群为成都、德阳、绵阳、资阳和眉山,范围较大,即所谓的中尺度城市群。中尺度城市群大气边界层内大气流动比较复杂,属于湍流状态,经过国内外多年研究得出一套包含大气边界层特征参数的大气运动方程组。利用解析方法求解大气运动方程组并不是件容易的事,目前研究大气边界层只能采用数值模拟求解。本文利用MM5-Calmet耦合数值模型模拟中尺度成都经济圈大气边界层气象特征,提取出风向、风速、气温、湿度等污染气象条件因子,勾勒出成都经济圈的大气流场分布,进而描绘整个经济圈的大气污染物输送规律,最后为成都经济圈(城市群)大气污染研究和区域布局提供参考依据。
Atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is an air layer in the bottom of troposphere, it's lower interface is directly connected with the surface of the earth. And it is a media in which the material and energy exchange between atmosphere and the earth serface. Natural phenomenon and atmospheric pollution we always saw occur in this layer of atmosphere.
As the acceleration of urbanization in the twenty-first century, the development of individual cities has reached "bottleneck", thus urban agglomeration in the economic circle development becames necessary, Chengdu Economic Circle(CDEC) is formed in such a big background.Meanwhile, air pollution control was also promoted to a macro platform, that is jiont prevention and control. To do so of air pollution we must find the regular of air pollutants conveying in the CDEC,but the pollutants convey and diffuse in the ABL,so we must survey the ABL features among the agglomeration. The circle originally included a large scope of cities of Chengdu, Mianyang, Meyang, Ziyang and Meishan, the so-called mesoscale cities. The atmosphere flow in mesoscale ABL of Urban agglomeration is complex, in a turbulent status. At home and-abroad, after many years study the scientists concluded a series of atmospheric motion equations which contain atmospheric boundary characteristic parameters. It is not easy using analytic methods to solve the equations, up to now we can research atmospheric boundary layer by using the numerical simulation only. In this paper I used MM5-Calmet coupling numerical model to simulate CDEC mesoscale ABL meteorological characteristics, to extract the pollution meteorological conditions factors such as wind direction, wind speed, temperature, humidity and so on, then draw the outline of air flow field in CDEC, and then depict the regular of air pollutants conveying in the whole circle, at last provide references for the CDEC (urban agglomeration) atmospheric pollution research and regional layout.
引文
[1]赵鸣,周炜丹,陈潜,汤剑平,中尺度模式中辐射作用的的敏感性试验[J],气象科学,2006,26(1),1-9.
[2]MICH ALAKES, et al.. Development of a next generation regional weather research and forecast model[J]. Argonne National Laboratory preprint, ANL/M CS P868-0101, 2001:8-9.
[3]王海龙,张镭,陈长等.兰州市东部地区冬季低空风场和温度场分析.兰州大学学报(自然科学版)[M],1999,35(4)：117-123.
[4]Kassomenos P A,Floeas H A,Lykoudis S,et al.SPatal and temporal characteristies of the relationship between air quality statusand mesoseale cireulat ion over an urban Mediterranean basin[J].The Seience of the Total Environment,1998,217:27-57
[5]袁美英,周秀杰,张桂华,等.天气形势对哈尔滨市空气质量影响的初步研究[J].气象,2005,31(1)：45-68
[6]胡小明,刘树华,梁福明,等.北京区域近地边界层特征数值模拟[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2005,41(4)：478-512
[7]Blom J,Wartena L.The Influence of Changes in Surface Roughness on t he DeveloPment of the Turbulent Boundary Layer in the Lower Layers of the atmosphere[J].J.Atmos.Sci, 969,26:235-275.
[8]Londergan, R J, Minott D H, Waekter D J, et al.Evaluation of Rural Air Quality Simulation Models,EPA-450/4-83-003[R],U.S.Environmental Protection Ageney,Researeh Triangle Park, NC,1982.63
[9]Turbulence.Fluctuations and Averaging Times[R].CERC Technical Note, December 1998,50
[10]Clements W E.ExPerimental Design and Data of the April 1977 Multiracial Atmospheric Experiment at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory,Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Informal Report,LA-7795-MS/UC-11,Los Alamos,NM 87545[M], U.S.A.,1979,3
[11]王自发,谢付莹,王喜全,等.嵌套网格空气质量预报模式系统的发展与应用[J].大气科学,2006,30(5)：689-768
[12]Carmichael G R,Chang Y S,Seire J S.CALGRID:A Mesoseale Photochemical Grid Model,Volume Ⅱ:User's Guide,1989,58
[13]Morris R E,Meyers T C.User's Guide for the Urban Airshed Model,Volume I:Use's Manual for UAM(CB-IV)[J].U.S.Environmental Protection Ageney,1990,33-39
[14]Lamb R Q.A Regional Seale Model of Photochemieal Air Pollution,Part 2:InPut Processor Network Design[J].U.S.Environmental Protection Ageney,1983,12-45.
[15]Wang Xiangrong.Ecological planning and sustainable development:A case study of an urban development zone in Shnahgai, China[J].International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology,1998,5(3):204-216.
[16]陈炯,王建捷.边界层参数化方案对降水预报的影响[J].应用气象学报,2006,17(增刊1：12-16
[17]Machaye.Regional Planning and Ecology[J].Ecological Monographs,1940, 10(3):349-353.
[18]Register Richard, Ecocity Berkeley:Building Cities for a Healthy Futuer[M], North Atlantic Books,1987. [19] Yanitsky, The City and Ecology [J].Nauka, Moscow,1987.
[20]Brussard P.F, Reed J.M. and Tracy C.R.Landscape and Planning 1998 40/1-3(9-20) Ecosystem magement:What is it really? [21] McHarg I.L.Design with Nature[M].NewYork:Gardecit y,1969.
[22]CorradoD., BrunoZ.Planning the urban sustainable development:The case of the plan for theProvince of Trento, Italy. Environmental Impact Assessment Review.2000,20:299-310
[23]Knight R.L.Ecosystem management and conservation biology Landscape and Urban Planning 1998 40/1-3(41-45)
[24]Nobukazu NAKAGOSHI, Toshihiro MORIGUCHI.Ecosystem and biodiversity conservation planning in Hiroshima City.Japan.Environmental Sciences.1999,2(11)
[25]18 CorradoD., BrunoZ.Planning the urban sustainable development:The case of the plan for the province of Trento, Italy. Environment Impact Assessment Review 2000,20:299-310
[26]肖子牛,张万诚,段玮,等.中尺度数值模式在低纬高原地区的应用研究[M].北京：气象出版社,2005.136
[27]Dean M Hanink.The economic geography in environmental issues:a spatial analytic approach progress in human geography,1995.Vol.19.No.3:372-387
[28].Stull R B边界层气象学导论[M].青岛：青岛海洋大学出版社,1991,256-387
[29]孙爱东,徐玉貌.湍流动能参数化在中尺度模式中的应用研究[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2001,37(1)：32-87
[30]孙爱东,徐玉貌.中尺度模式湍流参数化的比较研究[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2000,36(3)：40-45
[31]刘小红,洪钟祥.非均匀网格过渡湍流理论及其在大气边界层数值模拟中的应用[J].大气科学,1995,19：243-375
[32]蒋维嵋,牟礼凤.复杂下垫面模拟域大气边界层非局地闭合模拟研究[J].大气科 学,1999,23：1-31
[33]谷德军.对流边界层中粒子随机扩散模式和高斯模式的比较[J].热带气象学报,2000,16(2)：74-113
[34]何文英.海岸地区边界层模式及其扩散模式的研究[M].南京：南京大学,2000,89
[35]张镭,陈长和,邱崇践.利用烟团轨迹模式预测山区空气质量的研究[J].兰州大学学报(自然科学版),1993,29(3)：156-245
[36]余兴.复杂气流系统中的空气污染物输送与扩散的烟团轨迹模式研究—Ⅰ：烟团轨迹模式介绍[J].陕西气象,1998,(1)：19-45
[37]羌宁.城市空气质量管理与控制[M].科学出版社,2003
[38]张广普,刘衍庆,林影,等.利用三维流场预测大气污染物扩散的方法研究[J].烟台大学学报(自然科学与工程版),2004,17(4)：232-347
[39]盛裴轩,毛节泰.东北亚地区污染物输送的等嫡轨迹分析—周边国家对中国的影响[J].气象学报,1997,55(5)：247-310
[40]程麟生.中尺度大气数值模式发展现状和应用前景[J].高原气象,1999,18(3)：147-179
[41]Pielke R A,Cotton W R,Walko R L,et al.A eomprehensive meteorological modeling system-RAMS[J].Meteor Atmos.Phys.,1992,49:73-87
[42]米雁雄.乐山市大气边界层模拟研究[D].2010,5：7-35
[43]陈臻妹,王世红.兰州市风场特征分析.北京：气象出版社,1993：23-27.
[44]付培健,张镭.河谷城市冬季低空风温场观测研究.北京：气象出版社,1993：12-14
[45]W S Lewellen, M E Teske, et al.Development of a low-level atmospheric turbulence model for marine environments,September,1975,2-11
[46]Georg A. Grell, Jimy Dudhia, David R. Stauffer, et al, A Description of the Fifth-Generation Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5), NCAR TECHNICAL NOTE, June,1995,4-14
[47]Bjorn Stevens, Chin-HohMoeng, Christopher s. Bretherton, et al, Evaluation of Large-Eddy Simulations viaObservations of Nocturnal Marine Stratocumulus, submitted to Mon. Weather Review,2004
[48]高会旺,黄美元,姚小红.一个中尺度模式高分辨率边界层的参数化[J].气候与环境研究,1997,2(4)：369-376
[49]蒋维媚,苗世光,大涡模拟与大气边界层研究[J].30年回顾与展望,自然科学进展,2004,14(1)：11-30
[50]James Edson, et al, Coupled Marine Boundary layers and Air-Sea Interaction Initiative:Combining Process Studies,Simulations and Numerical Models,1999. Revision 5.0
[2]MICH ALAKES, et al.. Development of a next generation regional weather research and forecast model[J]. Argonne National Laboratory preprint, ANL/M CS P868-0101, 2001:8-9.
[3]王海龙,张镭,陈长等.兰州市东部地区冬季低空风场和温度场分析.兰州大学学报(自然科学版)[M],1999,35(4)：117-123.
[4]Kassomenos P A,Floeas H A,Lykoudis S,et al.SPatal and temporal characteristies of the relationship between air quality statusand mesoseale cireulat ion over an urban Mediterranean basin[J].The Seience of the Total Environment,1998,217:27-57
[5]袁美英,周秀杰,张桂华,等.天气形势对哈尔滨市空气质量影响的初步研究[J].气象,2005,31(1)：45-68
[6]胡小明,刘树华,梁福明,等.北京区域近地边界层特征数值模拟[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2005,41(4)：478-512
[7]Blom J,Wartena L.The Influence of Changes in Surface Roughness on t he DeveloPment of the Turbulent Boundary Layer in the Lower Layers of the atmosphere[J].J.Atmos.Sci, 969,26:235-275.
[8]Londergan, R J, Minott D H, Waekter D J, et al.Evaluation of Rural Air Quality Simulation Models,EPA-450/4-83-003[R],U.S.Environmental Protection Ageney,Researeh Triangle Park, NC,1982.63
[9]Turbulence.Fluctuations and Averaging Times[R].CERC Technical Note, December 1998,50
[10]Clements W E.ExPerimental Design and Data of the April 1977 Multiracial Atmospheric Experiment at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory,Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Informal Report,LA-7795-MS/UC-11,Los Alamos,NM 87545[M], U.S.A.,1979,3
[11]王自发,谢付莹,王喜全,等.嵌套网格空气质量预报模式系统的发展与应用[J].大气科学,2006,30(5)：689-768
[12]Carmichael G R,Chang Y S,Seire J S.CALGRID:A Mesoseale Photochemical Grid Model,Volume Ⅱ:User's Guide,1989,58
[13]Morris R E,Meyers T C.User's Guide for the Urban Airshed Model,Volume I:Use's Manual for UAM(CB-IV)[J].U.S.Environmental Protection Ageney,1990,33-39
[14]Lamb R Q.A Regional Seale Model of Photochemieal Air Pollution,Part 2:InPut Processor Network Design[J].U.S.Environmental Protection Ageney,1983,12-45.
[15]Wang Xiangrong.Ecological planning and sustainable development:A case study of an urban development zone in Shnahgai, China[J].International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology,1998,5(3):204-216.
[16]陈炯,王建捷.边界层参数化方案对降水预报的影响[J].应用气象学报,2006,17(增刊1：12-16
[17]Machaye.Regional Planning and Ecology[J].Ecological Monographs,1940, 10(3):349-353.
[18]Register Richard, Ecocity Berkeley:Building Cities for a Healthy Futuer[M], North Atlantic Books,1987. [19] Yanitsky, The City and Ecology [J].Nauka, Moscow,1987.
[20]Brussard P.F, Reed J.M. and Tracy C.R.Landscape and Planning 1998 40/1-3(9-20) Ecosystem magement:What is it really? [21] McHarg I.L.Design with Nature[M].NewYork:Gardecit y,1969.
[22]CorradoD., BrunoZ.Planning the urban sustainable development:The case of the plan for theProvince of Trento, Italy. Environmental Impact Assessment Review.2000,20:299-310
[23]Knight R.L.Ecosystem management and conservation biology Landscape and Urban Planning 1998 40/1-3(41-45)
[24]Nobukazu NAKAGOSHI, Toshihiro MORIGUCHI.Ecosystem and biodiversity conservation planning in Hiroshima City.Japan.Environmental Sciences.1999,2(11)
[25]18 CorradoD., BrunoZ.Planning the urban sustainable development:The case of the plan for the province of Trento, Italy. Environment Impact Assessment Review 2000,20:299-310
[26]肖子牛,张万诚,段玮,等.中尺度数值模式在低纬高原地区的应用研究[M].北京：气象出版社,2005.136
[27]Dean M Hanink.The economic geography in environmental issues:a spatial analytic approach progress in human geography,1995.Vol.19.No.3:372-387
[28].Stull R B边界层气象学导论[M].青岛：青岛海洋大学出版社,1991,256-387
[29]孙爱东,徐玉貌.湍流动能参数化在中尺度模式中的应用研究[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2001,37(1)：32-87
[30]孙爱东,徐玉貌.中尺度模式湍流参数化的比较研究[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2000,36(3)：40-45
[31]刘小红,洪钟祥.非均匀网格过渡湍流理论及其在大气边界层数值模拟中的应用[J].大气科学,1995,19：243-375
[32]蒋维嵋,牟礼凤.复杂下垫面模拟域大气边界层非局地闭合模拟研究[J].大气科 学,1999,23：1-31
[33]谷德军.对流边界层中粒子随机扩散模式和高斯模式的比较[J].热带气象学报,2000,16(2)：74-113
[34]何文英.海岸地区边界层模式及其扩散模式的研究[M].南京：南京大学,2000,89
[35]张镭,陈长和,邱崇践.利用烟团轨迹模式预测山区空气质量的研究[J].兰州大学学报(自然科学版),1993,29(3)：156-245
[36]余兴.复杂气流系统中的空气污染物输送与扩散的烟团轨迹模式研究—Ⅰ：烟团轨迹模式介绍[J].陕西气象,1998,(1)：19-45
[37]羌宁.城市空气质量管理与控制[M].科学出版社,2003
[38]张广普,刘衍庆,林影,等.利用三维流场预测大气污染物扩散的方法研究[J].烟台大学学报(自然科学与工程版),2004,17(4)：232-347
[39]盛裴轩,毛节泰.东北亚地区污染物输送的等嫡轨迹分析—周边国家对中国的影响[J].气象学报,1997,55(5)：247-310
[40]程麟生.中尺度大气数值模式发展现状和应用前景[J].高原气象,1999,18(3)：147-179
[41]Pielke R A,Cotton W R,Walko R L,et al.A eomprehensive meteorological modeling system-RAMS[J].Meteor Atmos.Phys.,1992,49:73-87
[42]米雁雄.乐山市大气边界层模拟研究[D].2010,5：7-35
[43]陈臻妹,王世红.兰州市风场特征分析.北京：气象出版社,1993：23-27.
[44]付培健,张镭.河谷城市冬季低空风温场观测研究.北京：气象出版社,1993：12-14
[45]W S Lewellen, M E Teske, et al.Development of a low-level atmospheric turbulence model for marine environments,September,1975,2-11
[46]Georg A. Grell, Jimy Dudhia, David R. Stauffer, et al, A Description of the Fifth-Generation Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5), NCAR TECHNICAL NOTE, June,1995,4-14
[47]Bjorn Stevens, Chin-HohMoeng, Christopher s. Bretherton, et al, Evaluation of Large-Eddy Simulations viaObservations of Nocturnal Marine Stratocumulus, submitted to Mon. Weather Review,2004
[48]高会旺,黄美元,姚小红.一个中尺度模式高分辨率边界层的参数化[J].气候与环境研究,1997,2(4)：369-376
[49]蒋维媚,苗世光,大涡模拟与大气边界层研究[J].30年回顾与展望,自然科学进展,2004,14(1)：11-30
[50]James Edson, et al, Coupled Marine Boundary layers and Air-Sea Interaction Initiative:Combining Process Studies,Simulations and Numerical Models,1999. Revision 5.0