高速公路路堤段周边气流场的研究
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摘要
本课题属于国家自然基金项目一“高速公路建设对区域气流场影响的研究”(51178033)的一部分。高速公路的快速发展给国民经济和区域经济的发展带来了便利,促进了沿线地区的经济发展,产生了巨大的经济和社会效益。但同时也带来了一系列的环境问题,特别是大气环境污染。高速公路建成后,汽车尾气的排放、扬尘等,使得沿线地区的大气环境污染度增加,这种污染会随着高速公路运营时间的增长及交通量的增加而不断加重。所以对高速公路区域气流场的研究是非常有意义的。
空气的流动即形成风。风场数值模拟技术的理论核心是流体动力学(CFD)和数值计算方法,它所依赖的控制方程在数学上为一组偏微分方程,用其描述空间中流体的流动情况。本文采用的SST k-ω湍流物理模型,是以基线模型(Baseline model, BSL模型)为基础,考虑了湍流主剪应力输运的影响,该湍流模型使预测逆压梯度的流动(分离流)方法得到重要改进。
本文利用CFD通用计算软件CFX12.0作为计算平台,主要研究内容有：
(1)在阅读、研究大量文献资料的基础上,从大气来流、特征湍流、风致响应等方面,深入了解高速公路周边气流场的主要研究方法和发展过程,指出高速公路周边气流场研究可能存在的问题,为下一步的研究工作奠定基础。
(2)结合高速公路结构的特点,从计算域的尺寸,网格的划分,边界条件,离散格式,湍流模型的选取,收敛性及结果的判定等方面提出了数值模拟方法的建议。并且应用建议的方法对标准6m立方体实测模型进行了数值模拟验证。
(3)从基本几何特性出发选取了不同路堤高度、边坡坡度的高速公路。路堤高度和边坡坡度对流场的分布有重要影响。并且研究了不同几何参数对流场的影响。
(4)应用本文所提出的相关CFD数值模拟方法,给出高速公路周边流场的变化规律,为高速公路建设及区域空气环境治理提供可靠的依据。
(5)对本文的研究工作进行总结,对数值模拟中的一些问题提出一些自己的看法,提出需要进一步进行的研究工作。
This dissertation is a part of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51178033) named "The research on the effect of highway construction on regional airflow field". The rapid development of highway has brought great convenience to the prosperity of national economy and regional economy, and also has promoted the economic development of the coastal areas, so it has produced great economic and social benefits. But at the same time, it also brings a series of environmental problems, especially in atmospheric environment pollution. After the highways are built, the automobile exhaust emissions and other problems will increase the atmospheric environment pollution in coastal areas. What's more, with the growth of the highway operation time and the increase volume of traffic, the pollution will be worse and worse. Thus, it's very significant to do research in highway area flow. The flow of the wind forms the wind. The theory core of wind load numerical simulation technology is fluid dynamics (CFD) and numerical method, and the control equation which this technology depends on is a set of partial differential equations in mathematics, by which we can describe the flow of fluid in space. This article adopts the SST k-ω turbulent physical model, which based on the baseline model and considers the influence of turbulent Lord shear stress transport. Thus, the SST k-ω turbulence model makes an important improvement to the method of predicting the adverse pressure gradient flow.
This paper chooses the common CFD calculation simulation software-CFX12.0to be calculation terrace. The main research contents:
(1) On the basis of reading and research a lot of literature, from the atmosphere to flow, the characteristics of turbulence, wind-induced response, in-depth understanding of the main methods and development process of flow field around highway and lay the foundation for further study.
(2) Combined with the characteristics of the highway structure, from the size of the computed field, the division of the grid, the boundary conditions, discrete format, turbulence model selection, convergence and judgement of the result, this paper puts forward suggestions of numerical simulation. And application of the proposed method of numerical simulation to make confirmation about the standard6m cube measured model.
(3) From the basic geometrical characteristics select different embankment height, slope of highway. Embankment height and slope has important influence on field distribution. Consider the effect of different geometric parameters of the flow field.
(4) Application of the suggested of CFD numerical simulation method, this paper give the rule of flow field around highway. The study provide reliable basis for highway area air environment management.
(5) Summary the research work of this article and put forward some opinions of numerical simulation and put forward further studies on the job.
空气的流动即形成风。风场数值模拟技术的理论核心是流体动力学(CFD)和数值计算方法,它所依赖的控制方程在数学上为一组偏微分方程,用其描述空间中流体的流动情况。本文采用的SST k-ω湍流物理模型,是以基线模型(Baseline model, BSL模型)为基础,考虑了湍流主剪应力输运的影响,该湍流模型使预测逆压梯度的流动(分离流)方法得到重要改进。
本文利用CFD通用计算软件CFX12.0作为计算平台,主要研究内容有：
(1)在阅读、研究大量文献资料的基础上,从大气来流、特征湍流、风致响应等方面,深入了解高速公路周边气流场的主要研究方法和发展过程,指出高速公路周边气流场研究可能存在的问题,为下一步的研究工作奠定基础。
(2)结合高速公路结构的特点,从计算域的尺寸,网格的划分,边界条件,离散格式,湍流模型的选取,收敛性及结果的判定等方面提出了数值模拟方法的建议。并且应用建议的方法对标准6m立方体实测模型进行了数值模拟验证。
(3)从基本几何特性出发选取了不同路堤高度、边坡坡度的高速公路。路堤高度和边坡坡度对流场的分布有重要影响。并且研究了不同几何参数对流场的影响。
(4)应用本文所提出的相关CFD数值模拟方法,给出高速公路周边流场的变化规律,为高速公路建设及区域空气环境治理提供可靠的依据。
(5)对本文的研究工作进行总结,对数值模拟中的一些问题提出一些自己的看法,提出需要进一步进行的研究工作。
This dissertation is a part of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51178033) named "The research on the effect of highway construction on regional airflow field". The rapid development of highway has brought great convenience to the prosperity of national economy and regional economy, and also has promoted the economic development of the coastal areas, so it has produced great economic and social benefits. But at the same time, it also brings a series of environmental problems, especially in atmospheric environment pollution. After the highways are built, the automobile exhaust emissions and other problems will increase the atmospheric environment pollution in coastal areas. What's more, with the growth of the highway operation time and the increase volume of traffic, the pollution will be worse and worse. Thus, it's very significant to do research in highway area flow. The flow of the wind forms the wind. The theory core of wind load numerical simulation technology is fluid dynamics (CFD) and numerical method, and the control equation which this technology depends on is a set of partial differential equations in mathematics, by which we can describe the flow of fluid in space. This article adopts the SST k-ω turbulent physical model, which based on the baseline model and considers the influence of turbulent Lord shear stress transport. Thus, the SST k-ω turbulence model makes an important improvement to the method of predicting the adverse pressure gradient flow.
This paper chooses the common CFD calculation simulation software-CFX12.0to be calculation terrace. The main research contents:
(1) On the basis of reading and research a lot of literature, from the atmosphere to flow, the characteristics of turbulence, wind-induced response, in-depth understanding of the main methods and development process of flow field around highway and lay the foundation for further study.
(2) Combined with the characteristics of the highway structure, from the size of the computed field, the division of the grid, the boundary conditions, discrete format, turbulence model selection, convergence and judgement of the result, this paper puts forward suggestions of numerical simulation. And application of the proposed method of numerical simulation to make confirmation about the standard6m cube measured model.
(3) From the basic geometrical characteristics select different embankment height, slope of highway. Embankment height and slope has important influence on field distribution. Consider the effect of different geometric parameters of the flow field.
(4) Application of the suggested of CFD numerical simulation method, this paper give the rule of flow field around highway. The study provide reliable basis for highway area air environment management.
(5) Summary the research work of this article and put forward some opinions of numerical simulation and put forward further studies on the job.
引文
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[3]周礼,刘凯,赵飞.发达国家公路环保措施、政策及应用.交通标准化,2009(1)：152-156.
[4]Jones M E. Road upgrade, road mortality and remedial measures: impacts on a population of eastern quols and Tasmanian devila. Wildife Research, 2000, 27:289-296.
[5]Trombulak S C, Frissell C A. Review of ecological effects of roads on terrestrial aquatic communities. Conservation Biology, 2000,14:18-30.
[6]Kjensmo J. The influence of road salts on the salinity and the meromictic stability of Lake Svinsjoen, Norway. Oecologia, 1997,347:151-158.
[7]Marino F, Ligero A, Diaz Cosin D J. Heavy metals and earth-worms on the border of a road next to Santiago(Galicia, Northwest of Spain): initial results. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 1992,24:1705-1709.
[8]Forman R T T, Alexanderle. Roads and their major ecological effects. Annual review Ecological System, 1998,29:207-231.
[9]Forman R T T. Road ecology: a solution for the giant embracing us. Landscape Ecology, 1998,13:3-5.
[10]Jones J A, Swanson F J, Wemple B C, et al. Effects of roads on hydrology, geomorphology, and disturbance patches in stream net-works. Conservation Biology, 2000,14:76-85.
[11]张家恩,徐琪.道路的生态学影响及其生态建设.生态学杂志,1995,14(6)：74—77.
[12]Venkatram, A., Atmospheric Environment. 34, 1-11
[13]Kenneth W. Nicholson. A critique of empirical emission factor models:a case study of the AP-42 model for estimatingPM10 emissions from paved roads. Atmospheric Environment 35(2001)185-186
[14]Benson, P. E.,1992. A review of the development and application of the CALINE3 and CALINE4 models. Atmospheric Environment 26B,379-390.
[15]Benson, P. E., Pinkerman, R.,1989. CALINE4. dispersion model for prediction air pollutant concentrations near roadways. Report FHWA/CA/TL - 84/15, Caltran, CA.
[16]Jacobson, M. Z.,1999. Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modelling. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
[17]G. Gramotneva, R. Brown,2003. Determination of average emission factors for vehicles on a busy road. Atmospheric Environment 37 (2003) 465$474
[18]EPA450/4-8-026d( revised),1992. USER'S GUIDE TO MOBILE5. US EPA, Washington
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[21]Yamartino R J,G Wiegand. Development and evaluation of simple models for flow, turbulence and pollutant concentration fields within an urban street canyon [J]. Atmospheric Environment,1986,20:2137-2156
[22]Berkowicz R, O Hertel, S E Larsenetal. Modeling Traffic Pollution in Streets [R]. National Environment Research Institute, Roskilde, Denmark,1997
[23]邓顺熙,陈洁,李百川.中国城市道路机动车CO. HC和N0排放因子的测定[J].中国环境科学,2000,20(1)：82—85
[24]傅立新,贺克彬,何东全等MOBILE汽车源排放因子计算模式研究[J]环境科学学报,17(4)：474—479,1997
[25]徐锦航北京市汽车污染(CO)模式研究[J].环境科学,8(2),1987
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[27]傅大放,程紫润街道内尾气污染物浓度分布模拟试验研究[J]公路交通科技,12(4)
[28]傅大放汽车尾气污染规律模拟与计算方法研究(D)东南大学硕士学位论文
[29]周洪昌,高延令等城市街道汽车排放扩散模型的研究(J)中国公路学报,6(1)：73—78,1993
[30]C. Borrego, O. Tchepel. Impact of road traffic emissions on air quality of tie Lisbon region (J) Atmospheric Environment,34 (2000) 4683-4690
[31]Elin Eriksson, Magnus Blinge. Life cycle assessment of the road transport sector (J) Tie Science of the Total Environment,189 / 190,(1996) 69-76
[32]Tomas Otterstrom Pricing of environmental impacts of emissions from road traffic—recent and present research in Finland (J). The Science of the Total Environment. 169 (1995) 311-319
[33]Virginia Dale, Daniel L. Druckenbrod. Vehicle impacts on the environment at different spatial scales:observations in west central Georgia, USA [J]. Journal of Terramechanics,42 (2005) 383-402
[34]李铁柱,王炜等.城市道路交通空气污染灰色聚类决策评价[J]东南大学学报(自然科学版).31(3)2001
[35]崔洪军,陆建等.基于多目标灰关联投影法的道路建设项目排序模型[J]交通运输工程与信息学报2(3),2004
[36]简颖涛,叶兆贤等.机动车尾气污染物NOX在主干道水平、垂直方向上的浓度分布规律初探[J]中国环境监测15(5),1999
[37]何晓凤,蒋维楣等.南京市大气NOX扩散规律与防治对策研究[J]气象科学24(3),2004,269——276
[38]林志周,权瑞等.影响郑州市大气TSP浓度诸因素的灰色关联分析与弹性分析[J].重庆环境科学,23(6),2001,52—54
[39]朱光灿,闻德荪.城市道路汽车尾气扩散箱型模式研究东南大学学报.第31卷第4期2001年7月.
[40]刘志强,梅德纯,张晓娜.镇江市机动车污染物扩散模拟分析.江苏大学学报.2005(11)
[41]吕萍,袁九毅,张文煜.城市湍流边界层内汽车尾气扩散规律数值模拟研究.高原气象.2005(4)
[42]蔡志洲.公路建设项目环境评价中的生态观点[J].国外公路,1995.
[42]蔡志洲.论公路建设的生态影响[J].公路交通科技,1995,3.
[43]曹力媛.高速公路建设的生态环境问题与对策研究[J].山西交通科技,2002,4.
[44]孙乔宝.高速公路建设对生态环境的影响与恢复[J].昆明理工大学学报,2000,4.
[45]黄锦辉等.河南周口至省界段高速公路建设对生态环境的影响[J].生态学杂志,2002,1.
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[47]贺德馨等.风工程与工业空气动力学.北京.国防工业出版社.2006.
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[2]武石生.中外公路建设环保理念之比较.中外公路,2005,25(4)：210-211.
[3]周礼,刘凯,赵飞.发达国家公路环保措施、政策及应用.交通标准化,2009(1)：152-156.
[4]Jones M E. Road upgrade, road mortality and remedial measures: impacts on a population of eastern quols and Tasmanian devila. Wildife Research, 2000, 27:289-296.
[5]Trombulak S C, Frissell C A. Review of ecological effects of roads on terrestrial aquatic communities. Conservation Biology, 2000,14:18-30.
[6]Kjensmo J. The influence of road salts on the salinity and the meromictic stability of Lake Svinsjoen, Norway. Oecologia, 1997,347:151-158.
[7]Marino F, Ligero A, Diaz Cosin D J. Heavy metals and earth-worms on the border of a road next to Santiago(Galicia, Northwest of Spain): initial results. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 1992,24:1705-1709.
[8]Forman R T T, Alexanderle. Roads and their major ecological effects. Annual review Ecological System, 1998,29:207-231.
[9]Forman R T T. Road ecology: a solution for the giant embracing us. Landscape Ecology, 1998,13:3-5.
[10]Jones J A, Swanson F J, Wemple B C, et al. Effects of roads on hydrology, geomorphology, and disturbance patches in stream net-works. Conservation Biology, 2000,14:76-85.
[11]张家恩,徐琪.道路的生态学影响及其生态建设.生态学杂志,1995,14(6)：74—77.
[12]Venkatram, A., Atmospheric Environment. 34, 1-11
[13]Kenneth W. Nicholson. A critique of empirical emission factor models:a case study of the AP-42 model for estimatingPM10 emissions from paved roads. Atmospheric Environment 35(2001)185-186
[14]Benson, P. E.,1992. A review of the development and application of the CALINE3 and CALINE4 models. Atmospheric Environment 26B,379-390.
[15]Benson, P. E., Pinkerman, R.,1989. CALINE4. dispersion model for prediction air pollutant concentrations near roadways. Report FHWA/CA/TL - 84/15, Caltran, CA.
[16]Jacobson, M. Z.,1999. Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modelling. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
[17]G. Gramotneva, R. Brown,2003. Determination of average emission factors for vehicles on a busy road. Atmospheric Environment 37 (2003) 465$474
[18]EPA450/4-8-026d( revised),1992. USER'S GUIDE TO MOBILE5. US EPA, Washington
[19]Ann Arbor, Michigan, Environmental Protection Agency US 1994. User's guide to MOBILE5 (Mobile source emission factor model) EPA—AA—AOAB—94—01
[20]Ann Arbor, Michigan, Environmental Protection Agency US 1996. User's guide to MOBILE5b (Mobile source emission factor model) US EPA
[21]Yamartino R J,G Wiegand. Development and evaluation of simple models for flow, turbulence and pollutant concentration fields within an urban street canyon [J]. Atmospheric Environment,1986,20:2137-2156
[22]Berkowicz R, O Hertel, S E Larsenetal. Modeling Traffic Pollution in Streets [R]. National Environment Research Institute, Roskilde, Denmark,1997
[23]邓顺熙,陈洁,李百川.中国城市道路机动车CO. HC和N0排放因子的测定[J].中国环境科学,2000,20(1)：82—85
[24]傅立新,贺克彬,何东全等MOBILE汽车源排放因子计算模式研究[J]环境科学学报,17(4)：474—479,1997
[25]徐锦航北京市汽车污染(CO)模式研究[J].环境科学,8(2),1987
[26]唐永銮.广州汽车尾气污染的动态规律及对策研究[M]广州：中山大学出版社.1992
[27]傅大放,程紫润街道内尾气污染物浓度分布模拟试验研究[J]公路交通科技,12(4)
[28]傅大放汽车尾气污染规律模拟与计算方法研究(D)东南大学硕士学位论文
[29]周洪昌,高延令等城市街道汽车排放扩散模型的研究(J)中国公路学报,6(1)：73—78,1993
[30]C. Borrego, O. Tchepel. Impact of road traffic emissions on air quality of tie Lisbon region (J) Atmospheric Environment,34 (2000) 4683-4690
[31]Elin Eriksson, Magnus Blinge. Life cycle assessment of the road transport sector (J) Tie Science of the Total Environment,189 / 190,(1996) 69-76
[32]Tomas Otterstrom Pricing of environmental impacts of emissions from road traffic—recent and present research in Finland (J). The Science of the Total Environment. 169 (1995) 311-319
[33]Virginia Dale, Daniel L. Druckenbrod. Vehicle impacts on the environment at different spatial scales:observations in west central Georgia, USA [J]. Journal of Terramechanics,42 (2005) 383-402
[34]李铁柱,王炜等.城市道路交通空气污染灰色聚类决策评价[J]东南大学学报(自然科学版).31(3)2001
[35]崔洪军,陆建等.基于多目标灰关联投影法的道路建设项目排序模型[J]交通运输工程与信息学报2(3),2004
[36]简颖涛,叶兆贤等.机动车尾气污染物NOX在主干道水平、垂直方向上的浓度分布规律初探[J]中国环境监测15(5),1999
[37]何晓凤,蒋维楣等.南京市大气NOX扩散规律与防治对策研究[J]气象科学24(3),2004,269——276
[38]林志周,权瑞等.影响郑州市大气TSP浓度诸因素的灰色关联分析与弹性分析[J].重庆环境科学,23(6),2001,52—54
[39]朱光灿,闻德荪.城市道路汽车尾气扩散箱型模式研究东南大学学报.第31卷第4期2001年7月.
[40]刘志强,梅德纯,张晓娜.镇江市机动车污染物扩散模拟分析.江苏大学学报.2005(11)
[41]吕萍,袁九毅,张文煜.城市湍流边界层内汽车尾气扩散规律数值模拟研究.高原气象.2005(4)
[42]蔡志洲.公路建设项目环境评价中的生态观点[J].国外公路,1995.
[42]蔡志洲.论公路建设的生态影响[J].公路交通科技,1995,3.
[43]曹力媛.高速公路建设的生态环境问题与对策研究[J].山西交通科技,2002,4.
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