大相岭南坡土地利用/覆被变化与土壤养分时空演变研究
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摘要
本文利用大相岭南坡1982年MSS卫片和2006年ASTER卫片,在ArcGIS9.0平台上,采用目视解译、非监督分类和监督分类多方法相结合解译研究区两期土地利用/覆被情况,并计算土地利用动态变化相关指标、土地利用转移矩阵,分析不同地形因子下土地利用/覆被统计特征;同时,结合1982年土壤普查资料和2006年研究区土壤样品化验分析数据,分析了研究区土壤养分(SOM、STN、SAN、STP、SAP、SAK)总体变异特征,重点探讨了旱地转化为果园、旱地转化为有林地两种研究区典型的土地利用/覆被演变过程中土壤养分变异特性。研究结果分述如下:
(1)24年间,研究区土地利用/覆被发生着明显的变化,各个地类之间相互转换频繁,土地利用/覆被基本变化特征表现为果园、有林地、水田、居民点面积增加,分别增加6415.41 hm~2、3580.72 hm~2、1154.14 hm~2、556.00 hm~2、30.78 hm~2;旱地、灌木林和荒草地面积减少,分别减少5403.76 hm~2、3886.26 hm~2、2447.02 hm~2。土地利用动态度相关指标表明,区域单一土地利用动态度除河流和旱地外,其余均是处于强级别范围内;综合土地利用动态度为17.99,属于土地利用快速变化型;1982年和2006年土地利用程度综合指数为244.43和253.81,均处于中等利用程度水平。
(2)通过研究区转移矩阵的计算分析表明,土地利用/覆被类型时空保持不变的面积为35246.49hm~2,占总面积的57.61%;水田、旱地、荒草地属于转出和转入均相对较为频繁的地类;果园属于转入面积较大地类,转入地类也相对复杂频繁;有林地属于转入面积较大地类;灌木林属于转入转出面积均相对较大地类,转入地类简单,转出地类复杂。地形因子分异特征表明,不同时期不同土地利用/覆被对海拔的响应特征基本一致;坡度分级面积比例在不同时期差异较小,在各个坡度级别上差异也不明显,而单一土地利用/覆被与坡度相关性较强;在不同坡向上土地利用/覆被在两个时期内转换较少,各地类面积比例均集中分布在阴坡和半阳坡。
(3)1982年和2006年样品统计分析结果表明,该研究区域土壤(0～20cm)有机质平均含量总体呈增长趋势,东北部、西南部土壤有机质含量普遍增高,2006年所有土地利用/覆被的有机质含量水平均有提高;区域内土壤全氮和碱解氮变化不明显,在地理分布趋势上较为一致,各土地利用/覆被方式下果园、有林地、灌木林的全氮含量有较大程度的增加,土壤碱解氮变化较小;土壤全磷含量变化较小,仅增长了0.02g kg~(-1),土壤速效磷变化较大,增加了4.09mg kg~(-1),两者地理变化趋势较为一致;土壤速效钾有显著的增加,增量达到36.31mg kg~(-1),其地理变化趋势和速效磷在南北方向上变化一致。
(4)旱地转化为果园过程中,土壤有机质含量平均值从23.4g kg~(-1)增加28.0g kg~(-1);全氮随着恢复年限增加下降程度减弱,土壤碱解氮含量(除样点69)平均下降了20.41%;全磷和速效磷平均值分别提高了0.050g kg~(-1)和9.0mg kg~(-1);土壤速效钾响应较为敏感,总体增加了56.84%。旱地转化为有林地,土壤有机质含量总体上提高了57.09%;土壤全氮和碱解氮分别提高了57.13%和70.36%;土壤速效钾含量比较接近,但总体含量还是上升的。
With reference to the remote sensing images of MSS in 1982 and ASTER in 2006 on ArcGIS9.0 technology support,the study took the southern slope of the Daxiangling Mountains as an example,use the mixed methods of eye-interpretion,supervision and un-supervision to interpret the change of land use and the cover,and then compute the correlation indexes of land use dynamic change and land use conversion matrix.According to the geography data,analyzed the characteristics of land use and land cover on different terrain factors.Meanwhile,using the date of soil census in 1982 and sample chemical analysis in 2006,obtained the overall variable characteristics of soil SOM,SAN,STP,SAP, SAK.In unison,focal subjects are exploring the variability of soil nutrient in two typical ways of dry land changing into orchard and woodland.The main results were as follows.
During the 24-year reign,the notable change of land use and land cover have taken in the study area.Every land types have translated frequently between each other,then the results leaded to the rising of plaque fragmentation.The basic characteristics of land use and land cover showed that the area of orchard,woodland,paddy field and residential area have increased,respectively being 6415.41 hm~2,3580.72 hm~2,1154.14 hm~2,556.00 hm~2, 30.78 hm~2.Meantime,the area of dry land,shrubbery and bare land have decreased, respectively being 5403.76 hm~2,3886.26 hm~2,2447.02 hm~2.The computing results of the land-use dynamic change indexes showing that the singleness land-use dynamic changes were all in better classification except river and dry land;The general land-use dynamic changes was 17.99,attributing to the type of intraday variation;The compressive index of the degree of land use in 1982 and 2006 were 244.43 and 253.81,belong to mediate using level.
According to land use conversion matrix,the area holding the line was 35246.49hm~2, being 57.61 percentage of the whole study.The land use types of rolling-out and rolling-in frequently were paddy field,dry land,bare land.While,orchard and woodland were the rolling-in largely types,rolling-in category being complex;shrubbery land and residential area were the rolling-in and rolling-out largely types,rolling-out category being complex. The river was changing slightly,and changing types being simple.The different characters of terrain factor showed that the characteristic of LUCC responding to altitude was consentaneous in different era.Meanwhile,the area percentage of slope classes for LUCC had minor differences,but single land use and land cover had a great correlation with slope class.When it comes to slope exposures,the diversion in 24 years was fewer,and due to the small area of sunny slope,all area percentage of land use types distributed in mid-sunny slope and shade slope in the gross.
The results of the samples statistical analysis in 1982 and 2006 showed that the average content of SOM has displayed increasing trend,being increasing from 23.79±16.93g kg~(-1) to 27.83±19.68g kg~(-1),generally higher in northeast and southwest.The content of STN and SAN have varied unextraordinary and being consistently in trend of geographical distribution.The content of STN in orchard,woodland,shrubbery have increased to a greater extent,the content of SAN changed slightly in all land use types. While,STP has diversified slightly,only 0.02 g kg~(-1),SAP has diversified extraordinary, being 4.09 mg kg~(-1).The SAP and STP have varied identically in geographical trend, un-obviously in study region.The SAK has increased significantly,the incremental reaching to 36.31 mg kg~(-1),varied consistently with the SAP in north and south geographical trend.
In the course of dry land changing into orchard,the average content of SOM has increased from 23.4 g kg~(-1) to 28.0 g kg~(-1),while,the STN has weakened in decreasing degree when the resuming year increasing,the SAN has all descended except the sample of 69,being 20.41%averagely.The STP and SAP all increased,being 0.050 g kg~(-1) and 9.0 mg kg~(-1) respectively.The SAK has responded distinctly to the course,increasing 56.84% as a whole.Contemporarily,in the course of dry land changing into woodland,the content of SOM,STN and SAN increased 57.09%,57.13%and 70.36%respectively.The SAK varied inconspicuously,the course of resuming and rebuilding was complex,but being ascending in the mass.
(1)24年间,研究区土地利用/覆被发生着明显的变化,各个地类之间相互转换频繁,土地利用/覆被基本变化特征表现为果园、有林地、水田、居民点面积增加,分别增加6415.41 hm~2、3580.72 hm~2、1154.14 hm~2、556.00 hm~2、30.78 hm~2;旱地、灌木林和荒草地面积减少,分别减少5403.76 hm~2、3886.26 hm~2、2447.02 hm~2。土地利用动态度相关指标表明,区域单一土地利用动态度除河流和旱地外,其余均是处于强级别范围内;综合土地利用动态度为17.99,属于土地利用快速变化型;1982年和2006年土地利用程度综合指数为244.43和253.81,均处于中等利用程度水平。
(2)通过研究区转移矩阵的计算分析表明,土地利用/覆被类型时空保持不变的面积为35246.49hm~2,占总面积的57.61%;水田、旱地、荒草地属于转出和转入均相对较为频繁的地类;果园属于转入面积较大地类,转入地类也相对复杂频繁;有林地属于转入面积较大地类;灌木林属于转入转出面积均相对较大地类,转入地类简单,转出地类复杂。地形因子分异特征表明,不同时期不同土地利用/覆被对海拔的响应特征基本一致;坡度分级面积比例在不同时期差异较小,在各个坡度级别上差异也不明显,而单一土地利用/覆被与坡度相关性较强;在不同坡向上土地利用/覆被在两个时期内转换较少,各地类面积比例均集中分布在阴坡和半阳坡。
(3)1982年和2006年样品统计分析结果表明,该研究区域土壤(0～20cm)有机质平均含量总体呈增长趋势,东北部、西南部土壤有机质含量普遍增高,2006年所有土地利用/覆被的有机质含量水平均有提高;区域内土壤全氮和碱解氮变化不明显,在地理分布趋势上较为一致,各土地利用/覆被方式下果园、有林地、灌木林的全氮含量有较大程度的增加,土壤碱解氮变化较小;土壤全磷含量变化较小,仅增长了0.02g kg~(-1),土壤速效磷变化较大,增加了4.09mg kg~(-1),两者地理变化趋势较为一致;土壤速效钾有显著的增加,增量达到36.31mg kg~(-1),其地理变化趋势和速效磷在南北方向上变化一致。
(4)旱地转化为果园过程中,土壤有机质含量平均值从23.4g kg~(-1)增加28.0g kg~(-1);全氮随着恢复年限增加下降程度减弱,土壤碱解氮含量(除样点69)平均下降了20.41%;全磷和速效磷平均值分别提高了0.050g kg~(-1)和9.0mg kg~(-1);土壤速效钾响应较为敏感,总体增加了56.84%。旱地转化为有林地,土壤有机质含量总体上提高了57.09%;土壤全氮和碱解氮分别提高了57.13%和70.36%;土壤速效钾含量比较接近,但总体含量还是上升的。
With reference to the remote sensing images of MSS in 1982 and ASTER in 2006 on ArcGIS9.0 technology support,the study took the southern slope of the Daxiangling Mountains as an example,use the mixed methods of eye-interpretion,supervision and un-supervision to interpret the change of land use and the cover,and then compute the correlation indexes of land use dynamic change and land use conversion matrix.According to the geography data,analyzed the characteristics of land use and land cover on different terrain factors.Meanwhile,using the date of soil census in 1982 and sample chemical analysis in 2006,obtained the overall variable characteristics of soil SOM,SAN,STP,SAP, SAK.In unison,focal subjects are exploring the variability of soil nutrient in two typical ways of dry land changing into orchard and woodland.The main results were as follows.
During the 24-year reign,the notable change of land use and land cover have taken in the study area.Every land types have translated frequently between each other,then the results leaded to the rising of plaque fragmentation.The basic characteristics of land use and land cover showed that the area of orchard,woodland,paddy field and residential area have increased,respectively being 6415.41 hm~2,3580.72 hm~2,1154.14 hm~2,556.00 hm~2, 30.78 hm~2.Meantime,the area of dry land,shrubbery and bare land have decreased, respectively being 5403.76 hm~2,3886.26 hm~2,2447.02 hm~2.The computing results of the land-use dynamic change indexes showing that the singleness land-use dynamic changes were all in better classification except river and dry land;The general land-use dynamic changes was 17.99,attributing to the type of intraday variation;The compressive index of the degree of land use in 1982 and 2006 were 244.43 and 253.81,belong to mediate using level.
According to land use conversion matrix,the area holding the line was 35246.49hm~2, being 57.61 percentage of the whole study.The land use types of rolling-out and rolling-in frequently were paddy field,dry land,bare land.While,orchard and woodland were the rolling-in largely types,rolling-in category being complex;shrubbery land and residential area were the rolling-in and rolling-out largely types,rolling-out category being complex. The river was changing slightly,and changing types being simple.The different characters of terrain factor showed that the characteristic of LUCC responding to altitude was consentaneous in different era.Meanwhile,the area percentage of slope classes for LUCC had minor differences,but single land use and land cover had a great correlation with slope class.When it comes to slope exposures,the diversion in 24 years was fewer,and due to the small area of sunny slope,all area percentage of land use types distributed in mid-sunny slope and shade slope in the gross.
The results of the samples statistical analysis in 1982 and 2006 showed that the average content of SOM has displayed increasing trend,being increasing from 23.79±16.93g kg~(-1) to 27.83±19.68g kg~(-1),generally higher in northeast and southwest.The content of STN and SAN have varied unextraordinary and being consistently in trend of geographical distribution.The content of STN in orchard,woodland,shrubbery have increased to a greater extent,the content of SAN changed slightly in all land use types. While,STP has diversified slightly,only 0.02 g kg~(-1),SAP has diversified extraordinary, being 4.09 mg kg~(-1).The SAP and STP have varied identically in geographical trend, un-obviously in study region.The SAK has increased significantly,the incremental reaching to 36.31 mg kg~(-1),varied consistently with the SAP in north and south geographical trend.
In the course of dry land changing into orchard,the average content of SOM has increased from 23.4 g kg~(-1) to 28.0 g kg~(-1),while,the STN has weakened in decreasing degree when the resuming year increasing,the SAN has all descended except the sample of 69,being 20.41%averagely.The STP and SAP all increased,being 0.050 g kg~(-1) and 9.0 mg kg~(-1) respectively.The SAK has responded distinctly to the course,increasing 56.84% as a whole.Contemporarily,in the course of dry land changing into woodland,the content of SOM,STN and SAN increased 57.09%,57.13%and 70.36%respectively.The SAK varied inconspicuously,the course of resuming and rebuilding was complex,but being ascending in the mass.
引文
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