贵州梵净山国家级自然保护区黔金丝猴生境分析
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摘要
黔金丝猴是我国特有的珍稀濒危物种,历史上曾分布于贵州周边的10多个省区中,而现在其自然分布只局限于贵州的梵净山一带,生存状况不容乐观。本文以2004年6月份的SPOT 5遥感影像为基础,结合野外调查数据,运用ERDAS软件对梵净山自然保护区的植被进行遥感解译,分辨出10种植被类型,分别是典型常绿阔叶林、高山灌丛、暖性常绿针叶林、暖性竹林、山地凉温性针阔叶混交林、山地落叶阔叶林、山地湿润常绿落叶阔叶混交林、山顶苔藓矮曲林、温性常绿针叶林和温性竹灌丛。然后应用ARCGIS软件进行数据合成,获得保护区各植被类型的分布范围及其它相关信息。对黔金丝猴在各种植被类型中的出现频率进行统计分析,结果指出典型常绿阔叶林、山地湿润常绿落叶阔叶混交林和山顶苔藓矮曲林是黔金丝猴主要选择的植被类型,约占保护区面积的80.72%。
对205个黔金丝猴野外活动样方数据的主成分分析显示,前五个主成分的累积贡献率达到83.2%,说明前5个主成分基本包含了10个生境因子的总信息量,各主成分的特征值显示,黔金丝猴一般喜欢乔木较高、胸径较大、密度较小,郁闭度较大,灌木盖度、密度、高度都较大,坡度较陡的东坡和北坡活动。
以GIS为平台建立了包括坡度、坡向、海拔、植被类型和人为干扰在内的黔金丝猴生境数据库,建立黔金丝猴生境适宜性评价模型,利用ARCGIS软件对各图层进行叠加分析,结果显示,在不考虑人为干扰的情况下,适宜黔金丝猴生存的面积为99.53 km~2,约占保护区总面积的22.96%,不适宜面积为229 km~2,约占保护区面积的52.73%,加入人为干扰以后,最适宜生存面积减少了10.58%,较适宜面积减少了15.04%,次适宜面积减少了17.71%,而不适宜面积却增加了13.91%。说明保护区内道路以及居民点等人为干扰因子对黔金丝猴生境的适宜性产生了明显的影响。
对黔金丝猴面临的威胁因素分析显示,保护区内道路建设、旅游业的发展、薪柴砍伐、非法采集、林火隐患等对黔金丝猴的生存构成了严重威胁。基于以上分析结果,建议保护区采取有效措施降低或消除威胁黔金丝猴生存的各种因素,加强对保护区的巡护和长期监测,改善黔金丝猴的生境质量,同时寻求历史上有黔金丝猴分布,而且现在仍然适宜黔金丝猴生存的区域建立黔金丝猴的第二种群,以增强其应对灾害的能力。
Gray Snub-nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus brelichi), as a rare, endangered and endemic species to China, once distributed in more than 10 provinces around Guizhou province, but now this specie is living only around the Fanjingshan with small population size.. Based on Spot 5 satellite image obtained in June 2004 and field investigations, the vegetation of Fanjingshan Nature Reserve was analyzed through processing and correcting the images by using the ERDAS image processing software. 10 types of vegetation were identified,including the typical evergreen broad-leaved forest,the montane deciduous broad-leaved forest , the montane humid evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest , the montane cool temperate mixed needle broad-leaved forest,, the montane elfin forest, the Warm evergreen needle forest, the temperate evergreen needle forest, the Warm bamboo forest, the temperate bamboo thicket and the montane thicket. The spatial distribution and other relevant information of each vegetation type were obtained by using ArcGIS. The occurrence frequency of Gray Snub-nosed Monkey in each vegetation type indicated that the typical evergreen broad-leaved forest, the montane humid evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest and the montane elfin forest were the main vegetations selected by the monkeys, accounting for 80.72% of the total area.
The principal component analysis of 205 sample sites used by Gray Snub-nosed Monkey indicated that the cumulative contribution of the first 5 principal components reached to 83.2%, and these factors could represent the main information of 10 factors. The results show that Gray Snub-nosed Monkey prefer to use habitat on sharp east and north slopes with tall and thick trees, high canopy, low tree density, tall shrub, high shrub density and cover..
The Gray Snub-nosed Monkey’s habitat database including slope, aspect, elevation, vegetation and human activities was built by using GIS software. Landscape connectivity, as a parameter measuring ecological processes by which the subpopulations of a landscape are interconnected into a demographic functional unit, was employed in this study to evaluate the habitat suitability for Gray Snub-nosed Monkey in Fanjingshan Nature Reserve. It was carried out by using landscape ecological model and GIS. It is found that, with no human activities being considered, 99.53 km~2 (22.96%) of the total area is suitable for Gray Snub-nosed Monkey to live, while unsuitable area is 229 km~2 (52.73%). However, with human activities being considered, the most suitable area decreased by 10.58%, the moderately suitable area decreased by 15.04%, the marginally suitable area decreased by 17.71%, and the unsuitable area increased by 13.91%. It showed that roads and settlements had big influence on the habitat of the Gray Snub-nosed Monkey.
The analysis of threats to the Gray Snub-nosed Monkey showed that the road construction, tourism development, firewood cutting, illegal acquisition, forest fire etc. are the main threats to the Monkey’s survival. The nature reserve manager should thus take some effective ways to cut down or eliminate the threat factors, for example, strengthening the patrolling and long-term monitoring in the protected area, and improving the Gray Snub-nosed Monkey’s habitat quality. At the same time, in order to increase the ability to respond to disasters, additional populations of the monkeys could be established in those places where the Gray Snub-nosed Monkey once distributed in history and there is still suitable habitat for the monkeys.
对205个黔金丝猴野外活动样方数据的主成分分析显示,前五个主成分的累积贡献率达到83.2%,说明前5个主成分基本包含了10个生境因子的总信息量,各主成分的特征值显示,黔金丝猴一般喜欢乔木较高、胸径较大、密度较小,郁闭度较大,灌木盖度、密度、高度都较大,坡度较陡的东坡和北坡活动。
以GIS为平台建立了包括坡度、坡向、海拔、植被类型和人为干扰在内的黔金丝猴生境数据库,建立黔金丝猴生境适宜性评价模型,利用ARCGIS软件对各图层进行叠加分析,结果显示,在不考虑人为干扰的情况下,适宜黔金丝猴生存的面积为99.53 km~2,约占保护区总面积的22.96%,不适宜面积为229 km~2,约占保护区面积的52.73%,加入人为干扰以后,最适宜生存面积减少了10.58%,较适宜面积减少了15.04%,次适宜面积减少了17.71%,而不适宜面积却增加了13.91%。说明保护区内道路以及居民点等人为干扰因子对黔金丝猴生境的适宜性产生了明显的影响。
对黔金丝猴面临的威胁因素分析显示,保护区内道路建设、旅游业的发展、薪柴砍伐、非法采集、林火隐患等对黔金丝猴的生存构成了严重威胁。基于以上分析结果,建议保护区采取有效措施降低或消除威胁黔金丝猴生存的各种因素,加强对保护区的巡护和长期监测,改善黔金丝猴的生境质量,同时寻求历史上有黔金丝猴分布,而且现在仍然适宜黔金丝猴生存的区域建立黔金丝猴的第二种群,以增强其应对灾害的能力。
Gray Snub-nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus brelichi), as a rare, endangered and endemic species to China, once distributed in more than 10 provinces around Guizhou province, but now this specie is living only around the Fanjingshan with small population size.. Based on Spot 5 satellite image obtained in June 2004 and field investigations, the vegetation of Fanjingshan Nature Reserve was analyzed through processing and correcting the images by using the ERDAS image processing software. 10 types of vegetation were identified,including the typical evergreen broad-leaved forest,the montane deciduous broad-leaved forest , the montane humid evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest , the montane cool temperate mixed needle broad-leaved forest,, the montane elfin forest, the Warm evergreen needle forest, the temperate evergreen needle forest, the Warm bamboo forest, the temperate bamboo thicket and the montane thicket. The spatial distribution and other relevant information of each vegetation type were obtained by using ArcGIS. The occurrence frequency of Gray Snub-nosed Monkey in each vegetation type indicated that the typical evergreen broad-leaved forest, the montane humid evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest and the montane elfin forest were the main vegetations selected by the monkeys, accounting for 80.72% of the total area.
The principal component analysis of 205 sample sites used by Gray Snub-nosed Monkey indicated that the cumulative contribution of the first 5 principal components reached to 83.2%, and these factors could represent the main information of 10 factors. The results show that Gray Snub-nosed Monkey prefer to use habitat on sharp east and north slopes with tall and thick trees, high canopy, low tree density, tall shrub, high shrub density and cover..
The Gray Snub-nosed Monkey’s habitat database including slope, aspect, elevation, vegetation and human activities was built by using GIS software. Landscape connectivity, as a parameter measuring ecological processes by which the subpopulations of a landscape are interconnected into a demographic functional unit, was employed in this study to evaluate the habitat suitability for Gray Snub-nosed Monkey in Fanjingshan Nature Reserve. It was carried out by using landscape ecological model and GIS. It is found that, with no human activities being considered, 99.53 km~2 (22.96%) of the total area is suitable for Gray Snub-nosed Monkey to live, while unsuitable area is 229 km~2 (52.73%). However, with human activities being considered, the most suitable area decreased by 10.58%, the moderately suitable area decreased by 15.04%, the marginally suitable area decreased by 17.71%, and the unsuitable area increased by 13.91%. It showed that roads and settlements had big influence on the habitat of the Gray Snub-nosed Monkey.
The analysis of threats to the Gray Snub-nosed Monkey showed that the road construction, tourism development, firewood cutting, illegal acquisition, forest fire etc. are the main threats to the Monkey’s survival. The nature reserve manager should thus take some effective ways to cut down or eliminate the threat factors, for example, strengthening the patrolling and long-term monitoring in the protected area, and improving the Gray Snub-nosed Monkey’s habitat quality. At the same time, in order to increase the ability to respond to disasters, additional populations of the monkeys could be established in those places where the Gray Snub-nosed Monkey once distributed in history and there is still suitable habitat for the monkeys.
引文
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