盐城市大纵湖环境影响因子分析与生态修复对策研究
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摘要
本课题是盐城市大纵湖风景旅游度假区课题《大纵湖环境质量演变与环境控制规划》的延伸。从环境保护角度分析1985年度至2005年度,大纵湖环境质量发展状况,分析原因,生态修复,并提出可持续发展的观点。
对于大纵湖这样800多年历史的里下河地区的小型湖泊,在近50年,特别是近20年的社会发展中面积不断缩小、生态环境遭到严重破坏。从1985年的Ⅰ、Ⅱ类优良水质,经过二十年,下降到Ⅲ类水,并接近达到Ⅳ类水,通过指标体系的分析,大纵湖呈现富营养状况,主要污染指标为总氮、总磷和高锰酸盐指数,这对于下游的饮用水源和本身的生态系统影响巨大。
分析影响的原因主要是围网养殖、当地人居及产业结构调整和周边环境污染影响,其中围网养殖是主要影响因素,是大纵湖营养盐富集的首要来源,网围养殖使湖体氮磷增加了103.4吨和25.9吨,分别占湖体滞留氮磷总量的50.91%和53.62%。
针对围网养殖污染,本文从可持续角度提出发展可持续渔业养殖,结合他人研究成果,发展多品种养殖有机结合,控制养殖密度和养殖面积,因地制宜制定合理养殖和捕捞时间、方式和程度。
针对当地人居及产业结构调整,提出新的经济发展方向和措施,治理工业和生活污染,限制向大纵湖排放污水。调整农业生产模式,减少农田污染。降低养殖经济依赖,发展观光旅游。
针对富营养状况,有机结合产业调整,变开发为治理,在治理过程中充分考虑经济因素,提出岸边植物修复、浮岛迷宫治理、微生物底泥消化等生物修复措施。
This program is salt city dazonghu the lake scenery travel program of holiday resorts " dazonghu lake environmental quality develops control program with environment" extend. Is from the angle analysis 1985 of environmental protection to 2005, dazonghu lake environmental quality development condition, analysis reason is ecological to restore , and put forward the viewpoint of sustainable development.
For dazonghu the history of more than 800 years lake in the next small-sized lakes of river region, in near 50 years, especially the society of near 20 develops , area is reduced constantly , ecological environment encounters serious damage. From 1985 I , II kind of fine water quality, process 20 years, drop III kind of water, is close to reach IV kind of water, the analysis that passes through index system , dazonghu lake presents rich nutrition condition, major pollutive index is total nitrogen , total Lin and high manganese sour salt index, this has huge influence for the source of drinking water of lower reaches and the ecosystem of.
Analysing the reason of influence major is purse net breeds, local person house and industrial structural adjustment and periphery environmental poilutive influence, breed in which purse net is major influencing factor, is dazonghu the chief source of lake nutrition salt enrichment, neting to surround breed to make lake body NP have increased the 103.4 tons of and 25.9 tons of 50.91% and 53.62%, that takes lake body delay NP amount respectively.
According to purse net, breed pollution, this paper since may last angle puts forward development may last fishery breeds , the combination research accomplishment of other person develops many kinds to breed organic combination , control to breed density and breed area, establish according to local conditions to breed and catch time, way and level reasonably.
According to local person house and industrial structural adjustment, suggest that new economy develops direction and measure , administer industrial and life pollution, restriction to dazonghu lake emission sewage. Adjustment agricultural production pattern reduces farmland pollution. Reduction breeds economy to rely on , develops sightseeing travel.
According to rich nutrition condition, organic combination industrial adjustment changes development to administer , in the process of administering , consider economic factor fully , suggest that bank side plant is restored , chinampa maze administers , the biology such as microorganism base mud digestion restore measure.
对于大纵湖这样800多年历史的里下河地区的小型湖泊,在近50年,特别是近20年的社会发展中面积不断缩小、生态环境遭到严重破坏。从1985年的Ⅰ、Ⅱ类优良水质,经过二十年,下降到Ⅲ类水,并接近达到Ⅳ类水,通过指标体系的分析,大纵湖呈现富营养状况,主要污染指标为总氮、总磷和高锰酸盐指数,这对于下游的饮用水源和本身的生态系统影响巨大。
分析影响的原因主要是围网养殖、当地人居及产业结构调整和周边环境污染影响,其中围网养殖是主要影响因素,是大纵湖营养盐富集的首要来源,网围养殖使湖体氮磷增加了103.4吨和25.9吨,分别占湖体滞留氮磷总量的50.91%和53.62%。
针对围网养殖污染,本文从可持续角度提出发展可持续渔业养殖,结合他人研究成果,发展多品种养殖有机结合,控制养殖密度和养殖面积,因地制宜制定合理养殖和捕捞时间、方式和程度。
针对当地人居及产业结构调整,提出新的经济发展方向和措施,治理工业和生活污染,限制向大纵湖排放污水。调整农业生产模式,减少农田污染。降低养殖经济依赖,发展观光旅游。
针对富营养状况,有机结合产业调整,变开发为治理,在治理过程中充分考虑经济因素,提出岸边植物修复、浮岛迷宫治理、微生物底泥消化等生物修复措施。
This program is salt city dazonghu the lake scenery travel program of holiday resorts " dazonghu lake environmental quality develops control program with environment" extend. Is from the angle analysis 1985 of environmental protection to 2005, dazonghu lake environmental quality development condition, analysis reason is ecological to restore , and put forward the viewpoint of sustainable development.
For dazonghu the history of more than 800 years lake in the next small-sized lakes of river region, in near 50 years, especially the society of near 20 develops , area is reduced constantly , ecological environment encounters serious damage. From 1985 I , II kind of fine water quality, process 20 years, drop III kind of water, is close to reach IV kind of water, the analysis that passes through index system , dazonghu lake presents rich nutrition condition, major pollutive index is total nitrogen , total Lin and high manganese sour salt index, this has huge influence for the source of drinking water of lower reaches and the ecosystem of.
Analysing the reason of influence major is purse net breeds, local person house and industrial structural adjustment and periphery environmental poilutive influence, breed in which purse net is major influencing factor, is dazonghu the chief source of lake nutrition salt enrichment, neting to surround breed to make lake body NP have increased the 103.4 tons of and 25.9 tons of 50.91% and 53.62%, that takes lake body delay NP amount respectively.
According to purse net, breed pollution, this paper since may last angle puts forward development may last fishery breeds , the combination research accomplishment of other person develops many kinds to breed organic combination , control to breed density and breed area, establish according to local conditions to breed and catch time, way and level reasonably.
According to local person house and industrial structural adjustment, suggest that new economy develops direction and measure , administer industrial and life pollution, restriction to dazonghu lake emission sewage. Adjustment agricultural production pattern reduces farmland pollution. Reduction breeds economy to rely on , develops sightseeing travel.
According to rich nutrition condition, organic combination industrial adjustment changes development to administer , in the process of administering , consider economic factor fully , suggest that bank side plant is restored , chinampa maze administers , the biology such as microorganism base mud digestion restore measure.
引文
[1]左长清.实施生态修复几个问题的探讨[J].水土保持研究,2002,12.
[2]觉居仁.生态修复的要点与思考[J].水土保持研究,2003,2.
[3]陈玉成编.污染环境生物修复工程[C].化学工业出版社:北京,2003.
[4]戴兴春,徐亚同,黄民生.污染环境中微生物修复的几种办法[J].上海化工.2004,29(1):10-12.
[5]王一华,傅荣恕.中国生物修复的应用及进展[J].山东师范大学学报:自然科学版.2003,18(2):79-83.
[6]罗义,毛大庆.生物修复概述及国内外研究进展[J].辽宁大学学报:自然科学版.2003,30(4):298-302.
[7]徐祖信.河流污染治理技术与实践[J].中国水利水电出版社:北京,2003.
[8]陈燕,李寅,堵国成.石油污染水体的生物修复.水处理技术[J].2003,29(5):249-252
[9]Covneny M Y,Stites D L.Nutrient removal from eutrophic lake water by wetland filtration[J].Ecological Engineering,2002,19:141-159.
[10]张维理.中国农业面源污染形式估计及控制对策,Ⅰ.21世纪初期中国农业面源污染的形式估计.中国农业科学[J],2004,(7):1008-1017.
[11]朱敏.南京玄武湖清淤前后底泥主要污染指标的变化[J].南京师范大学学报(工程技术版),2004,4(2):66-69.
[12]马井泉,周怀东,董哲仁等.我国应用生态技术修复富营养化湖泊的研究进展[J].中国水利水电科学研究院学报,2005,9(3):209-215.
[13]曾宇,秦松.光合细菌法在水处理中的应用.城市环境与城市生态[J],2003,13(6):29-31.
[14]李雪梅,杨中艺,简闻光等.有效微生物群控制富营养化湖泊蓝藻的效应[J].中山大学学报,2000,39(1):81-85.
[15]章营军、孙从军.浅谈污染河道水体治理[J].造船工业建设.2001(4):34-39.
[16]丁吉震,CBS水体修复技术[J].洁净煤技术.2000,6(4):36-382.
[17]李正魁,濮培民,胡维平.红枫湖水环境的局部恢复技术-固定化氮循环细菌对水生态系统的修复[J].江苏农业科学.2001(6):70-72.
[18]沈士德,梁和平.基因工程菌在富营养化水体中应用的试验研究[J].勘察科学校术.2003(6):21-23.
[19]庞金钊,杨宗政,曹式芳.微生物制剂在城市湖泊水体生物修复中的作用[J].环境污染与防治,2003,25(5):301-305.
[20]徐亚同,史家墚,袁磊.上澳塘水体生物修复实验[J].上海环境科学,2000,19(10):480-484.
[21]唐玉斌,郝永胜,陆柱等.景观水体的生物激活剂修复[J],城市环境与城市生态,2003,8(4):37-39.
[22]王国祥,成小英,濮培民等.湖泊藻型富营养化控制技术、理论及应用[J],湖泊科学,2002,14(3):273-282.
[23]濮培民,王国祥,李正魁等.健康水生态系统的退化及其修复-理论、技术及应用.湖泊科学,2001,13(3):193-203.
[24]郭蔚华,张智,何冰等.高等水生植物修复双龙湖水体叶绿素a变化试验研究[J],重庆环境科学.2002,2(3): 45-48.
[25]童昌华,杨肖娥,濮培民等.低温季节水生植物对污染水体的净化效果研究[J],水土保持学报,2003,6(2):159-162.
[26]濮培民,王国祥,李正魁,等.健康水生态系统退化及其修复-理论!技术及应用[J].湖泊科学2001,13(3):193-203.
[27]赵卫国,胡荣花,李少华等.利用生物调控技术对大浪淀水库水生生态系统的修复[J].河北工程技术高等专科学校学报,2003,(4):15-17.
[28]黄民生,徐亚同,戚仁海等.苏州河污染支流-绥宁河生物修复试验研究[J].上海环境科学,2003,(6):98-101.
[29]熊万永.福州内河引水冲污工程的实践与认识[J].中国给水 排水,2000(7):26-28.
[30]尹澄清,兰智文,晏维金.白洋淀水陆交错带对陆源营养物质的截留作用初步研究[J].应用生态学报,1995,6(1):76-80.
[31]Bachmann R W,Hoyer M V,Canfield D E Jr.Internal heterotrophy following the switch from macrophytee to algae in Lake,Apopka,Florida.Hydrobaologia,2000,418:217-227.
[32]刘红,代明利.潜流人工湿地改善官厅水库水质实验研究[J].中国环境科学,2003,23(5):462-466.
[33]肖羽堂,吴鸣,刘辉等.弹性填料微孔曝气生物膜法修复污染水源除NH4+-H[J],环境科学,2001,22(3):40-43.
[34]唐玉斌,刘宏伟,郝永胜等.外加碳源和生物激活剂对生物膜修复污染河水效果的影响[J].华东理工大学学报,2003,29(50):75-78.
[35][1]张宝娣,祝建,邢风琴等.就地净化技术在河流净化中的应用研究[J].上海铁道大学学报,1999,(12):56-59.
[2]觉居仁.生态修复的要点与思考[J].水土保持研究,2003,2.
[3]陈玉成编.污染环境生物修复工程[C].化学工业出版社:北京,2003.
[4]戴兴春,徐亚同,黄民生.污染环境中微生物修复的几种办法[J].上海化工.2004,29(1):10-12.
[5]王一华,傅荣恕.中国生物修复的应用及进展[J].山东师范大学学报:自然科学版.2003,18(2):79-83.
[6]罗义,毛大庆.生物修复概述及国内外研究进展[J].辽宁大学学报:自然科学版.2003,30(4):298-302.
[7]徐祖信.河流污染治理技术与实践[J].中国水利水电出版社:北京,2003.
[8]陈燕,李寅,堵国成.石油污染水体的生物修复.水处理技术[J].2003,29(5):249-252
[9]Covneny M Y,Stites D L.Nutrient removal from eutrophic lake water by wetland filtration[J].Ecological Engineering,2002,19:141-159.
[10]张维理.中国农业面源污染形式估计及控制对策,Ⅰ.21世纪初期中国农业面源污染的形式估计.中国农业科学[J],2004,(7):1008-1017.
[11]朱敏.南京玄武湖清淤前后底泥主要污染指标的变化[J].南京师范大学学报(工程技术版),2004,4(2):66-69.
[12]马井泉,周怀东,董哲仁等.我国应用生态技术修复富营养化湖泊的研究进展[J].中国水利水电科学研究院学报,2005,9(3):209-215.
[13]曾宇,秦松.光合细菌法在水处理中的应用.城市环境与城市生态[J],2003,13(6):29-31.
[14]李雪梅,杨中艺,简闻光等.有效微生物群控制富营养化湖泊蓝藻的效应[J].中山大学学报,2000,39(1):81-85.
[15]章营军、孙从军.浅谈污染河道水体治理[J].造船工业建设.2001(4):34-39.
[16]丁吉震,CBS水体修复技术[J].洁净煤技术.2000,6(4):36-382.
[17]李正魁,濮培民,胡维平.红枫湖水环境的局部恢复技术-固定化氮循环细菌对水生态系统的修复[J].江苏农业科学.2001(6):70-72.
[18]沈士德,梁和平.基因工程菌在富营养化水体中应用的试验研究[J].勘察科学校术.2003(6):21-23.
[19]庞金钊,杨宗政,曹式芳.微生物制剂在城市湖泊水体生物修复中的作用[J].环境污染与防治,2003,25(5):301-305.
[20]徐亚同,史家墚,袁磊.上澳塘水体生物修复实验[J].上海环境科学,2000,19(10):480-484.
[21]唐玉斌,郝永胜,陆柱等.景观水体的生物激活剂修复[J],城市环境与城市生态,2003,8(4):37-39.
[22]王国祥,成小英,濮培民等.湖泊藻型富营养化控制技术、理论及应用[J],湖泊科学,2002,14(3):273-282.
[23]濮培民,王国祥,李正魁等.健康水生态系统的退化及其修复-理论、技术及应用.湖泊科学,2001,13(3):193-203.
[24]郭蔚华,张智,何冰等.高等水生植物修复双龙湖水体叶绿素a变化试验研究[J],重庆环境科学.2002,2(3): 45-48.
[25]童昌华,杨肖娥,濮培民等.低温季节水生植物对污染水体的净化效果研究[J],水土保持学报,2003,6(2):159-162.
[26]濮培民,王国祥,李正魁,等.健康水生态系统退化及其修复-理论!技术及应用[J].湖泊科学2001,13(3):193-203.
[27]赵卫国,胡荣花,李少华等.利用生物调控技术对大浪淀水库水生生态系统的修复[J].河北工程技术高等专科学校学报,2003,(4):15-17.
[28]黄民生,徐亚同,戚仁海等.苏州河污染支流-绥宁河生物修复试验研究[J].上海环境科学,2003,(6):98-101.
[29]熊万永.福州内河引水冲污工程的实践与认识[J].中国给水 排水,2000(7):26-28.
[30]尹澄清,兰智文,晏维金.白洋淀水陆交错带对陆源营养物质的截留作用初步研究[J].应用生态学报,1995,6(1):76-80.
[31]Bachmann R W,Hoyer M V,Canfield D E Jr.Internal heterotrophy following the switch from macrophytee to algae in Lake,Apopka,Florida.Hydrobaologia,2000,418:217-227.
[32]刘红,代明利.潜流人工湿地改善官厅水库水质实验研究[J].中国环境科学,2003,23(5):462-466.
[33]肖羽堂,吴鸣,刘辉等.弹性填料微孔曝气生物膜法修复污染水源除NH4+-H[J],环境科学,2001,22(3):40-43.
[34]唐玉斌,刘宏伟,郝永胜等.外加碳源和生物激活剂对生物膜修复污染河水效果的影响[J].华东理工大学学报,2003,29(50):75-78.
[35][1]张宝娣,祝建,邢风琴等.就地净化技术在河流净化中的应用研究[J].上海铁道大学学报,1999,(12):56-59.