中国传统盆菊品种筛选和规模化栽培技术研究
|
摘要
菊花(Chrysanthemum×morifolium Ramat.)是中国的传统名花,自古以来,以其奇特的姿态、绚丽的色彩深受人们的喜爱。作为菊花种质资源大国,中国拥有众多的菊花品种,然而具有知识产权、可以规模化生产的盆栽菊花品种却不多。不同的栽培环境和种植者各异的种植技艺会使盆栽菊花的性状发生显著的变化,难以实现规模化和产业化生产。因此,本文对影响菊花观赏性状的主要环境因子和栽培措施进行了研究,以期筛选出具有中国特色的传统菊花品种,为国内菊花企业规模化生产提供技术指导。本研究主要取得如下成果：1.在对北京地区栽培的800余个大菊品种进行资源调查的基础上,筛选出了具有典型性和代表性的品种35个,进行田间盆栽试验。对其19个观赏性和适应性指标进行观测记载和采集数据,应用层次分析法,从观赏性状、抗逆性和栽培流程3个方面出发,构建了传统盆栽菊花产业化品种筛选体系,选出‘紫云’、‘金背大红’、‘秋染晨霜’、‘墨兰霜’、‘金波涌翠’、‘锦绣鸳鸯’、‘金葵向阳’等7个既具有中国传统特色,又适于规模化生产的盆栽菊花品种。2.通过27个传统大菊品种进行正常季节和“十一”促成栽培两个栽植期的观察记载,对其10个主要观赏性状变异系数进行分析的结果表明,传统菊花品种的主要观赏性状受品种本身的遗传特异性和环境因子共同影响。株高、花梗长、节间长、叶片数、花高这5个性状变异系数都大于20%,比较适于品种分类；方差分析的结果表明,头状花序高度和叶片长度是较为稳定的性状。3.营养元素是影响菊花观赏性状的关键环境因子。研究发现,不同施肥处理使得栽培植株在株高、花径、筒状小花数、叶面积、叶绿素含量和花色等发生显著变化。通过综合考量,营养生长期和花芽分化期均施用氮磷钾肥复合肥,传统盆栽菊花观赏效果最佳。施用生长调节剂试验结果表明：6-BA和KT对菊花株高、茎粗、节间长度、叶面积、花期影响显著。一定范围内,株高随着6-BA和KT浓度的提高而增加,但是太高浓度的生长调节剂又会抑制植株的生长。施用5mg/L的6-BA和30mg/L的KT溶液可以改善株型、提前花期、提高植株观赏价值。4.对不同栽培措施进行试验分析表明：经过换头处理之后,植株较健壮且花期一致。因此,在产业化生产中,推荐苗期进行统一换头,以控制群体花期。在常规管理的基础上,作者整理出了一整套盆栽大菊品种规模化生产栽培技术流程。栽培试验的结果表明,这一流程可以降低栽培成本、提高标准化程度,可以为北京以及周边地区菊花生产企业提供借鉴。
Chrysanthemum(Chrysanthemum×morifolium Ramat.) is one of the traditional flowers in China since ancient times. With them peculiar morphology and brilliant colors, Chrysanthemum are very popular. As the germplasm resources center of Chrysanthemum, China has a large number of cultivars, however, rare of them have intellectual property rights and can be used to large-scale production of potted chrysanthemums. The traits of potted chrysanthemum will chang in different cultural environment and by different ways of planting. Therefore, the effects of the main environmental factors and cultural practices on chrysanthemum ornamental traits were studied, in order to popularize the traditional chrysanthemum cultivars, and provide technical guidance of industrialized production to the domestic chrysanthemum enterprise.Based on investigation of more than800chrysanthemum cultivars in the Beijing, pot-culture experiments were conducted to observe19indexes of32traditional potted chrysanthemum cultivars. A comprehensive evaluation system was established by using AHP method, which considers the ornamental traits, variety resistance and cultivation process. Seven suitable chrysanthemum cultivars were selected for large-scale production. This study will provide a reasonable exploitation of precious traditional chrysanthemum resources.27typical Chinese Traditional Potted Chrysanthemum cultivars were selected as experiment materials. Variations of Major Characters among them in different seasons were studied. The result showed that:different seasons influenced the plant height, stalk length, flower high, internode length and leaf number. These characters can be used to classify the varieties. United variance analysis of the major ornamental traits of cultivars in different seasons showed that:the length of flowers and leaves were influenced by genotypes, not by the external environmental factors.The ornamental traits of chrysanthemum were much influenced by fertilizer. Under different fertilization treatments, plant height, flower diameter and number of tube-shaped flowers, leaf area, chlorophyll content, and colors were significantly different. Based on the comprehensive Evaluation, applying nitrogen fertilizer during vegetative growth phase, applying phosphorus and potassium fertilizer during flower bud differentiation period,600ml/per plant every five days, was the best method.The results of spraying plant growth regulators showed that6-BA and KT have significant effect on plant height, stem diameter, internode length, leaf area, florescence. Within a certain range, plant height increased with the increase of6-BA and KT concentration, but too high concentration of growth regulators would inhibit the growth of plants.5mg/L6-BA or30mg/L KT was the optimal treatment of improving the ornamental quality of chrysanthemum.Elaborately cultivation technology and management has always been the focus of the chrysanthemum cultivation, cultivation experiments showed that:After replacing terminal bud, cultivars became more orderliness and halenessthe, the flowering period of them was concentrated. Therefore, replacing terminal bud was recommended to control the population flowering time in industrial production. A large-scale cultivation technology of potted chrysanthemum was proposed in this paper.
Chrysanthemum(Chrysanthemum×morifolium Ramat.) is one of the traditional flowers in China since ancient times. With them peculiar morphology and brilliant colors, Chrysanthemum are very popular. As the germplasm resources center of Chrysanthemum, China has a large number of cultivars, however, rare of them have intellectual property rights and can be used to large-scale production of potted chrysanthemums. The traits of potted chrysanthemum will chang in different cultural environment and by different ways of planting. Therefore, the effects of the main environmental factors and cultural practices on chrysanthemum ornamental traits were studied, in order to popularize the traditional chrysanthemum cultivars, and provide technical guidance of industrialized production to the domestic chrysanthemum enterprise.Based on investigation of more than800chrysanthemum cultivars in the Beijing, pot-culture experiments were conducted to observe19indexes of32traditional potted chrysanthemum cultivars. A comprehensive evaluation system was established by using AHP method, which considers the ornamental traits, variety resistance and cultivation process. Seven suitable chrysanthemum cultivars were selected for large-scale production. This study will provide a reasonable exploitation of precious traditional chrysanthemum resources.27typical Chinese Traditional Potted Chrysanthemum cultivars were selected as experiment materials. Variations of Major Characters among them in different seasons were studied. The result showed that:different seasons influenced the plant height, stalk length, flower high, internode length and leaf number. These characters can be used to classify the varieties. United variance analysis of the major ornamental traits of cultivars in different seasons showed that:the length of flowers and leaves were influenced by genotypes, not by the external environmental factors.The ornamental traits of chrysanthemum were much influenced by fertilizer. Under different fertilization treatments, plant height, flower diameter and number of tube-shaped flowers, leaf area, chlorophyll content, and colors were significantly different. Based on the comprehensive Evaluation, applying nitrogen fertilizer during vegetative growth phase, applying phosphorus and potassium fertilizer during flower bud differentiation period,600ml/per plant every five days, was the best method.The results of spraying plant growth regulators showed that6-BA and KT have significant effect on plant height, stem diameter, internode length, leaf area, florescence. Within a certain range, plant height increased with the increase of6-BA and KT concentration, but too high concentration of growth regulators would inhibit the growth of plants.5mg/L6-BA or30mg/L KT was the optimal treatment of improving the ornamental quality of chrysanthemum.Elaborately cultivation technology and management has always been the focus of the chrysanthemum cultivation, cultivation experiments showed that:After replacing terminal bud, cultivars became more orderliness and halenessthe, the flowering period of them was concentrated. Therefore, replacing terminal bud was recommended to control the population flowering time in industrial production. A large-scale cultivation technology of potted chrysanthemum was proposed in this paper.
引文
[1] 白新祥,胡可,戴思兰.不同花色菊花品种花色素成分的初步分析[J].北京林业大学学报,2006,9(28)：84-89.
[2] 白新祥.菊花花色形成的表型分析[D].学位论文,北京：北京林业大学图书馆,2007.
[3] 包尚理.如何使菊花色泽纯正[J].中国花卉盆景,2000,11：9.
[4] 陈发棣,崔娜欣,丁跃生.南京地区新引耐寒睡莲主要观赏性状初步评价[J].上海农业学报,2002,18(3)：51-55.
[5] 陈洪国,马容明.GA3对菊花开花和花瓣某些生理生化指标的影响[J].安徽农业科学.2006,34(6)：1050-1051.
[6] 陈仁利.日本神马菊花在海南适应性栽培试验及其技术的研究[D].华南热带农业大学学位论文,2006.
[7] 陈有民.园林树木学[M].中国林业出版社,1988.
[8] 船越,桂市.切花栽培的新技术[M].诚文堂新光社,1983.
[9] 邓波,李海龙,顾仁芳,王梅等.施用GA3和B9对菊花‘优香’的生长调控研究[J].温室园艺,2007,11：28-29.
[10]邓芸,马永祥,王百姓.特用玉米性状的灰色关联度分析[J].中国种业,2006,4,12：35-37.
[11]丁义峰,刘萍,常云霞,赵乐,韩德果,徐克东.激动素对菊花蕾期生理及花期调控的初步研究[J].河南农业科学,2007(1)：80-83.
[12]杜红梅,张效平.GA3处理对春菊花期的影响及其生物学效应[J].上海交通大学学报(农业科学版),2002,20(1)：307-311.
[13]段东泰,高全荣.菊花赏鉴与培育[M].农村读物出版社,2002.
[14]范成大(宋).范村菊谱[M].铅印本.上海：商务印书馆,1930.
[15]龚富生,张嘉宝.植物生理学实验[M].北京：气象出版社,1995.
[16]桂育谦.菊花提前开花配套栽培技术[J].中国花卉园艺,2004,14：36.
[17]高濂(明).艺菊谱[M].刻本.1591.
[18]郭超超.独本菊反季节生产品种筛选及栽培技术研究[D].北京林业大学学位论文,2009：25-26.
[19]郭志刚,张伟.菊花[M].中国林业出版社,2001.
[20]顾禄(清).艺菊须知[M].二卷.刻本.苏州：金间顾氏校经精舍,1838.
[21]郝文雅,刘德辉,徐飞,杨剑波,盛蒂.施肥对栽培菊花土壤的有机无机复合和菊花产量与品质的影响[J].土壤,2008,40(4)：616-621.
[22]何品.盆栽多头菊引种栽培中营养物质和生长调节剂应用研究[D].北京林业大学学位论文,2007.
[23]黄在范,郑成淑,张翠华,范玲超.控释肥对土壤有效养分利用率及菊花生长和观赏品质的影响[J].山东农业科学,2009,10：70-73.
[24]黄省曾(明).艺菊书[M].影印本.长沙：商务印书馆,1940.
[25]蒋细旺,张萍,魏传斌,徐小玉,王沁.菊花耐热性表现及评价[J].中国植物生理生态学学术研讨会论文摘要汇编,2004.
[26]焦会玲,标本菊栽培管理技术[J].北方园艺,2008(1)：143-144.
[27]姬君兆.菊花[M].中国农业大学出版社,2001.
[28]李冲,兰丽婷,董丽,任爽英,黄璐,冯冰,刘春.基于AHP-TOPSIS法的东方百合‘西伯利亚’种
植密度优化筛选[J].西南大学学报,2010,32(12)：37-43.
[29]李和生.现代植物生理学[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2001.
[30]梁芳.菊花对低温胁迫的响应机理以及ASA和Ca-2缓解效应的研究[D].山东农业大学学位论,2009.
[31]刘大会,朱端卫,周文兵,刘伟,陈科力.氮、磷、钾配合施用对福田自菊产量和品质的影响[J].中草堂,2006,37(1)：125-129.
[32]刘海英,崔长海,刘伟,岳高超,于荣娜,于锦萍.乙烯利对菊花苗期叶片营养状况和花期的影响[J].湖北农业科学,2009,48(6)：877-879.
[33]刘海英,崔长海,王改红,刘歆,王立云,高晗.氨卞西林钠和马来酰肼对菊花形态花色和花期的影响[J].河南农业科学,2008,12：107-110.
[34]刘萍,刘海英,丁义峰,齐付国,常云霞.KT对菊花形态、生理和花期的影响[J].广西植物,2004,24(6)：550-553.
[35]刘文江,汪旭东,周开达,李浩杰.广适性杂交水稻的性状特征研究[J].四川农业大学学报,2006,18(6)：137-140.
[36]刘夏石.计算施肥学与理性农业的探索[M].南京：东南大学出版社,2003.
[37]刘晓红,戴思兰.菊花无十栽培基质试验分析初探[J].河北科技师范学报,2004,18(1)：23-26.
[38]刘亚丽,靳萍,陈明霞,刘蕾.红光对菊花水培插枝生根及生理生化活性的影响[J].河南师范大学学报：自然科学版,2003,031(002)：107-109.
[39]刘燕.园林花卉学[M].北京：中国林业出版社,2003.
[40]吕晓惠.反季节栽培中光对盆栽菊花生长影响的研究[D].北京林业大学学位论文,2007.
[41]马继凤,赵郑文.南方春大豆不同播季主要农艺性状的变化及其遗传研究[J].大豆科学,1998,17(4)：331-339.
[42]满昌伟,沈伟.用光温调节菊花花期[J].中国花卉盆景,2005,5：34.
[43]莫丹,陈发棣,徐迎春,房伟民,顾俊杰,陆锦华,朱中亚.定植期和摘心次数对小花型盆栽夏菊开花的影响[J].南京农业大学学报,2008,31(3)：51-54.
[44]宁惠娟,邵锋,戴思兰,包志毅.40个品种菊的切花用途评价[J].浙江林学院学报,2009,26(3)：389-394.
[45]闰玉华.比久(B9)对切花菊观赏形态的调节和开花期的影响[J].农业科技通讯,2009,11：84-86.
[46]彭福田,彭勇,周鹏,张守仕.肥料袋控缓释对沾化冬枣氮素利用率与生长结果的影响[J].园艺学报,2006,33(2)：223-228.
[47]孙静清.不同处理措施对菊花生长的影响[J].北方园艺,2008,(12)：130-132.
[48]孙宪芝.菊花光合作用对于高温胁迫的响应机理研究[D].山东农业大学学位论文,2008.
[49]舒迎澜.古人载菊经《叶天培艺菊秘要》评价[J],园林,1995,04：28-29.
[50]田彦彦.逆境胁迫对菊花光合特性及相关生理指标的影响[D].河南农大学位论文,2009.
[51]王彩侠.光对切花秋菊的开花的影响[D].北京林业大学硕士生论文,2005.
[52]王静.环境因子对花卉的影响及调控效应的研究[D].西北农林科技大学硕十生论文,2005.
[53]王俊杰.复合植物生长调节剂延迟李树和桃树花期试验[J],北方园艺,2012,06：20-22.
[54]王磊(译).在短日照条件下温度和光合光子流量影响菊花新梢发育和花芽分化[J].北方园艺,1997,5：52-54.
[55]王利群.植物生长调节剂在菊花高度控制中的应用[J].安徽林业科技,2006,3(129)：17-18.
[56]王文奎,周春玲,戴思兰.毛华菊花朵形态变异[J].北京林业大学学报,1999,21(3)：92-95.
[57]王晓光,李金柱,邓先珍,程军勇,徐永杰,向珊珊,蔡芳.层次分析法在湖北省鸟柏优树决选中的应用研究[J].华中农业大学学报,2009,28(2)：89-92.
[58]王子凡,张明姝,戴思兰.自然科学史研究,2009,28(1)：77-90.
[59]魏胜林,王家保,李春保.蓝光和红光对菊花生长和开花的影响[J].园艺学报,1998,25(2)：203-204.
[60]温鲁,罗玉明,华春.新型CO2气肥试验应用[J].技术与市场,2000,5：30-31.
[61]吴应祥.菊花[M].中国农业大学出版社,1991.
[62]吴同彦,谷俊涛,王秀敏等.小麦物候期与主要农艺性状相关性的研究[J].河北农业大学学报,2004,27(4)：5-7.
[63]吴文新,王洪铭.菊花花期调控技术的研究概况及展望[J].福建农业科技,2001,(3)：21-23.
[64]萧清泰(清).艺菊新编[M].刻本.北京：京都聚珍堂,1879.
[65]向见,包兵,黄小强.植物生长调节剂控制菊花高度研究综述[J].遵义科技,2007,6：11-12.
[66]薛守纪.中国菊花图谱[M].北京：中国林业出版社,2004.
[67]晏才毅.菊花栽培与品种选育[M].湖南科学技术出版社,1983.
[68]杨帆,林竹隐,陈林.不同栽培基质对菊花观赏性状的影响[J].南方农业,2008,2(2)：3.
[69]杨柳青.植物生长调节剂对菊花新品种Chrysanthemum × morifolium 'Butterfield'生长与开花的影响[J].湖南林业科技,2004,31(6)：23-25.
[70]杨彦伶,雷小华,李玲等.层次分析法在紫薇优良无性系选择的应用研究[J].西南农业大学学报(自然科学版),2005(4)：518-521.
[71]姚毓谬.菊花[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1984.
[72]鱼欢.施氮量、氮源及栽培模式对小麦、玉米生理特性及产量的影响[D].西北农林科技大学博士论文,2009：122-123.
[73]张翠华,郑成淑,孙宪芝,王文莉,李润文.光周期诱导菊花成花及成花逆转过程中生理代谢的变化[J].山东农业科学,2009,6：42-45.
[74]张翠华,郑成淑,孙霞,朱翠英.控释肥对菊花土壤有效养分利用率以及生长和观赏品质的影响[J].中国观赏园艺进展,2009,8：371-378.
[75]张福翠,熊作明,胡艺春,罗红雨.大花美人蕉辐射诱变育种研究[J].安徽农业科学,2011,39(1)：56-58.
[76]张莉俊,戴思兰.菊花种质资源研究现状[J].植物学报,2009,44(5)：526-535.
[77]赵冰,张启翔.中国蜡梅种质资源花性状的变异分析[J].园艺学报,2008,35(3)：383-388.
[78]郑成淑,石铁源,全雪丽,蔡兴福.B9对菊花生长与开花的影响[J].延边大学学报,2000,22(1)：39-47.
[79]中华人民共和国农业部.《中华人民共和国植物新品种特异性、一致性和稳定性的测试指南》(试行稿)菊花(Dendranthema×grandiflorum)部.2002.
[80]周军,李鸿渐.气温、光照条件对夏菊花品种花序芽发育的影响[J].园艺学报,1993,04：379-383.
[81]周桂生,封超年,肖苏林,顾巍菊,刘理.氮肥和氮磷钾配比对科棉1号产量和品质的影响[J].江西棉花,2005,08：15-25.
[82]周志凯,任旭琴.B9和CCC对菊花生长、开花及生理特性的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2008,36(27)：11648-11649.
[83]邹琦.植物生理生化实验指南[M].北京：中国农业出版社,1995：33-68.
[86] Abdul MK,SimonP.Spectralfilters and temperature effects on growth and development of chrysanthemum under lowlight integral[J].Plant Growth Regulation,2006,49:61-68.
[87] Adams R.The effects of day and night temperature on Chrysanthemum morifolium; investigating the safe limits for temperature integration[J].Horticultural Science & Biotechnology.2009.
[88] Anderson N.O.Flower breedingand genetics[M].Netherlands.2006.
[89] Broertjes C. Radiation-induced low-temperature tolerant solid mutants of Chrysanthemum raorifolium[J].Ram.Euphytica,1985,34:97-103.
[90] Cathey H.M.Chrysanthemum temperature study.C.The effect of night,day and mean temperature upon the flowering of chrysanthemum morifolium[J].Proc.of the Amer.Soc.of Hort.Sci.1957,64: 499-502.
[91] England R,Attiwill M.Changes in leaf morphology andanatomy with tree age and height in the broadleaved evergreenspecies,Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell[J].Trees,2006,20(1):79-90.
[92] Fujita M,Okada K.Effect of P-deficiency on photoassimilate partitioning and rhythmic changes in fruit and stem diameter of tomato during fruit growth[J]. Journal of Experimental Botany.2003,54(392):2519-2528.
[93] Gamier E,Shipley B,Roumet C.standardized protocol for the determ ination of specific leaf area and leaf dry matter content[J].Functional Ecology,2001,15:688-695.
[94] Hahn J,Cho R,Lee B.Air temperature and relative humidity affect the growth of Chrysanthemum plant letsinthemicroponic system[J]. Journal of the Korean Society forHorticultural Science. 1998,39(5):625-628.
[95] Hiroyuki Sugiura.Effects of 6-Benzylaminopurine and Ethephon Applications on Flowering and Morphology in Summer-to-Autumn-Flowering hrysanthemum under Open Field Conditions[J]. Pestic. Sci.2004.29(4):308-312.
[96] Kishimo S,Maoka T,Nakayama M.Carotenoid composition in petals of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema Grandiflorum(Ramat.) Kitamura)[J].Phytochemistry,2004,65(12):2781-2787.
[97] Konch G,Sillett S,Jennings M.The limits totree height[J].Nature,2004,428(6985):851-854.
[98] Matthew G.Blanchard,Erik S.Runkle.Use of a cyclic high-pressure sodium lamp to inhibit flowering of chrysanthemum and velvet sage[J].Scientia Horticulturae.2009,122:448-454.
[99] McLaren J S.Chemical Manipulation of Crop Growth and development[M].Mackays of Chatham Ltd.1982.
[100] Mori K,Goto-Yamamoto N,Kitayama M and Hashizume K.Loss of anthocyanins in red-wine grape under high temperature [J] Journal of Experimental Botany.2007:on line.
[101] Mori K,Sugaya Sand Gemma H.Decreased anthocyanin biosynthesis in grape berries grown under elevated night temperature condition [J].Scientia Horticultural.2005,105(3):319-330.
[102]Nei O.Anderson.Flower Breeding and Genetic[M].Netherlands:Springer,2006.
[103] Rijkers T,Pons T,Bongers F.The effect of tree height andlight availability on photosynthetic leaf traits of four neotropical species differing in shade tolerance[J].Functional Ecology,2000, 14(1):77-86.
[104] Rutland B.Effect of temperature on the concentration of anthocyanin in pink flowers of Chrysanthemum×morifolium Ramat.cv.'Ochid Queen'[J].Amer.Soc.Hort.Sci.Proc.1968,93:
576-582.
[105] Shaked-Sachray L,Weiss D,Reuveni M,Nissim-Levi A and Oren-Shamir M.Increased anthocyanin accumulation in aster flowers at elevated temperatures due to magnesium treatment[J].Physiologia Plantarum.2002,114(4):559-565.
[106] Stickland G.Pigment production by cultured florets of Chrysanthemum morifolium. Annals of Botany[J].1974,57:1061-1071.
[107] Tanaka Y,Sasaki N and Ohmiya A.Biosynthesis of plant pigments:anthocyanins,betalains and carotenoids [J].The Plant Journal.2008,54(4):733-749.
[108] Voss H.Relating colourimeter measurement of plant colour to the Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart[J].HortScience.1992,27(12):1256-1260.
[109] Wang L S,Hashimoto F,Shiraishi A,et al.Chemical taxonomy of the Xibei tree peony from China by floral pigmentation[J].Journal of Plant Research.2004,117(1):47-55.
[110] Wilson P, Thompson K,Hodgson J. Specific leaf area andleaf dry matter content as alternative predictors of plant strategies [J].New Phytologist.1999,143(1):155-162.
[111] Zheng C S,Oba S,Matsui T.Effects of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on growth,nutrient contents,ethylene production and gibberellins content in chrysanthemum plants[J].Japan.Soc.Hort.Sci.,2005,74: 144-149.
[2] 白新祥.菊花花色形成的表型分析[D].学位论文,北京：北京林业大学图书馆,2007.
[3] 包尚理.如何使菊花色泽纯正[J].中国花卉盆景,2000,11：9.
[4] 陈发棣,崔娜欣,丁跃生.南京地区新引耐寒睡莲主要观赏性状初步评价[J].上海农业学报,2002,18(3)：51-55.
[5] 陈洪国,马容明.GA3对菊花开花和花瓣某些生理生化指标的影响[J].安徽农业科学.2006,34(6)：1050-1051.
[6] 陈仁利.日本神马菊花在海南适应性栽培试验及其技术的研究[D].华南热带农业大学学位论文,2006.
[7] 陈有民.园林树木学[M].中国林业出版社,1988.
[8] 船越,桂市.切花栽培的新技术[M].诚文堂新光社,1983.
[9] 邓波,李海龙,顾仁芳,王梅等.施用GA3和B9对菊花‘优香’的生长调控研究[J].温室园艺,2007,11：28-29.
[10]邓芸,马永祥,王百姓.特用玉米性状的灰色关联度分析[J].中国种业,2006,4,12：35-37.
[11]丁义峰,刘萍,常云霞,赵乐,韩德果,徐克东.激动素对菊花蕾期生理及花期调控的初步研究[J].河南农业科学,2007(1)：80-83.
[12]杜红梅,张效平.GA3处理对春菊花期的影响及其生物学效应[J].上海交通大学学报(农业科学版),2002,20(1)：307-311.
[13]段东泰,高全荣.菊花赏鉴与培育[M].农村读物出版社,2002.
[14]范成大(宋).范村菊谱[M].铅印本.上海：商务印书馆,1930.
[15]龚富生,张嘉宝.植物生理学实验[M].北京：气象出版社,1995.
[16]桂育谦.菊花提前开花配套栽培技术[J].中国花卉园艺,2004,14：36.
[17]高濂(明).艺菊谱[M].刻本.1591.
[18]郭超超.独本菊反季节生产品种筛选及栽培技术研究[D].北京林业大学学位论文,2009：25-26.
[19]郭志刚,张伟.菊花[M].中国林业出版社,2001.
[20]顾禄(清).艺菊须知[M].二卷.刻本.苏州：金间顾氏校经精舍,1838.
[21]郝文雅,刘德辉,徐飞,杨剑波,盛蒂.施肥对栽培菊花土壤的有机无机复合和菊花产量与品质的影响[J].土壤,2008,40(4)：616-621.
[22]何品.盆栽多头菊引种栽培中营养物质和生长调节剂应用研究[D].北京林业大学学位论文,2007.
[23]黄在范,郑成淑,张翠华,范玲超.控释肥对土壤有效养分利用率及菊花生长和观赏品质的影响[J].山东农业科学,2009,10：70-73.
[24]黄省曾(明).艺菊书[M].影印本.长沙：商务印书馆,1940.
[25]蒋细旺,张萍,魏传斌,徐小玉,王沁.菊花耐热性表现及评价[J].中国植物生理生态学学术研讨会论文摘要汇编,2004.
[26]焦会玲,标本菊栽培管理技术[J].北方园艺,2008(1)：143-144.
[27]姬君兆.菊花[M].中国农业大学出版社,2001.
[28]李冲,兰丽婷,董丽,任爽英,黄璐,冯冰,刘春.基于AHP-TOPSIS法的东方百合‘西伯利亚’种
植密度优化筛选[J].西南大学学报,2010,32(12)：37-43.
[29]李和生.现代植物生理学[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2001.
[30]梁芳.菊花对低温胁迫的响应机理以及ASA和Ca-2缓解效应的研究[D].山东农业大学学位论,2009.
[31]刘大会,朱端卫,周文兵,刘伟,陈科力.氮、磷、钾配合施用对福田自菊产量和品质的影响[J].中草堂,2006,37(1)：125-129.
[32]刘海英,崔长海,刘伟,岳高超,于荣娜,于锦萍.乙烯利对菊花苗期叶片营养状况和花期的影响[J].湖北农业科学,2009,48(6)：877-879.
[33]刘海英,崔长海,王改红,刘歆,王立云,高晗.氨卞西林钠和马来酰肼对菊花形态花色和花期的影响[J].河南农业科学,2008,12：107-110.
[34]刘萍,刘海英,丁义峰,齐付国,常云霞.KT对菊花形态、生理和花期的影响[J].广西植物,2004,24(6)：550-553.
[35]刘文江,汪旭东,周开达,李浩杰.广适性杂交水稻的性状特征研究[J].四川农业大学学报,2006,18(6)：137-140.
[36]刘夏石.计算施肥学与理性农业的探索[M].南京：东南大学出版社,2003.
[37]刘晓红,戴思兰.菊花无十栽培基质试验分析初探[J].河北科技师范学报,2004,18(1)：23-26.
[38]刘亚丽,靳萍,陈明霞,刘蕾.红光对菊花水培插枝生根及生理生化活性的影响[J].河南师范大学学报：自然科学版,2003,031(002)：107-109.
[39]刘燕.园林花卉学[M].北京：中国林业出版社,2003.
[40]吕晓惠.反季节栽培中光对盆栽菊花生长影响的研究[D].北京林业大学学位论文,2007.
[41]马继凤,赵郑文.南方春大豆不同播季主要农艺性状的变化及其遗传研究[J].大豆科学,1998,17(4)：331-339.
[42]满昌伟,沈伟.用光温调节菊花花期[J].中国花卉盆景,2005,5：34.
[43]莫丹,陈发棣,徐迎春,房伟民,顾俊杰,陆锦华,朱中亚.定植期和摘心次数对小花型盆栽夏菊开花的影响[J].南京农业大学学报,2008,31(3)：51-54.
[44]宁惠娟,邵锋,戴思兰,包志毅.40个品种菊的切花用途评价[J].浙江林学院学报,2009,26(3)：389-394.
[45]闰玉华.比久(B9)对切花菊观赏形态的调节和开花期的影响[J].农业科技通讯,2009,11：84-86.
[46]彭福田,彭勇,周鹏,张守仕.肥料袋控缓释对沾化冬枣氮素利用率与生长结果的影响[J].园艺学报,2006,33(2)：223-228.
[47]孙静清.不同处理措施对菊花生长的影响[J].北方园艺,2008,(12)：130-132.
[48]孙宪芝.菊花光合作用对于高温胁迫的响应机理研究[D].山东农业大学学位论文,2008.
[49]舒迎澜.古人载菊经《叶天培艺菊秘要》评价[J],园林,1995,04：28-29.
[50]田彦彦.逆境胁迫对菊花光合特性及相关生理指标的影响[D].河南农大学位论文,2009.
[51]王彩侠.光对切花秋菊的开花的影响[D].北京林业大学硕士生论文,2005.
[52]王静.环境因子对花卉的影响及调控效应的研究[D].西北农林科技大学硕十生论文,2005.
[53]王俊杰.复合植物生长调节剂延迟李树和桃树花期试验[J],北方园艺,2012,06：20-22.
[54]王磊(译).在短日照条件下温度和光合光子流量影响菊花新梢发育和花芽分化[J].北方园艺,1997,5：52-54.
[55]王利群.植物生长调节剂在菊花高度控制中的应用[J].安徽林业科技,2006,3(129)：17-18.
[56]王文奎,周春玲,戴思兰.毛华菊花朵形态变异[J].北京林业大学学报,1999,21(3)：92-95.
[57]王晓光,李金柱,邓先珍,程军勇,徐永杰,向珊珊,蔡芳.层次分析法在湖北省鸟柏优树决选中的应用研究[J].华中农业大学学报,2009,28(2)：89-92.
[58]王子凡,张明姝,戴思兰.自然科学史研究,2009,28(1)：77-90.
[59]魏胜林,王家保,李春保.蓝光和红光对菊花生长和开花的影响[J].园艺学报,1998,25(2)：203-204.
[60]温鲁,罗玉明,华春.新型CO2气肥试验应用[J].技术与市场,2000,5：30-31.
[61]吴应祥.菊花[M].中国农业大学出版社,1991.
[62]吴同彦,谷俊涛,王秀敏等.小麦物候期与主要农艺性状相关性的研究[J].河北农业大学学报,2004,27(4)：5-7.
[63]吴文新,王洪铭.菊花花期调控技术的研究概况及展望[J].福建农业科技,2001,(3)：21-23.
[64]萧清泰(清).艺菊新编[M].刻本.北京：京都聚珍堂,1879.
[65]向见,包兵,黄小强.植物生长调节剂控制菊花高度研究综述[J].遵义科技,2007,6：11-12.
[66]薛守纪.中国菊花图谱[M].北京：中国林业出版社,2004.
[67]晏才毅.菊花栽培与品种选育[M].湖南科学技术出版社,1983.
[68]杨帆,林竹隐,陈林.不同栽培基质对菊花观赏性状的影响[J].南方农业,2008,2(2)：3.
[69]杨柳青.植物生长调节剂对菊花新品种Chrysanthemum × morifolium 'Butterfield'生长与开花的影响[J].湖南林业科技,2004,31(6)：23-25.
[70]杨彦伶,雷小华,李玲等.层次分析法在紫薇优良无性系选择的应用研究[J].西南农业大学学报(自然科学版),2005(4)：518-521.
[71]姚毓谬.菊花[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1984.
[72]鱼欢.施氮量、氮源及栽培模式对小麦、玉米生理特性及产量的影响[D].西北农林科技大学博士论文,2009：122-123.
[73]张翠华,郑成淑,孙宪芝,王文莉,李润文.光周期诱导菊花成花及成花逆转过程中生理代谢的变化[J].山东农业科学,2009,6：42-45.
[74]张翠华,郑成淑,孙霞,朱翠英.控释肥对菊花土壤有效养分利用率以及生长和观赏品质的影响[J].中国观赏园艺进展,2009,8：371-378.
[75]张福翠,熊作明,胡艺春,罗红雨.大花美人蕉辐射诱变育种研究[J].安徽农业科学,2011,39(1)：56-58.
[76]张莉俊,戴思兰.菊花种质资源研究现状[J].植物学报,2009,44(5)：526-535.
[77]赵冰,张启翔.中国蜡梅种质资源花性状的变异分析[J].园艺学报,2008,35(3)：383-388.
[78]郑成淑,石铁源,全雪丽,蔡兴福.B9对菊花生长与开花的影响[J].延边大学学报,2000,22(1)：39-47.
[79]中华人民共和国农业部.《中华人民共和国植物新品种特异性、一致性和稳定性的测试指南》(试行稿)菊花(Dendranthema×grandiflorum)部.2002.
[80]周军,李鸿渐.气温、光照条件对夏菊花品种花序芽发育的影响[J].园艺学报,1993,04：379-383.
[81]周桂生,封超年,肖苏林,顾巍菊,刘理.氮肥和氮磷钾配比对科棉1号产量和品质的影响[J].江西棉花,2005,08：15-25.
[82]周志凯,任旭琴.B9和CCC对菊花生长、开花及生理特性的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2008,36(27)：11648-11649.
[83]邹琦.植物生理生化实验指南[M].北京：中国农业出版社,1995：33-68.
[86] Abdul MK,SimonP.Spectralfilters and temperature effects on growth and development of chrysanthemum under lowlight integral[J].Plant Growth Regulation,2006,49:61-68.
[87] Adams R.The effects of day and night temperature on Chrysanthemum morifolium; investigating the safe limits for temperature integration[J].Horticultural Science & Biotechnology.2009.
[88] Anderson N.O.Flower breedingand genetics[M].Netherlands.2006.
[89] Broertjes C. Radiation-induced low-temperature tolerant solid mutants of Chrysanthemum raorifolium[J].Ram.Euphytica,1985,34:97-103.
[90] Cathey H.M.Chrysanthemum temperature study.C.The effect of night,day and mean temperature upon the flowering of chrysanthemum morifolium[J].Proc.of the Amer.Soc.of Hort.Sci.1957,64: 499-502.
[91] England R,Attiwill M.Changes in leaf morphology andanatomy with tree age and height in the broadleaved evergreenspecies,Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell[J].Trees,2006,20(1):79-90.
[92] Fujita M,Okada K.Effect of P-deficiency on photoassimilate partitioning and rhythmic changes in fruit and stem diameter of tomato during fruit growth[J]. Journal of Experimental Botany.2003,54(392):2519-2528.
[93] Gamier E,Shipley B,Roumet C.standardized protocol for the determ ination of specific leaf area and leaf dry matter content[J].Functional Ecology,2001,15:688-695.
[94] Hahn J,Cho R,Lee B.Air temperature and relative humidity affect the growth of Chrysanthemum plant letsinthemicroponic system[J]. Journal of the Korean Society forHorticultural Science. 1998,39(5):625-628.
[95] Hiroyuki Sugiura.Effects of 6-Benzylaminopurine and Ethephon Applications on Flowering and Morphology in Summer-to-Autumn-Flowering hrysanthemum under Open Field Conditions[J]. Pestic. Sci.2004.29(4):308-312.
[96] Kishimo S,Maoka T,Nakayama M.Carotenoid composition in petals of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema Grandiflorum(Ramat.) Kitamura)[J].Phytochemistry,2004,65(12):2781-2787.
[97] Konch G,Sillett S,Jennings M.The limits totree height[J].Nature,2004,428(6985):851-854.
[98] Matthew G.Blanchard,Erik S.Runkle.Use of a cyclic high-pressure sodium lamp to inhibit flowering of chrysanthemum and velvet sage[J].Scientia Horticulturae.2009,122:448-454.
[99] McLaren J S.Chemical Manipulation of Crop Growth and development[M].Mackays of Chatham Ltd.1982.
[100] Mori K,Goto-Yamamoto N,Kitayama M and Hashizume K.Loss of anthocyanins in red-wine grape under high temperature [J] Journal of Experimental Botany.2007:on line.
[101] Mori K,Sugaya Sand Gemma H.Decreased anthocyanin biosynthesis in grape berries grown under elevated night temperature condition [J].Scientia Horticultural.2005,105(3):319-330.
[102]Nei O.Anderson.Flower Breeding and Genetic[M].Netherlands:Springer,2006.
[103] Rijkers T,Pons T,Bongers F.The effect of tree height andlight availability on photosynthetic leaf traits of four neotropical species differing in shade tolerance[J].Functional Ecology,2000, 14(1):77-86.
[104] Rutland B.Effect of temperature on the concentration of anthocyanin in pink flowers of Chrysanthemum×morifolium Ramat.cv.'Ochid Queen'[J].Amer.Soc.Hort.Sci.Proc.1968,93:
576-582.
[105] Shaked-Sachray L,Weiss D,Reuveni M,Nissim-Levi A and Oren-Shamir M.Increased anthocyanin accumulation in aster flowers at elevated temperatures due to magnesium treatment[J].Physiologia Plantarum.2002,114(4):559-565.
[106] Stickland G.Pigment production by cultured florets of Chrysanthemum morifolium. Annals of Botany[J].1974,57:1061-1071.
[107] Tanaka Y,Sasaki N and Ohmiya A.Biosynthesis of plant pigments:anthocyanins,betalains and carotenoids [J].The Plant Journal.2008,54(4):733-749.
[108] Voss H.Relating colourimeter measurement of plant colour to the Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart[J].HortScience.1992,27(12):1256-1260.
[109] Wang L S,Hashimoto F,Shiraishi A,et al.Chemical taxonomy of the Xibei tree peony from China by floral pigmentation[J].Journal of Plant Research.2004,117(1):47-55.
[110] Wilson P, Thompson K,Hodgson J. Specific leaf area andleaf dry matter content as alternative predictors of plant strategies [J].New Phytologist.1999,143(1):155-162.
[111] Zheng C S,Oba S,Matsui T.Effects of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on growth,nutrient contents,ethylene production and gibberellins content in chrysanthemum plants[J].Japan.Soc.Hort.Sci.,2005,74: 144-149.