北洛河流域食蚜蝇科（Syrphidae）昆虫研究
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摘要
北洛河流域地处陕北黄土高原,是全国水土流失最为严重的地区之一。近些年,该地区实施退耕还林(草)政策,成效显著。因此,研究该地区昆虫物种多样性,对合理开发利用北洛河流域的生物资源,进一步改善环境提供有用的信息,促进区域经济协调发展具十分重要的意义。本研究以“北洛河流域生态建设动物种群种类、数量和动态的研究”项目为平台,于2008年5月至9月期间采集标本,同时结合延安大学生命科学学院近几年采集的标本,研究该流域的食蚜蝇科昆虫物种多样性。
食蚜蝇隶属于双翅目Diptera、食蚜蝇科Syrphidae。已记载种类约230属6000多种。研究表明,自然界中,重要的传粉昆虫首先是食蚜蝇,其次才是蜜蜂,食蚜蝇传粉的种子产量是对照3倍。另外,食蚜蝇在仿生学、生物防治等方面都有重要作用。
本文分别从区系、种-多度分布模型、多样性指数、主成分分析及聚类分析等几方面对该地区的食蚜蝇科昆虫进行全面分析,填补了该地区食蚜蝇科昆虫物种多样性研究的空白,为本地区的生物多样性保护及生态环境可持续发展提供基础资料。
本次共采集到食蚜蝇科昆虫标本2575号,隶属于2亚科11族29属52种,其中4新种:洛河长角蚜蝇Chrysotixum luohensis Huo,sp.nov.;细腹蚜蝇Sphaerophoria sp.nov.;奇足柄角蚜蝇Monoceromyia baculitibia sp.nov.:黄陵缩颜蚜蝇Pipiza huanglingensis Huo,sp.nov.。中国新纪录种2种:锐足宽跗蚜蝇Platycheirus pennipes(?)hara,1980;宽月优蚜蝇Eupeodes(Eupeodes)latilunulatus(Collin,1931)。陕西新记录种7种:黄颊长角蚜蝇Chrysotoxum cautum(Harris,1776):白额小蚜蝇Paragus albifrons(Fallen,1817):白纹毛蚜蝇Dasysyrphusalbostriatus(Fallen,1817):宽条优食蚜蝇Eupeodes(Eupeodes)latifasciatus(Macquart,1829);宽尾细腹食蚜蝇Sphaerophoria rueppelli(Wiedemann,1830);索格毛管蚜蝇Mallota sogdianaStackelberg,1950;长角斜额蚜蝇Pipizella antennata Vioiovitsh,1981。
首次对陕西北部黄土高原区食蚜蝇科昆虫进行区系分析。亚世界属和世界属分别占总数的20.690%和31.034%,多区属构成了北洛河流域食蚜蝇科昆虫属的主体,占到总数的48.276%。
在物种组成上,本地区的食蚜蝇科昆虫以两界共有种为主体,其次为古北区成分。在我国7大动物地理亚区中,华中与华北两区同分布种32种,占总数的61.538%;蒙新区与华北区两区同分布种30种,占总数的57.692%:东北和华北两区同分布种24种,占总数的46.154%。
运用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Simpson优势度指数对北洛河流域不同月份、不同地点及不同生境进行多样性分析。不同月份的结果显示:Shannon-Wiener多样性指数变化趋势是9月份＞6月份＞8月份＞5月份,Margalef物种丰富度指数变化趋势是8月份＞6月份＞9月份＞5月份,Pielou均匀度指数变化趋势是6月份＞9月份＞5月份＞8月份,Simpson优势度指数变化趋势是5月份＞8月份＞9月份＞6月份;不同地点的结果显示:吴起优势度指数较高,而甘泉多样数指数及均匀度较高,黄陵丰富度指数较高:不同生境的结果显示:草地多样性指数和丰富度指数较高,而林地均匀度指数和优势度指数较高。
对不同月份、不同地点及不同生境的食蚜蝇种.多度分析得出,北洛河流域食蚜蝇的种-多度分布基本服从对数正态分布。
不同月份的聚类结果显示:5月份和6月份相似程度较大:不同地点的聚类结果显示:吴起和志丹的相似性最高,洛川和黄陵也较为相似,富县则靠近洛川和黄陵;不同生境的聚类结果显示:林地和农田相似性较高,其它相似性则较低。
采用主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)对各地食蚜蝇昆虫群落和气候因素进行分析,结果表明:不同地点气候因素PCA的三维主分量的累计方差贡献率达到了94.459%,食蚜蝇群落PCA的四维主分量累计的方差贡献率达到了88.872%,占据了绝大多数的信息量,可以代表整个气候和群落的特征。主成分分析结果比较理想,可用来分析北洛河流域食蚜蝇群落之间的关系以及食蚜蝇群落与气候因素的关系。
对气候因素和食蚜蝇群落进行多元逐步回归分析,结果表明:与食蚜蝇分布相关的气候因素有极端最高气温、5至9月最高降水量、5至9月最低降水量、≥10℃积温和无霜期等。
The North Luo River Basin located in the Loess Plateau of the Northern Shaanxi,is the most serious soil and water loss in the word.In recent years,the effectiveness of returning farmland to forest or grassland of this area was great.So investigation of the insect species diversity,and rational developing and utilizing biological resources in this area,was important to promote the coordinated development of regional economy.This study is based on the project of "the researching of ecological construction animal species variety,quantity and dynamics in the North Luo River Basin".
The hoverfly belong to Syrphidae which belong to Diptera.So far it has documented about 6 000 species(200 genera).In nature,the results from the present investigation suggest that the more important pollinating insects are Syrphidae,followed by the bees.The seed yield pollinated by Syrphidae is almost 3 times as large as the control.At the same time,the Syrphidae has importance in bionics,biological control and other aspects.
Diversity of hoverfly community in North Luo River Basin is investigated using Fauna, species-abundance model,diversity index and clustering and so on in this paper.This research provides the basic information for Biodiversity Conservation and ecological environment protection of the North Luo River Basin for sustainable development.
This experiment has collected 2 575 Syrphidae specimens,which belong to 2 subfamilies 11 tribes 29 genera 52 species.4 new species:Chrysotixum luohensis Huo,sp.nov.;Sphaerophoria sp. nov.;Monoceromyia Huo,sp.nov.;Pipiza huanglingensis Huo,sp.nov.2 new recording species in China:Platycheirus pennipes((?)hara,1980);Eupeodes(Eupeodes) latilunulatus(Collin,1931)。7 new recording species in Shaanxi:Chrysotoxum cautum(Harris,1776);Paragus albifrons(Fallen, 1817);Dasysyrphus albostriatus(Fallen,1817);Eupeodes(Eupeodes) latifasciatus(Macquart, 1829);Sphaerophoria rueppelli(Wiedemann,1830);Mallota sogdiana(Stackelberg,1950); Pipizella antennata(Violovitsh,1981)。
There are 52 species recorded from the North Luo River Basin located in the Loess Plateau of the Northern Shaanxi.The sub-worldwide and the worldwide separately are 20.690%and 31.034% of the total.The multi-region distributing genera are the predominant composition of the hoverflies fauna in the region(48.276%of the total).
On species composition,the Syrphidae insect species in both the Palaearctic and Oriental region are the predominant composition of the hoverflies fauna,and the Palaearctic region followed.At our country's 7 major zoogeographical sub-areas,in the central China and northern China are 32 species(61.538%of the total),in both Mongolia-Xinjiang Region and northern China are 30 species(57.692%of the total),in both the northeast China and northern China are 24 species (46.154%of the total).
We analysed the Diversity indices using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index,the Margalef abundance index,the Pielou uniformity index,and the Simpson dominance index in different month,different location and different habitat.The variational trend of diversity index in different months is the following:Shannon-Wiener is September＞June＞August＞May.Margalef is August＞June＞September＞May.Pielou is June＞September＞May＞August.Simpson is May＞August＞September＞June.The variational trend of diversity index in different sites is the following:Wuqi County in the Simpson dominance index is lowest,but Ganquan County in the Shannon-Wiener diversity index and the Pielou uniformity index all are highest,and Huangling County in the Margalef abundance index is highest.The variational trend of diversity index in different habitats is the following:grassland in Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Margalef abundance index is highest.But woodland in the Pielou uniformity index and the Simpson dominance index are highest.
The species-abundance models of different month,site and habitat all match baxically to Preston's lognormal distribution.This distribution has been hoped to appear in many communities.
The clustering results of different months show that similarity of May and June is the highest; The clustering results of different sites show that similarity of Wuqi and Zhidan is the highest, Luochuan and Huangling is the higher,Fuxian closes to Luochuan and Huangling;The clustering results of different habitats show that similarity of grassland and woodland is the highest,another habitats are fewer.
The results of PCA to climate and the hoverfly of different locations show the cumulative percent of three principal components of climate reach 94.459%,the cumulative percent of four principal components of hoverfly reach 88.872%,which also occupy vast information's and may represented the characteristics of the whole community.
The results of stepwise regression to climate factors and hoverfly community show:The climate factors affecting the species and numbers of hoverfly are the highest temperature utter mostly,the highest precipitation of May to September,the lowest precipitation of May to September,and accumulated temperature of exceed or equal to 10℃and time without frost et al.
食蚜蝇隶属于双翅目Diptera、食蚜蝇科Syrphidae。已记载种类约230属6000多种。研究表明,自然界中,重要的传粉昆虫首先是食蚜蝇,其次才是蜜蜂,食蚜蝇传粉的种子产量是对照3倍。另外,食蚜蝇在仿生学、生物防治等方面都有重要作用。
本文分别从区系、种-多度分布模型、多样性指数、主成分分析及聚类分析等几方面对该地区的食蚜蝇科昆虫进行全面分析,填补了该地区食蚜蝇科昆虫物种多样性研究的空白,为本地区的生物多样性保护及生态环境可持续发展提供基础资料。
本次共采集到食蚜蝇科昆虫标本2575号,隶属于2亚科11族29属52种,其中4新种:洛河长角蚜蝇Chrysotixum luohensis Huo,sp.nov.;细腹蚜蝇Sphaerophoria sp.nov.;奇足柄角蚜蝇Monoceromyia baculitibia sp.nov.:黄陵缩颜蚜蝇Pipiza huanglingensis Huo,sp.nov.。中国新纪录种2种:锐足宽跗蚜蝇Platycheirus pennipes(?)hara,1980;宽月优蚜蝇Eupeodes(Eupeodes)latilunulatus(Collin,1931)。陕西新记录种7种:黄颊长角蚜蝇Chrysotoxum cautum(Harris,1776):白额小蚜蝇Paragus albifrons(Fallen,1817):白纹毛蚜蝇Dasysyrphusalbostriatus(Fallen,1817):宽条优食蚜蝇Eupeodes(Eupeodes)latifasciatus(Macquart,1829);宽尾细腹食蚜蝇Sphaerophoria rueppelli(Wiedemann,1830);索格毛管蚜蝇Mallota sogdianaStackelberg,1950;长角斜额蚜蝇Pipizella antennata Vioiovitsh,1981。
首次对陕西北部黄土高原区食蚜蝇科昆虫进行区系分析。亚世界属和世界属分别占总数的20.690%和31.034%,多区属构成了北洛河流域食蚜蝇科昆虫属的主体,占到总数的48.276%。
在物种组成上,本地区的食蚜蝇科昆虫以两界共有种为主体,其次为古北区成分。在我国7大动物地理亚区中,华中与华北两区同分布种32种,占总数的61.538%;蒙新区与华北区两区同分布种30种,占总数的57.692%:东北和华北两区同分布种24种,占总数的46.154%。
运用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Simpson优势度指数对北洛河流域不同月份、不同地点及不同生境进行多样性分析。不同月份的结果显示:Shannon-Wiener多样性指数变化趋势是9月份＞6月份＞8月份＞5月份,Margalef物种丰富度指数变化趋势是8月份＞6月份＞9月份＞5月份,Pielou均匀度指数变化趋势是6月份＞9月份＞5月份＞8月份,Simpson优势度指数变化趋势是5月份＞8月份＞9月份＞6月份;不同地点的结果显示:吴起优势度指数较高,而甘泉多样数指数及均匀度较高,黄陵丰富度指数较高:不同生境的结果显示:草地多样性指数和丰富度指数较高,而林地均匀度指数和优势度指数较高。
对不同月份、不同地点及不同生境的食蚜蝇种.多度分析得出,北洛河流域食蚜蝇的种-多度分布基本服从对数正态分布。
不同月份的聚类结果显示:5月份和6月份相似程度较大:不同地点的聚类结果显示:吴起和志丹的相似性最高,洛川和黄陵也较为相似,富县则靠近洛川和黄陵;不同生境的聚类结果显示:林地和农田相似性较高,其它相似性则较低。
采用主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)对各地食蚜蝇昆虫群落和气候因素进行分析,结果表明:不同地点气候因素PCA的三维主分量的累计方差贡献率达到了94.459%,食蚜蝇群落PCA的四维主分量累计的方差贡献率达到了88.872%,占据了绝大多数的信息量,可以代表整个气候和群落的特征。主成分分析结果比较理想,可用来分析北洛河流域食蚜蝇群落之间的关系以及食蚜蝇群落与气候因素的关系。
对气候因素和食蚜蝇群落进行多元逐步回归分析,结果表明:与食蚜蝇分布相关的气候因素有极端最高气温、5至9月最高降水量、5至9月最低降水量、≥10℃积温和无霜期等。
The North Luo River Basin located in the Loess Plateau of the Northern Shaanxi,is the most serious soil and water loss in the word.In recent years,the effectiveness of returning farmland to forest or grassland of this area was great.So investigation of the insect species diversity,and rational developing and utilizing biological resources in this area,was important to promote the coordinated development of regional economy.This study is based on the project of "the researching of ecological construction animal species variety,quantity and dynamics in the North Luo River Basin".
The hoverfly belong to Syrphidae which belong to Diptera.So far it has documented about 6 000 species(200 genera).In nature,the results from the present investigation suggest that the more important pollinating insects are Syrphidae,followed by the bees.The seed yield pollinated by Syrphidae is almost 3 times as large as the control.At the same time,the Syrphidae has importance in bionics,biological control and other aspects.
Diversity of hoverfly community in North Luo River Basin is investigated using Fauna, species-abundance model,diversity index and clustering and so on in this paper.This research provides the basic information for Biodiversity Conservation and ecological environment protection of the North Luo River Basin for sustainable development.
This experiment has collected 2 575 Syrphidae specimens,which belong to 2 subfamilies 11 tribes 29 genera 52 species.4 new species:Chrysotixum luohensis Huo,sp.nov.;Sphaerophoria sp. nov.;Monoceromyia Huo,sp.nov.;Pipiza huanglingensis Huo,sp.nov.2 new recording species in China:Platycheirus pennipes((?)hara,1980);Eupeodes(Eupeodes) latilunulatus(Collin,1931)。7 new recording species in Shaanxi:Chrysotoxum cautum(Harris,1776);Paragus albifrons(Fallen, 1817);Dasysyrphus albostriatus(Fallen,1817);Eupeodes(Eupeodes) latifasciatus(Macquart, 1829);Sphaerophoria rueppelli(Wiedemann,1830);Mallota sogdiana(Stackelberg,1950); Pipizella antennata(Violovitsh,1981)。
There are 52 species recorded from the North Luo River Basin located in the Loess Plateau of the Northern Shaanxi.The sub-worldwide and the worldwide separately are 20.690%and 31.034% of the total.The multi-region distributing genera are the predominant composition of the hoverflies fauna in the region(48.276%of the total).
On species composition,the Syrphidae insect species in both the Palaearctic and Oriental region are the predominant composition of the hoverflies fauna,and the Palaearctic region followed.At our country's 7 major zoogeographical sub-areas,in the central China and northern China are 32 species(61.538%of the total),in both Mongolia-Xinjiang Region and northern China are 30 species(57.692%of the total),in both the northeast China and northern China are 24 species (46.154%of the total).
We analysed the Diversity indices using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index,the Margalef abundance index,the Pielou uniformity index,and the Simpson dominance index in different month,different location and different habitat.The variational trend of diversity index in different months is the following:Shannon-Wiener is September＞June＞August＞May.Margalef is August＞June＞September＞May.Pielou is June＞September＞May＞August.Simpson is May＞August＞September＞June.The variational trend of diversity index in different sites is the following:Wuqi County in the Simpson dominance index is lowest,but Ganquan County in the Shannon-Wiener diversity index and the Pielou uniformity index all are highest,and Huangling County in the Margalef abundance index is highest.The variational trend of diversity index in different habitats is the following:grassland in Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Margalef abundance index is highest.But woodland in the Pielou uniformity index and the Simpson dominance index are highest.
The species-abundance models of different month,site and habitat all match baxically to Preston's lognormal distribution.This distribution has been hoped to appear in many communities.
The clustering results of different months show that similarity of May and June is the highest; The clustering results of different sites show that similarity of Wuqi and Zhidan is the highest, Luochuan and Huangling is the higher,Fuxian closes to Luochuan and Huangling;The clustering results of different habitats show that similarity of grassland and woodland is the highest,another habitats are fewer.
The results of PCA to climate and the hoverfly of different locations show the cumulative percent of three principal components of climate reach 94.459%,the cumulative percent of four principal components of hoverfly reach 88.872%,which also occupy vast information's and may represented the characteristics of the whole community.
The results of stepwise regression to climate factors and hoverfly community show:The climate factors affecting the species and numbers of hoverfly are the highest temperature utter mostly,the highest precipitation of May to September,the lowest precipitation of May to September,and accumulated temperature of exceed or equal to 10℃and time without frost et al.
引文
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