计算机辅助天文船位算法与六分仪改进研究
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摘要
天文定位是一门利用天体在海上进行定位的技术。计算机技术应用于天文航海,使古老的天文航海焕发出新的生命力。本文是将天文定位算法与计算机技术,传感器技术与六分仪改进相融合所形成的一个较新的研究方向。利用计算机的快速运算能力,实现时间换算、星历计算,定位计算的自动化,加快定位过程,提高定位精度,用数值法替代了传统的作图法;用球面三角法原理求船位,较传统高度差法优越得多,缩短了定位时间,提高了定位精度;将传感器技术与观测仪器六分仪结合,实现观测高度数字显示,方便读取;最终达到提高精度、缩短时间、方便测量的研究目的。
本文基于天文定位的基本理论,根据天文定位计算的相关公式模型和所做的修正算法研究,建立了单天体定位的高度差法与中点精化校正、双天体的球面三角法定位与异顶差修正、三天体定位的反中线内心逼近法的数学模型。并经《国际航海天文历》原始数据验算,检验了所做的数学模型正确性和有效性。
本文还介绍了航海六分仪的结构、测角原理及对其的改进。通过对六分仪改进,实现了单手操作;安装圆光栅及配套数显装置,加上卸荷式卡紧机构,实现快速读数;利用重锤重力确定零度的原理,避免了水天线不清晰对观测数据的影响。
目前天文导航是导航最重要的备用系统。本文实现了对航海器械的改进,将光栅传感器与六分仪改进进行了融合,将计算机与天文计算进行了融合,使其优点能得到充分的利用,克服了现阶段航海定位对GPS依赖性强的局限性。
Astronomical positioning is the technology taking advantage of celestial objects positioning on the sea. Computer technology used in astronomical navigation, make the ancient astronomical navigation breathe new vitality. This paper is a relatively new research direction formed the astronomical positioning algorithm with computer technology, sensor technology with the improvement of sextant. Using computer’s fast computing power; it could automatically achieve conversing time, calculating the ephemeris, positioning calculation, accelerate the positioning process, improve positioning accuracy, replace the traditional mapping method by using numerical method; using spherical trigonometry principles to seek ship's position is much superior to the traditional height difference method; it has shorten the positioning time and greatly improved positioning accuracy; sensor technology combined with the observation instrument sextant has achieved observation height digital display for reading easily; ultimately achieve the research purposes of improving accuracy, shorten the time, facilitating to measure.
The paper based on the basical theory of astronomical positioning, according to the relevant formula model for calculating astronomical positioning and the amendments algorithms research, has established mathematical model for height difference method and mid-point refined correction of single celestial-body positioning, spherical trigonometry mechod positioning and different top deviator correction of double celestial-body, and anti-midline inner approximation method of three celestial-body positioning. And by checking the "International Nautical Almanac," raw data, we tested the correctness and validity of mathematical models what we had done.
This paper has also described the structure, angle measuring principle of marine sextant, and the improvement of it. We have achieved single-hand operating by improving the sextant; achieved reading data fast by installing circular grating and supporting digital devices, and unloading cards tight body; avoided the impact on observation data when marine antenna is not clear by using the principle of hammer gravity determine zero.
At present, celestial navigation is as the most important backup system of astronomical positioning. This paper has achieved improving the navigation equipments, fured grating sensor with the sextant, the computer with the astronomical calculation, so that its advantage could be fully utilized to overcome the limitations of navigation positioning strong dependence on GPS at the present stage.
本文基于天文定位的基本理论,根据天文定位计算的相关公式模型和所做的修正算法研究,建立了单天体定位的高度差法与中点精化校正、双天体的球面三角法定位与异顶差修正、三天体定位的反中线内心逼近法的数学模型。并经《国际航海天文历》原始数据验算,检验了所做的数学模型正确性和有效性。
本文还介绍了航海六分仪的结构、测角原理及对其的改进。通过对六分仪改进,实现了单手操作;安装圆光栅及配套数显装置,加上卸荷式卡紧机构,实现快速读数;利用重锤重力确定零度的原理,避免了水天线不清晰对观测数据的影响。
目前天文导航是导航最重要的备用系统。本文实现了对航海器械的改进,将光栅传感器与六分仪改进进行了融合,将计算机与天文计算进行了融合,使其优点能得到充分的利用,克服了现阶段航海定位对GPS依赖性强的局限性。
Astronomical positioning is the technology taking advantage of celestial objects positioning on the sea. Computer technology used in astronomical navigation, make the ancient astronomical navigation breathe new vitality. This paper is a relatively new research direction formed the astronomical positioning algorithm with computer technology, sensor technology with the improvement of sextant. Using computer’s fast computing power; it could automatically achieve conversing time, calculating the ephemeris, positioning calculation, accelerate the positioning process, improve positioning accuracy, replace the traditional mapping method by using numerical method; using spherical trigonometry principles to seek ship's position is much superior to the traditional height difference method; it has shorten the positioning time and greatly improved positioning accuracy; sensor technology combined with the observation instrument sextant has achieved observation height digital display for reading easily; ultimately achieve the research purposes of improving accuracy, shorten the time, facilitating to measure.
The paper based on the basical theory of astronomical positioning, according to the relevant formula model for calculating astronomical positioning and the amendments algorithms research, has established mathematical model for height difference method and mid-point refined correction of single celestial-body positioning, spherical trigonometry mechod positioning and different top deviator correction of double celestial-body, and anti-midline inner approximation method of three celestial-body positioning. And by checking the "International Nautical Almanac," raw data, we tested the correctness and validity of mathematical models what we had done.
This paper has also described the structure, angle measuring principle of marine sextant, and the improvement of it. We have achieved single-hand operating by improving the sextant; achieved reading data fast by installing circular grating and supporting digital devices, and unloading cards tight body; avoided the impact on observation data when marine antenna is not clear by using the principle of hammer gravity determine zero.
At present, celestial navigation is as the most important backup system of astronomical positioning. This paper has achieved improving the navigation equipments, fured grating sensor with the sextant, the computer with the astronomical calculation, so that its advantage could be fully utilized to overcome the limitations of navigation positioning strong dependence on GPS at the present stage.
引文
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[40]袁启书.程序法天文定位——太阳定位程序[J].大连水产学院学报,1993,1:49-56.
[41]潘琪祥,邬惠国.关于移线定位的精度问题[J].上海海运学院学报,1998,19(3):45-50.
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[46]邬惠国潘琪祥.两种天体高度定位的直接解法[J].上海海运学院学报,1997.12:87-93.
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