中北亚热带3种人工林生态系统碳蓄积特征及土壤有机碳稳定性
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摘要
森林植被碳库是陆地生态系统碳库的重要组成部分,森林生态系统土壤碳库是森林植物碳库的2～3倍,是森林生态系统碳库的主要组成部分。人工林生态系统的碳蓄积对减缓全球气候变暖具有重要作用。本研究选择中亚热带地区四种典型树种：杉木林、湿地松、毛竹林人工林和次生阔叶林生态系统为研究对象,通过研究树种和恢复时间对植物碳库和土壤碳库的大小、土壤团聚体及其有机碳分布特征的影响,揭示中亚热带四种典型树种碳密度的时空动态,探讨了林地土壤有机碳的稳定性及其机理,估算了浙江省人工林生态系统的碳储量。主要结果如下：
(1)有机碳含量在不同树种和恢复时间下各土壤层之间的差异主要表现在0～10cm和10～30cm土层。不同树种主要表现为次生林>杉木林30a>毛竹林>湿地松30a(p<0.05)；不同恢复时间下,杉木林土壤有机碳含量随恢复时间增加而增加,而湿地松林则表现为降低的趋势,杉木/湿地松10年林龄和30年林龄差异达显著水平(P<0.05)。
除毛竹林外,有机碳密度在杉木、湿地松和次生林不同树种和不同恢复时间的土壤剖面层次上基本表现为随土层深度增加而下降的趋势,且土壤碳密度主要集中在土壤表层(0～30cm)。除湿地松20a和毛竹林土壤外,杉木不同恢复时间、湿地松不同恢复时间和次生林0～30cm土壤有机碳密度占土壤总贮量的50%以上。0～100cm土层有机碳密度大小表现为：湿地松10a>杉木30a>次生林>湿地松20a>毛竹林10a>杉木20a>杉木10a>湿地松30a。
(2)不同树种土壤水稳性团聚体分布差异主要集中在>5mm和2-5mm,在其他粒径级别差异不明显；1～2mm土壤团聚体和0.25～0.5mm土壤团聚体有机碳的增加对土壤总有机碳积累的影响最为突出。>0.25mm土壤水稳性团聚体含量和MWD值大小依次是次生林>杉木林>湿地松、毛竹林,说明土壤团聚体稳定性人工林比次生林低,人工林经营强度越大,土壤团聚体稳定性越差。不同树种和恢复时间下土壤水稳性团聚体有机碳含量都随粒径减小而增加。土壤团聚体有机碳的差异主要集中在0～10cm,不同树种各粒级团聚体有机碳从大到小依次是次生林>杉木林30a>湿地松30a>毛竹林；杉木不同恢复时间下表现为杉木30a>杉木10a>杉木20a；湿地松不同恢复时间下表现为湿地松20a>湿地松10a>湿地松30a。
微生物量碳和易氧化有机碳在不同树种下分布大小与总有机碳的规律相似,在0-30cm土层,表现为次生林>杉木林30a>湿地松30a>毛竹林,但各树种之间并无显著差异。各活性碳组分分配比例大小为毛竹林>湿地松30a>次生林>杉木林30a,表明土壤活跃有机碳库稳定性由强到弱依次为：杉木林30a>次生林>湿地松30a>毛竹林。轻组有机碳含量0-30cm土层表现为,毛竹林>杉木林30a>湿地松30a>次生林,两两之间差异不显著。从土壤轻组有机碳分配比例来看,次生林和杉木林土壤轻组有机碳对土壤总有机碳的贡献较大,湿地松和毛竹林较小；不同树种土壤颗粒有机碳及分配比例都表现为次生林>杉木林>湿地松>毛竹林。土壤颗粒有机碳占总有机碳的比例人工林约为23.4-37.0%,次生林则高达72.75%,表明人工林转变为人工经济林后,将会导致土壤颗粒有机碳含量急剧下降,土壤有机碳稳定性降低。研究表明,颗粒有机碳比轻组有机碳更能代表森林土壤碳库的中慢变库。
(3)对土壤有机碳与其他化学质量指标的分析表明,杉木、湿地松人工林生态系统土壤有机碳与全量氮、磷,以及速效态氮、磷、钾都具有显著的相关关系。毛竹林生态系统中有机碳与全氮、全磷的相关性为显著水平,但由于毛竹人工经营强度大,施肥,翻耕等管理措施,直接改变土壤速效态养分构成,使得毛竹林土壤有机碳与速效态氮、磷、钾的相关性不显著。相比杉木、湿地松和毛竹林生态系统而言,次生林受外界的干扰最小,为自然恢复演替过程,土壤养分主要来源于自生生态系统的循环次生林土壤有机碳与全氮、速氮、速磷和速钾的相关系数在所有林分类型中最高,相关性也最好。
(4)对不同树种和恢复时间下植物碳密度的研究表明,杉木林和湿地松林乔木层碳密度显著大于毛竹林和次生林,在各器官中,湿地松林树干、树枝和树根均显著大于毛竹林和次生林,杉木林树干也显著大于毛竹林和次生林；次生林各器官中除地下树根碳密度显著大于毛竹林地下部分外,其他差异均不显著。同时发现,湿地松林和次生林乔木层地下碳密度相对较大,均在25%以上,而杉木林和毛竹林则相对较低,均在15%以下。在杉木林和湿地松林中发现,随着恢复时间的增加,林下灌草层、枯落物层的生物量及碳密度逐渐增加。
对有机碳的不同分库而言,枯落层有机碳密度最低,为1.95～8.82t·hm-2。植物层和lm土层土壤有机碳密度分别为40.78～120.43t·hm-2和53.0～138.4t·hm-2,其碳密度要明显高于枯落物层。土壤碳库具有更大的固碳潜力,1m土层有机碳密度总体高于植物层和枯落层碳密度之总和。对不同林分而言,地上层碳密度(植物层+枯落物层)从高到低分别为湿地松30a,湿地松20a,杉木30a,杉木20a,次生林,湿地松10a,毛竹林和杉木10a。1m土层有机碳密度表现为湿地松10a>杉木30a>次生林>湿地松20a>毛竹林>杉木20a>杉木10a>湿地松30a。林分总碳密度(地上部分+1m土层)表现为：杉木30a>湿地松20a>次生林>湿地松10a>杉木20a>湿地松30a>毛竹林>杉木10a。
杉木各土层碳密度与植物层和枯落物层碳密度呈正相关关系,且1m土层碳密度与植物层和枯落物层碳密度相关关系达到显著性水平；而湿地松林则表现为相反的趋势。毛竹林1m土层有机碳密度与植物层和枯落层碳密度呈负相关关系,但都没有达到显著性水平。次生林各土层有机碳密度与植物碳密度的关系则更为复杂。
(5)根据浙江省森林资源清查资料,估计了浙江省杉木、毛竹、湿地松林3种人工林生态系统和对照次生林的总碳储量。结果表明,不同类型生态系统总碳储量大小表现为,次生林>杉木林>毛竹林>湿地松林,不同恢复时间杉木林碳储量表现为成熟林>中龄林>幼龄林。4种生态系统总碳储量1.0457Pg C,各层碳储量大小排序为土壤层>乔木层>枯落层>灌草层,分别占总碳储量的60.7%、35.5%、3.43%、0.36%。进一步讨论分析也表明,浙江省人工林土壤固碳潜力巨大。如浙江省由于人工林中以幼、中龄林为主,随着幼龄林、中龄林碳的增长,碳储量将进一步扩大,人工林碳汇功能将显著增强。同时,通过植树造林等活动可增加人工林面积,极大地促进土壤碳储量的提高。此外,通过加强人工林的经营和管理,也可以进一步提高人工林生产力水平,增强其系统的碳储存能力。
The carbon pools of forest vegetation are an important component of carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems. Soil carbon pools of forest ecosystems is the major component of forest ecosystems and is2to3times the carbon pools of forest vegetation. The carbon storage of artificial ecosystem have an important role in slowing down global warming. The soil samples under four forest types such as Chinese Fir, Slash Pine, Bamboo plantation and secondary forest in mid-subtropics were studied. The purpose of this research was to assess impact of forest types on the distributions of soil organic carbon(SOC)、active soil carbon fractions(MBC、WSOC、ROC)、slow carbon fractions(LFOC and POC) and water-stable aggregates, and understanding how these SOC fractions behave in response to changes in land use will aid in discussing the mechanism of stability of SOC under different forest vegetation types.At last, the carbon storage of artificial ecosystem in Zhejiang provinces was evaluated. Major conclusions were summarized as follows:
(1) The content of profile SOC decreased as the soil depths increased under four forest soils. The SOC was significant difference in0-30cm layers among the four forest soils (p<0.05), which were in the following order:secondary forest> Chinese Fir> Bamboo plantation> Slash Pine, but no difference in30-100cm layers. Soc in soil increased with increasing ages of Chinese Fir, while decreased with increasing ages of Slash Pine. Significant difference (p<0.05) was detected between10years and30years in Chinese Fir and Slash Pine.
The vertical distribution of SOC densities showed the same trend as the SOC content in soils of different forest types and ages except Bamboo plantation. And the SOC densities were mainly stored in the0-30cm soil layers, which accounted50%of the total SOC densities except20a old Slash Pine and Moso bamboo. The SOC densities in0～100cm layers from the highest to the lowest were ranked as follows:Slash Pine10a> Chinese Fir30a>Secondary forest> Slash Pine20a> Moso bamboo> Chinese Fir20a> Chinese Fir10a> Slash Pine30a.
(2) The effects on soil aggregates were focused on the size groups of>5mm and2-5mm under different forest types. As the percentage of water-stable aggregates of the size groups of>5mm and2-5mm were significant differences among different forest in all layers (p<0.05). The total content of SOC showed a positively linear relationship with the content of aggregates SOC of the size groups of0.25-2mm, while>2mm groups didn't. The SOC of>2mm groups were instable carbon, liable to participate in soil carbon cycle.
The results of R0.25and the content of MWD all were in the following order: Secondary forest>Chinese Fir>Slash Pine、Bamboo plantation, which showed that the stability of forest soil aggregate of Secondary forest was the highest, Chinese Fir took the second place, Slash Pine and Bamboo plantation were the lowest.
Results show that the content of SOC in aggregates of the same layer in different foresnt types and times increased as the soil depths decreased. The different of content of SOC in aggregates had significant differences only in0～10cm layer, showing a sequence of Secondary forest>Chinese Fir30a>Slash Pine30a>Bamboo plantation. And the sequence for different ages of Chinese Fir and Slash Pine were Chinese Fir30a>Chinese Fir10a>Chinese Fir20a, Slash Pine20a>Slash Pine10a> Slash Pine30a, respectively.
The active SOC content such as MBC and ROC showed the same trend as the SOC content in soils of different forest types and ages, and content from the highest to the lowest were ranked as follows:Secondary forest>Chinese Fir>Bamboo plantation>Slash Pine, but there was no difference among the three forest soils. ASOC/SOC ratio represents the stability of SOC; from the results we can see that the stability of SOC in top soil from the highest to the lowest was ranked as follows:Chinese Fir> Secondary forest> Slash Pine> Bamboo plantation.
The result of slow Carbon showed that:The LFOC was no significant difference in0-30cm layers among the four forest soils, which were in the following order:Bamboo plantation> Chinese Fir> Slash Pine> secondary forest. In0-30cm layers, the LFOC/SOC ratio of secondary forest was higher than other three forest types, especially was significantly higher than Bamboo plantation and Slash Pine (p<0.01). The content of POC in the same soil layers under different forest were in the following order:Secondary forest> Chinese Fir> Slash Pine> Bamboo plantation. There were significant differences among different forest in0-10cm soil layer (p<0.01), while no difference in10-30cm layer. In0～30cm layer, the POC/SOC ratio of secondary forest was significantly higher than other three forest (p<0.01), Chinese Fir took the second place. Bamboo plantation and Slash Pine were the lowest. The results of relationships among LFOC、POC and soil nutrients showed that POC is more suitable for representing the slow carbon pool in forest soil.
(3) The analysis on soil organic carbon and other chemical quality indicators showed that, the soil organic carbon have a significant correlation on nitrogen, phosphorus, as well as quick nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in Chinese Fir plantation and slash Pine forest. The correlation of organic carbon with total nitrogen and total phosphorus is significant in bamboo ecosystem, but because of the strong Human activity strength, fertilization, tillage and other management measures, the state of soil available nutrient composition of soil organic carbon are changed.So the correlation Phyllostachys pubescens with quick-nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is not significant. Compared with Chinese Fir plantation, slash pine forest and bamboo eco-systems, the secondary forest have a smaller interference by external. It is a natural recovery process of succession. Soil nutrients mainly come from circulation of the self-loop secondary forest ecosystems. The correlation coefficient of the soil organic carbon with total nitrogen, nitrogen-speed, speed phosphorus and potassium-speed is highest in all forest types, as well as the relevance.
(4) The study of plant carbon density of different species and recovery time has show that the carbon density of chinese fir and slash pine plantation tree layer was significantly greater than bamboo forest and secondary forests. In various organs, slash pine plantation tree trunks, branches and roots were significantly higher than bamboo forest and secondary forests, chinese fir forest trunks were significantly higher than bamboo forest and secondary forests. In various organs of secondary forests, in addition to the carbon density of underground root was significantly greater than the underground sections of bamboo, the rest were not significantly different, also found that the carbon density of slash pine plantation and secondary forests tree tree layer layer underground is relatively large, were more than25%, while the chinese fir forest and bamboo forest is relatively low, both at15%or less.
For the organic carbon in terms of the different sub-libraries, the organic carbon density of litter layer is the lowest. The organic carbon density of plant soil organic and1m soil layer is40.78～120.43t·hm-2and53.0～138.4t·hm-2. Its reserves are much higher than the litter layer. Soil carbon pool has a greater potential of carbon sequestration, the organic carbon density of lm soil layer is higher than the sum of Plant floor and plant litter layer. In terms of different stands, the carbon density of over-ground floor from high to low is pine30a>pine20a>fir30a>fir20a>secondary forest>pine10a>Bbamboo> fir10a. The organic carbon density of1m soil layer show that pine10a>fir30a>secondary forest> pine20a> Bbamboo>fir20a>fir10a>pine30a. Stand total carbon density (aboveground+1m soil layer) were as follows:fir30a>pine20a>secondary forest>pine10a>fir20a>pine30a> Bbamboo>fir10a.
The carbon intensity of fir the soil and plant litter layer is a positive correlation, and the the carbon intensity of1m soil carbon density and plant litter layer is a significant correlation, while slash pine plantation is in the opposite trend. The correlation between organic carbon density of lm soil and plant litter layer carbon layer is a negative in bamboo forest, but have not reached the significant level.
(5) According to forest resources inventory data of Zhejiang Province, we estimated the total carbon storage of the secondary forest, as well as fir plantation and bamboo forest which are two kinds of plantation eco-system.The results showed that ordering of the total carbon storage in different types of ecosystem is:secondary forest>fir plantation> bamboo forest., and the ordering of carbon storage in different fir forest age is:mature forest>middle-aged forest>young forest. The total carbon storage of the three kinds of ecosystems is1.0457Pg C. The ordering of the carbon storage in different soil layer is:soil layer>tree layer> litter layer>shrub and herb layers. The respective percentage is60.7%,35.5%,3.43%and0.36%to total. Further discussion and analysis also showed that soil carbon sequestration plantations have great potential in Zhejiang Province. If plantation in Zhejiang Province dominated by the young and middle-aged forest, as the growth of the carbon storage in the young forest and middle-aged forest, carbon storage will be further expanded, plantation carbon sinks feature will be enhanced markedly.At the same time, reforestation and other activities can increase the plantation areas and contribute significantly to the improvement of soil carbon storage. In addition, strengthening the operation and management on plantations can also further enhance the level of productivity, enhance carbon storage capacity of the systems.
(1)有机碳含量在不同树种和恢复时间下各土壤层之间的差异主要表现在0～10cm和10～30cm土层。不同树种主要表现为次生林>杉木林30a>毛竹林>湿地松30a(p<0.05)；不同恢复时间下,杉木林土壤有机碳含量随恢复时间增加而增加,而湿地松林则表现为降低的趋势,杉木/湿地松10年林龄和30年林龄差异达显著水平(P<0.05)。
除毛竹林外,有机碳密度在杉木、湿地松和次生林不同树种和不同恢复时间的土壤剖面层次上基本表现为随土层深度增加而下降的趋势,且土壤碳密度主要集中在土壤表层(0～30cm)。除湿地松20a和毛竹林土壤外,杉木不同恢复时间、湿地松不同恢复时间和次生林0～30cm土壤有机碳密度占土壤总贮量的50%以上。0～100cm土层有机碳密度大小表现为：湿地松10a>杉木30a>次生林>湿地松20a>毛竹林10a>杉木20a>杉木10a>湿地松30a。
(2)不同树种土壤水稳性团聚体分布差异主要集中在>5mm和2-5mm,在其他粒径级别差异不明显；1～2mm土壤团聚体和0.25～0.5mm土壤团聚体有机碳的增加对土壤总有机碳积累的影响最为突出。>0.25mm土壤水稳性团聚体含量和MWD值大小依次是次生林>杉木林>湿地松、毛竹林,说明土壤团聚体稳定性人工林比次生林低,人工林经营强度越大,土壤团聚体稳定性越差。不同树种和恢复时间下土壤水稳性团聚体有机碳含量都随粒径减小而增加。土壤团聚体有机碳的差异主要集中在0～10cm,不同树种各粒级团聚体有机碳从大到小依次是次生林>杉木林30a>湿地松30a>毛竹林；杉木不同恢复时间下表现为杉木30a>杉木10a>杉木20a；湿地松不同恢复时间下表现为湿地松20a>湿地松10a>湿地松30a。
微生物量碳和易氧化有机碳在不同树种下分布大小与总有机碳的规律相似,在0-30cm土层,表现为次生林>杉木林30a>湿地松30a>毛竹林,但各树种之间并无显著差异。各活性碳组分分配比例大小为毛竹林>湿地松30a>次生林>杉木林30a,表明土壤活跃有机碳库稳定性由强到弱依次为：杉木林30a>次生林>湿地松30a>毛竹林。轻组有机碳含量0-30cm土层表现为,毛竹林>杉木林30a>湿地松30a>次生林,两两之间差异不显著。从土壤轻组有机碳分配比例来看,次生林和杉木林土壤轻组有机碳对土壤总有机碳的贡献较大,湿地松和毛竹林较小；不同树种土壤颗粒有机碳及分配比例都表现为次生林>杉木林>湿地松>毛竹林。土壤颗粒有机碳占总有机碳的比例人工林约为23.4-37.0%,次生林则高达72.75%,表明人工林转变为人工经济林后,将会导致土壤颗粒有机碳含量急剧下降,土壤有机碳稳定性降低。研究表明,颗粒有机碳比轻组有机碳更能代表森林土壤碳库的中慢变库。
(3)对土壤有机碳与其他化学质量指标的分析表明,杉木、湿地松人工林生态系统土壤有机碳与全量氮、磷,以及速效态氮、磷、钾都具有显著的相关关系。毛竹林生态系统中有机碳与全氮、全磷的相关性为显著水平,但由于毛竹人工经营强度大,施肥,翻耕等管理措施,直接改变土壤速效态养分构成,使得毛竹林土壤有机碳与速效态氮、磷、钾的相关性不显著。相比杉木、湿地松和毛竹林生态系统而言,次生林受外界的干扰最小,为自然恢复演替过程,土壤养分主要来源于自生生态系统的循环次生林土壤有机碳与全氮、速氮、速磷和速钾的相关系数在所有林分类型中最高,相关性也最好。
(4)对不同树种和恢复时间下植物碳密度的研究表明,杉木林和湿地松林乔木层碳密度显著大于毛竹林和次生林,在各器官中,湿地松林树干、树枝和树根均显著大于毛竹林和次生林,杉木林树干也显著大于毛竹林和次生林；次生林各器官中除地下树根碳密度显著大于毛竹林地下部分外,其他差异均不显著。同时发现,湿地松林和次生林乔木层地下碳密度相对较大,均在25%以上,而杉木林和毛竹林则相对较低,均在15%以下。在杉木林和湿地松林中发现,随着恢复时间的增加,林下灌草层、枯落物层的生物量及碳密度逐渐增加。
对有机碳的不同分库而言,枯落层有机碳密度最低,为1.95～8.82t·hm-2。植物层和lm土层土壤有机碳密度分别为40.78～120.43t·hm-2和53.0～138.4t·hm-2,其碳密度要明显高于枯落物层。土壤碳库具有更大的固碳潜力,1m土层有机碳密度总体高于植物层和枯落层碳密度之总和。对不同林分而言,地上层碳密度(植物层+枯落物层)从高到低分别为湿地松30a,湿地松20a,杉木30a,杉木20a,次生林,湿地松10a,毛竹林和杉木10a。1m土层有机碳密度表现为湿地松10a>杉木30a>次生林>湿地松20a>毛竹林>杉木20a>杉木10a>湿地松30a。林分总碳密度(地上部分+1m土层)表现为：杉木30a>湿地松20a>次生林>湿地松10a>杉木20a>湿地松30a>毛竹林>杉木10a。
杉木各土层碳密度与植物层和枯落物层碳密度呈正相关关系,且1m土层碳密度与植物层和枯落物层碳密度相关关系达到显著性水平；而湿地松林则表现为相反的趋势。毛竹林1m土层有机碳密度与植物层和枯落层碳密度呈负相关关系,但都没有达到显著性水平。次生林各土层有机碳密度与植物碳密度的关系则更为复杂。
(5)根据浙江省森林资源清查资料,估计了浙江省杉木、毛竹、湿地松林3种人工林生态系统和对照次生林的总碳储量。结果表明,不同类型生态系统总碳储量大小表现为,次生林>杉木林>毛竹林>湿地松林,不同恢复时间杉木林碳储量表现为成熟林>中龄林>幼龄林。4种生态系统总碳储量1.0457Pg C,各层碳储量大小排序为土壤层>乔木层>枯落层>灌草层,分别占总碳储量的60.7%、35.5%、3.43%、0.36%。进一步讨论分析也表明,浙江省人工林土壤固碳潜力巨大。如浙江省由于人工林中以幼、中龄林为主,随着幼龄林、中龄林碳的增长,碳储量将进一步扩大,人工林碳汇功能将显著增强。同时,通过植树造林等活动可增加人工林面积,极大地促进土壤碳储量的提高。此外,通过加强人工林的经营和管理,也可以进一步提高人工林生产力水平,增强其系统的碳储存能力。
The carbon pools of forest vegetation are an important component of carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems. Soil carbon pools of forest ecosystems is the major component of forest ecosystems and is2to3times the carbon pools of forest vegetation. The carbon storage of artificial ecosystem have an important role in slowing down global warming. The soil samples under four forest types such as Chinese Fir, Slash Pine, Bamboo plantation and secondary forest in mid-subtropics were studied. The purpose of this research was to assess impact of forest types on the distributions of soil organic carbon(SOC)、active soil carbon fractions(MBC、WSOC、ROC)、slow carbon fractions(LFOC and POC) and water-stable aggregates, and understanding how these SOC fractions behave in response to changes in land use will aid in discussing the mechanism of stability of SOC under different forest vegetation types.At last, the carbon storage of artificial ecosystem in Zhejiang provinces was evaluated. Major conclusions were summarized as follows:
(1) The content of profile SOC decreased as the soil depths increased under four forest soils. The SOC was significant difference in0-30cm layers among the four forest soils (p<0.05), which were in the following order:secondary forest> Chinese Fir> Bamboo plantation> Slash Pine, but no difference in30-100cm layers. Soc in soil increased with increasing ages of Chinese Fir, while decreased with increasing ages of Slash Pine. Significant difference (p<0.05) was detected between10years and30years in Chinese Fir and Slash Pine.
The vertical distribution of SOC densities showed the same trend as the SOC content in soils of different forest types and ages except Bamboo plantation. And the SOC densities were mainly stored in the0-30cm soil layers, which accounted50%of the total SOC densities except20a old Slash Pine and Moso bamboo. The SOC densities in0～100cm layers from the highest to the lowest were ranked as follows:Slash Pine10a> Chinese Fir30a>Secondary forest> Slash Pine20a> Moso bamboo> Chinese Fir20a> Chinese Fir10a> Slash Pine30a.
(2) The effects on soil aggregates were focused on the size groups of>5mm and2-5mm under different forest types. As the percentage of water-stable aggregates of the size groups of>5mm and2-5mm were significant differences among different forest in all layers (p<0.05). The total content of SOC showed a positively linear relationship with the content of aggregates SOC of the size groups of0.25-2mm, while>2mm groups didn't. The SOC of>2mm groups were instable carbon, liable to participate in soil carbon cycle.
The results of R0.25and the content of MWD all were in the following order: Secondary forest>Chinese Fir>Slash Pine、Bamboo plantation, which showed that the stability of forest soil aggregate of Secondary forest was the highest, Chinese Fir took the second place, Slash Pine and Bamboo plantation were the lowest.
Results show that the content of SOC in aggregates of the same layer in different foresnt types and times increased as the soil depths decreased. The different of content of SOC in aggregates had significant differences only in0～10cm layer, showing a sequence of Secondary forest>Chinese Fir30a>Slash Pine30a>Bamboo plantation. And the sequence for different ages of Chinese Fir and Slash Pine were Chinese Fir30a>Chinese Fir10a>Chinese Fir20a, Slash Pine20a>Slash Pine10a> Slash Pine30a, respectively.
The active SOC content such as MBC and ROC showed the same trend as the SOC content in soils of different forest types and ages, and content from the highest to the lowest were ranked as follows:Secondary forest>Chinese Fir>Bamboo plantation>Slash Pine, but there was no difference among the three forest soils. ASOC/SOC ratio represents the stability of SOC; from the results we can see that the stability of SOC in top soil from the highest to the lowest was ranked as follows:Chinese Fir> Secondary forest> Slash Pine> Bamboo plantation.
The result of slow Carbon showed that:The LFOC was no significant difference in0-30cm layers among the four forest soils, which were in the following order:Bamboo plantation> Chinese Fir> Slash Pine> secondary forest. In0-30cm layers, the LFOC/SOC ratio of secondary forest was higher than other three forest types, especially was significantly higher than Bamboo plantation and Slash Pine (p<0.01). The content of POC in the same soil layers under different forest were in the following order:Secondary forest> Chinese Fir> Slash Pine> Bamboo plantation. There were significant differences among different forest in0-10cm soil layer (p<0.01), while no difference in10-30cm layer. In0～30cm layer, the POC/SOC ratio of secondary forest was significantly higher than other three forest (p<0.01), Chinese Fir took the second place. Bamboo plantation and Slash Pine were the lowest. The results of relationships among LFOC、POC and soil nutrients showed that POC is more suitable for representing the slow carbon pool in forest soil.
(3) The analysis on soil organic carbon and other chemical quality indicators showed that, the soil organic carbon have a significant correlation on nitrogen, phosphorus, as well as quick nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in Chinese Fir plantation and slash Pine forest. The correlation of organic carbon with total nitrogen and total phosphorus is significant in bamboo ecosystem, but because of the strong Human activity strength, fertilization, tillage and other management measures, the state of soil available nutrient composition of soil organic carbon are changed.So the correlation Phyllostachys pubescens with quick-nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is not significant. Compared with Chinese Fir plantation, slash pine forest and bamboo eco-systems, the secondary forest have a smaller interference by external. It is a natural recovery process of succession. Soil nutrients mainly come from circulation of the self-loop secondary forest ecosystems. The correlation coefficient of the soil organic carbon with total nitrogen, nitrogen-speed, speed phosphorus and potassium-speed is highest in all forest types, as well as the relevance.
(4) The study of plant carbon density of different species and recovery time has show that the carbon density of chinese fir and slash pine plantation tree layer was significantly greater than bamboo forest and secondary forests. In various organs, slash pine plantation tree trunks, branches and roots were significantly higher than bamboo forest and secondary forests, chinese fir forest trunks were significantly higher than bamboo forest and secondary forests. In various organs of secondary forests, in addition to the carbon density of underground root was significantly greater than the underground sections of bamboo, the rest were not significantly different, also found that the carbon density of slash pine plantation and secondary forests tree tree layer layer underground is relatively large, were more than25%, while the chinese fir forest and bamboo forest is relatively low, both at15%or less.
For the organic carbon in terms of the different sub-libraries, the organic carbon density of litter layer is the lowest. The organic carbon density of plant soil organic and1m soil layer is40.78～120.43t·hm-2and53.0～138.4t·hm-2. Its reserves are much higher than the litter layer. Soil carbon pool has a greater potential of carbon sequestration, the organic carbon density of lm soil layer is higher than the sum of Plant floor and plant litter layer. In terms of different stands, the carbon density of over-ground floor from high to low is pine30a>pine20a>fir30a>fir20a>secondary forest>pine10a>Bbamboo> fir10a. The organic carbon density of1m soil layer show that pine10a>fir30a>secondary forest> pine20a> Bbamboo>fir20a>fir10a>pine30a. Stand total carbon density (aboveground+1m soil layer) were as follows:fir30a>pine20a>secondary forest>pine10a>fir20a>pine30a> Bbamboo>fir10a.
The carbon intensity of fir the soil and plant litter layer is a positive correlation, and the the carbon intensity of1m soil carbon density and plant litter layer is a significant correlation, while slash pine plantation is in the opposite trend. The correlation between organic carbon density of lm soil and plant litter layer carbon layer is a negative in bamboo forest, but have not reached the significant level.
(5) According to forest resources inventory data of Zhejiang Province, we estimated the total carbon storage of the secondary forest, as well as fir plantation and bamboo forest which are two kinds of plantation eco-system.The results showed that ordering of the total carbon storage in different types of ecosystem is:secondary forest>fir plantation> bamboo forest., and the ordering of carbon storage in different fir forest age is:mature forest>middle-aged forest>young forest. The total carbon storage of the three kinds of ecosystems is1.0457Pg C. The ordering of the carbon storage in different soil layer is:soil layer>tree layer> litter layer>shrub and herb layers. The respective percentage is60.7%,35.5%,3.43%and0.36%to total. Further discussion and analysis also showed that soil carbon sequestration plantations have great potential in Zhejiang Province. If plantation in Zhejiang Province dominated by the young and middle-aged forest, as the growth of the carbon storage in the young forest and middle-aged forest, carbon storage will be further expanded, plantation carbon sinks feature will be enhanced markedly.At the same time, reforestation and other activities can increase the plantation areas and contribute significantly to the improvement of soil carbon storage. In addition, strengthening the operation and management on plantations can also further enhance the level of productivity, enhance carbon storage capacity of the systems.
引文
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