太原西山岩溶地下水系统晋祠泉与兰村泉水化学成分差异及成因研究
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摘要
兰村泉是太原市重要水源地,晋祠泉是山西省历史名泉,晋祠泉与兰村泉水化学差异及其控制因素的研究对太原西山岩溶地下水系统形成与演化研究具有重要的理论价值,同时对太原市市民的生产生活供水水质研究具有重要的现实意义。
由于对太原西山岩溶地下水系统所赋存的含水介质系统的化学成分以及含水系统内的构造发育情况认识不足,对晋祠泉以及兰村泉的水化学特征的差异一直没有得到很好的解释。作者将研究区含水介质系统按化学成分进行重新划分,结合岩溶泉的构造控水条件,对前人已经得到的水化学资料进行重新解释,得出以下结论:
太原西山地区奥陶系中统普遍发育四层石膏带,晋祠泉排泄口岩溶水主径流层位于峰峰组下段的第一、第二石膏带之间,石膏的大量溶解导致了晋祠泉SO_4~(2-)偏高,达到385.5mg/L(王丽丽,2004年),占阴离子总量的60%以上,同时石膏溶解产生的SO_4~(2-)、Ca~(2+)促进了脱白云岩化作用,最终导致晋祠泉水矿化度含量过高。下奥陶统与上寒武统碳酸盐岩以白云岩为主,亮甲山组白云石含量达到了80%,从汾河二库到兰村汾河出口处汾河下切到O1地层,白云石大量溶解后产生的Mg~(2+)/ Ca~(2+)比值较高的岩溶水的渗漏补给使兰村泉Mg~(2+)/ Ca~(2+)比值高于晋祠泉。
位于西山岩溶地下水系统排泄区的平泉TFe含量偏高,达到2.5mg/L(2003年,李向全),通过对区域地质情况研究发现铁来源于含水层上部的C-P煤系地层中黄铁矿,黄铁矿氧化后进入煤系水系统,最后通过断裂带补给岩溶水,导致TFe含量偏高。通过对不同水源中~(34)S含量差异分析,得到平泉泉水中SO_4~(2-)主要来自石膏的溶解,有5%来自上覆煤系地层黄铁矿氧化后产生的酸性水,这与对TFe含量的分析相吻合。
研究发现兰村泉水温(15.5℃)低于晋祠泉(21.25℃)(唐健生,1986年),兰村泉岩溶水的径流区含水层埋深较浅,根据地热增温率,径流岩层岩石温度低导致兰村泉水温低;而晋祠泉岩溶水在径流区奥陶系含水层上覆厚层的C-P煤系岩层与砂岩、泥岩碎屑岩层,地下水径流区含水层埋深较深,岩溶水流过的岩石温度较高,同时由于地下水流速较慢,水岩热交换趋于平衡,使晋祠泉水温偏高。
最后根据对晋祠泉矿化度从1984～2001年变化的影响因素分析,得出矿化度主要受矿坑排水量以及地下水水位面下降的影响。矿坑排水量对岩溶水的矿化度变化起主要作用。通过对兰村泉NO_3~-含量的影响因素分析,得到NO_3~-主要受汾河的污染引起,来源是古交市市民生产、生活污水的排放。通过对比分析,得出人类的采煤活动大量排放的矿坑水以及人类大量抽取地下水是导致岩溶水水质变化的主要因素,因此要加强对矿坑排水量以及人工采水的规划管理。
Lancun spring is an important water source in Taiyuan, Jinci spring is a great spring in history of Shanxi Province. Research on hydrochemistry and its controlling factors between Jinci spring and Lancun spring plays an important role in the theoretical study of Taiyuan karst water system formation and evolution, while has important practical significance on public water supply .
Because of insufficient understanding on karst water-bearing system chemical composition and structure, there has not been a very good explanation on hydrochemistry differences between Jinci spring and Lancun spring. Author redivides the water-bearing system of study area according to the hydrochemical constituents, and combines structure conditions of karst development, and then reinterprets hydrechemistry datas from predecessors. Conclusions being obtain:
Four gypsums universally develop in the middle part of Taiyuan Xishan Ordovician stratum. The main karst water runoff layer of Jinci spring discharge area is located between the first and second gypsum belt at the lower part of Fengfeng team. A large number of dissolved gypsum led to high SO_4~(2–) contents to 385.5mg / L (Wanglili,2004)in Jinci spring, accounts for over 60% in anion totally, while SO_4~(2-) and Ca~(2+) produced by dissolved gypsum promoted the resolution of dolostone, which eventually led to high salinity of Jinci spring. Lower Ordovician and upper Cambrian carbonate rocks mainly contain dolomite, and dolomite contents in Liangjiashan group reach to 80%. From second reservoir to Lancun , Fen river cuts to O1 strata. A large number of dissolved dolomite produced higher Mg~(2+) / Ca~(2+) ratio karst water supply of Lancun spring , so Mg~(2+) / Ca~(2+) ratio of Lancun spring is higher than Jinci spring.
Ping spring which located in Jinci spring discharge region has higher TFe contents to 2.5mg / L (2003,Li xiangquan). Study on the regional geological situation found that iron was from pyrite in the upper aquifer of the C-P coal measure strata. After oxidation, pyrite went into coal measures, which was a supply for karst water through fault, resulting in relatively high concentrations of TFe. Through analyzing ~(34)S contents differences of different water sources, The result suggest SO_4~(2-) in Ping spring mainly from dissolved gypsum, and 5% from the acidic water generated by oxidation of pyrite in the overlying coal measure strata, which is coincident with the analysis of TFe contents.
Lancun spring has a lower water temperature (15.5℃) than Jinci spring (21.25℃)(Li xiangquan,2003). According to thermal warming base rate, shallow aquifer resulted low temperature in Lancun spring through affecting the temperature of rocks; while Jinci karst spring located in Ordovician aquifer with thick overlying C-P strata, and groundwater ran through deeper aquifer with high temperature rocks, and at the same time groundwater flew slow which led to water-rock heat exchange balance, consequently, Jinci spring had a higher temperature.
Finally, based on influence fators analysis of Jinci spring salinity changes from 1984 to 2001, The result suggest salinity was mainly affected by pit surface displacement and groundwater level decline. Mine displacement played a major role in karst water salinity changes. According to influence factors analysis of NO_3~- content in Lancun spring, I think NO_3~- was mainly from Fen river which was polluted by production waste and domestic sewage caused by public in Gujiao City. By comparative analysis, The result suggest water emissions in coal mine , as well as a large number of groundwater extraction is the main factor which causes karst water quality to change. Consequently, planning and management of pit surface displacement and water exploitation should be strengthened.
由于对太原西山岩溶地下水系统所赋存的含水介质系统的化学成分以及含水系统内的构造发育情况认识不足,对晋祠泉以及兰村泉的水化学特征的差异一直没有得到很好的解释。作者将研究区含水介质系统按化学成分进行重新划分,结合岩溶泉的构造控水条件,对前人已经得到的水化学资料进行重新解释,得出以下结论:
太原西山地区奥陶系中统普遍发育四层石膏带,晋祠泉排泄口岩溶水主径流层位于峰峰组下段的第一、第二石膏带之间,石膏的大量溶解导致了晋祠泉SO_4~(2-)偏高,达到385.5mg/L(王丽丽,2004年),占阴离子总量的60%以上,同时石膏溶解产生的SO_4~(2-)、Ca~(2+)促进了脱白云岩化作用,最终导致晋祠泉水矿化度含量过高。下奥陶统与上寒武统碳酸盐岩以白云岩为主,亮甲山组白云石含量达到了80%,从汾河二库到兰村汾河出口处汾河下切到O1地层,白云石大量溶解后产生的Mg~(2+)/ Ca~(2+)比值较高的岩溶水的渗漏补给使兰村泉Mg~(2+)/ Ca~(2+)比值高于晋祠泉。
位于西山岩溶地下水系统排泄区的平泉TFe含量偏高,达到2.5mg/L(2003年,李向全),通过对区域地质情况研究发现铁来源于含水层上部的C-P煤系地层中黄铁矿,黄铁矿氧化后进入煤系水系统,最后通过断裂带补给岩溶水,导致TFe含量偏高。通过对不同水源中~(34)S含量差异分析,得到平泉泉水中SO_4~(2-)主要来自石膏的溶解,有5%来自上覆煤系地层黄铁矿氧化后产生的酸性水,这与对TFe含量的分析相吻合。
研究发现兰村泉水温(15.5℃)低于晋祠泉(21.25℃)(唐健生,1986年),兰村泉岩溶水的径流区含水层埋深较浅,根据地热增温率,径流岩层岩石温度低导致兰村泉水温低;而晋祠泉岩溶水在径流区奥陶系含水层上覆厚层的C-P煤系岩层与砂岩、泥岩碎屑岩层,地下水径流区含水层埋深较深,岩溶水流过的岩石温度较高,同时由于地下水流速较慢,水岩热交换趋于平衡,使晋祠泉水温偏高。
最后根据对晋祠泉矿化度从1984～2001年变化的影响因素分析,得出矿化度主要受矿坑排水量以及地下水水位面下降的影响。矿坑排水量对岩溶水的矿化度变化起主要作用。通过对兰村泉NO_3~-含量的影响因素分析,得到NO_3~-主要受汾河的污染引起,来源是古交市市民生产、生活污水的排放。通过对比分析,得出人类的采煤活动大量排放的矿坑水以及人类大量抽取地下水是导致岩溶水水质变化的主要因素,因此要加强对矿坑排水量以及人工采水的规划管理。
Lancun spring is an important water source in Taiyuan, Jinci spring is a great spring in history of Shanxi Province. Research on hydrochemistry and its controlling factors between Jinci spring and Lancun spring plays an important role in the theoretical study of Taiyuan karst water system formation and evolution, while has important practical significance on public water supply .
Because of insufficient understanding on karst water-bearing system chemical composition and structure, there has not been a very good explanation on hydrochemistry differences between Jinci spring and Lancun spring. Author redivides the water-bearing system of study area according to the hydrochemical constituents, and combines structure conditions of karst development, and then reinterprets hydrechemistry datas from predecessors. Conclusions being obtain:
Four gypsums universally develop in the middle part of Taiyuan Xishan Ordovician stratum. The main karst water runoff layer of Jinci spring discharge area is located between the first and second gypsum belt at the lower part of Fengfeng team. A large number of dissolved gypsum led to high SO_4~(2–) contents to 385.5mg / L (Wanglili,2004)in Jinci spring, accounts for over 60% in anion totally, while SO_4~(2-) and Ca~(2+) produced by dissolved gypsum promoted the resolution of dolostone, which eventually led to high salinity of Jinci spring. Lower Ordovician and upper Cambrian carbonate rocks mainly contain dolomite, and dolomite contents in Liangjiashan group reach to 80%. From second reservoir to Lancun , Fen river cuts to O1 strata. A large number of dissolved dolomite produced higher Mg~(2+) / Ca~(2+) ratio karst water supply of Lancun spring , so Mg~(2+) / Ca~(2+) ratio of Lancun spring is higher than Jinci spring.
Ping spring which located in Jinci spring discharge region has higher TFe contents to 2.5mg / L (2003,Li xiangquan). Study on the regional geological situation found that iron was from pyrite in the upper aquifer of the C-P coal measure strata. After oxidation, pyrite went into coal measures, which was a supply for karst water through fault, resulting in relatively high concentrations of TFe. Through analyzing ~(34)S contents differences of different water sources, The result suggest SO_4~(2-) in Ping spring mainly from dissolved gypsum, and 5% from the acidic water generated by oxidation of pyrite in the overlying coal measure strata, which is coincident with the analysis of TFe contents.
Lancun spring has a lower water temperature (15.5℃) than Jinci spring (21.25℃)(Li xiangquan,2003). According to thermal warming base rate, shallow aquifer resulted low temperature in Lancun spring through affecting the temperature of rocks; while Jinci karst spring located in Ordovician aquifer with thick overlying C-P strata, and groundwater ran through deeper aquifer with high temperature rocks, and at the same time groundwater flew slow which led to water-rock heat exchange balance, consequently, Jinci spring had a higher temperature.
Finally, based on influence fators analysis of Jinci spring salinity changes from 1984 to 2001, The result suggest salinity was mainly affected by pit surface displacement and groundwater level decline. Mine displacement played a major role in karst water salinity changes. According to influence factors analysis of NO_3~- content in Lancun spring, I think NO_3~- was mainly from Fen river which was polluted by production waste and domestic sewage caused by public in Gujiao City. By comparative analysis, The result suggest water emissions in coal mine , as well as a large number of groundwater extraction is the main factor which causes karst water quality to change. Consequently, planning and management of pit surface displacement and water exploitation should be strengthened.
引文
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