东亚热带—副热带季风活动特征及其与热力强迫的关系
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摘要
本文利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、SCSMEX科学试验资料以及高分辨率TBB资料等,通过理论分析及动力诊断等方法,围绕“东亚热带—副热带季风活动特征及其与热力强迫的关系”这一主题,对“亚澳大陆桥”地区对流活动特征及其重要性、东亚副热带夏季风槽和南海夏季风槽的气候特征比较及其西太平洋副热带高压位置变动与大气热源的关系等问题进行了研究,得到以下主要结论:
     (1)中南半岛对流首先活跃是一个事实,而这种活跃与苏门答腊地区的热带对流沿“亚澳大陆桥”的季节性移动密切相关。南海—西太平洋热带夏季风的建立与冬季位于苏门答腊地区的对流中心由冬入夏沿“大陆桥”和中南半岛的系统性移动有密切联系。苏门答腊地区(3°N~6°N,95°E~96°E)对流沿“大陆桥”移动加速是一个先兆信号,正是对流移动的突然加速,对随后中南半岛对流增强有触发作用;中南半岛对流爆发通过释放凝结潜热,在其西侧可强迫出气旋性环流,有利于孟加拉湾东部对流建立(BOB)和副热带高压在该地区上空断裂并东撤,从而导致南海地区对流活跃和夏季风的建立。
     (2)东亚副热带夏季风于4月上中旬建立,早于南海夏季风爆发。南海夏季风槽不具备锋面性质,副热带夏季风槽则具备明显的锋面性质。南海夏季风槽建立早且突然,表现为对流层低层正相对涡度突然出现,其撤退缓慢;副热带夏季风槽则是渐进式建立,表现为低层云贵高原、广西地区的正相对涡度逐步向东北方向扩展,其撤退较快。强调南海夏季风槽建立过程中东西风向逆转是一个很明显的标志性特征,而副热带夏季风建立过程没有伴随明显的风向逆转,主要特征是西南风增强。
     (3)副热带地区的非绝热加热对东亚夏季风系统的重要成员——西太平洋副热带高压的位置变动有极其重要的作用,当副高北侧的对流强于南侧时,有利于副高南退;伴随着副高北抬,其南侧均有明显的对流潜热加热向北伸展,有利于副高北抬;副高的每一次西伸都伴随着西侧加热的显著增强,并且加热增强先于副高西伸。
     (4)阿拉伯海东岸、孟加拉湾地区的异常加热源有利于华南暴雨形成和维持。异常加热源在其西北侧强迫出的高层异常反气旋性环流,使得南亚高压加强偏西,而我国30°N以南地区的大陆处于异常气旋南侧西风气流之下,不利于南亚高压北上,有利于南亚高压在青藏高原南部、华南地区维持,从而使得华南地区位于高压北侧高空西风急流南侧的上升运动区,有利于该区域强降水发生和维持,形成洪涝。
Based on the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data,1998 South China Sea Monsoon Experiment (SCSMEX) data and the TBB data with high resolution,features of convective activities over Asian-Australian "land bridge" areas and its importance,comparison of the SCS tropical summer trough and subtropical summer monsoon trough over East Asia and the relationship between the position variation of the west Pacific subtropical high and the apparent heating are analyzed by dynamical diagnosis,theoretical analysis.Main results are as follows:
     (1)It is true that convection first flares up in Indo-China Peninsula (ICP),which is closely associated with the seasonal migration of tropical convection in Sumatra along Asian-Australian "land bridge".The SCS tropical summer monsoon onset bears a close relation to the systematic migration of the convection center over Sumatra along "land bridge" and ICP from winter to summer.The sudden acceleration of convection shift affects directly the subsequent enhancement of the convection over ICP areas,which will excite a cyclonic circulation over the west part of the continent by releasing latent heat of condensation,in favor of the convection building over the east part of Bay of Bengal (BOB) and subtropical high belts rupturing over this region and withdrawing eastward,leading to SCS summer monsoon establishment.
     (2)The East Asian subtropical summer monsoon is established in mid-April,which is earlier than the SCS summer monsoon onset.The subtropical summer monsoon trough (subtropical-trough) has clearly frontal property,yet the SCS summer monsoon trough (SCS trough) has not.The SCS trough onsets early and abruptly with the low level positive relative vorticity appearing suddenly,and retreats slowly,but the subtropical-trough establishes step by step with the positive relative vorticity initially over the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and Guangxi areas spreading gradually northeastward,and withdraws,rapidly.The onset of SCS trough is obviously indicated by the reverse of the easterly,but the establishment of the subtropical-trough is characteristic of the westerly enhancement.
     (3)The subtropical non-adiabatic heating plays an essential role in the location changes of the west Pacific subtropical high (WPSH).When the north convection is stronger than the south, WPSH shifts southward. Along with the northward movement of WPSH,the convective latent heating extends northwards from its south area,which is in favor of the northward movement of WPSH.Each of the westward extension of WPSH corresponds to the significantly enhanced heating in the west of WPSH and the latter is prior to the former.
     (4)The exceptional heating source over the east coast of Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal is favorable to the heavy rain forming and maintaining in South China areas.The exceptional heating source forces an exceptional anticyclonic circulation over its northwest high level leading to the South Asian High enhancing and westward of mean.The exceptional westerlies controlled the south of the mainland,which goes against the South Asian High moving northward,but favored maintaining over the south of Tibetan Plateau and South China,so South China areas just located the updraft areas which was in the north of South Asian. High and the south of the high-level jet, making for heavy rain and severe flood.
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