光伏并网逆变器效率优化研究
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摘要
能源问题和环境问题已经成为制约人类社会可持续发展的两大重要问题,因此光伏、风能和燃料电池等绿色新能源发电系统受到越来越广泛的重视。在这些可再生能源中,光伏发电有着它特有的优势。光伏逆变器作为光伏发电系统中能量传输的重要装置,其转换效率是衡量发电系统性能的重要指标之一。
对于逆变器系统,其效率和输出的并网电流THD是有相关性的,因此本文首先通过电路等效,将光伏逆变器的主电路变换成为等效电路,给出了一种计算逆变器并网电流的方法,比较了理想情况下三种调制方式的并网电流THD。分析了实际系统中插入的死区对逆变器输出电压基波和谐波的影响,比较了几种调制策略在存在死区时对并网电流的THD的影响,选出了THD最优的调制序列,为提高效率奠定了基础。
然后通过对并网逆变器的三大主要损耗来源,功率器件、滤波电感和变压器的损耗分别建立了损耗模型,对逆变器整体效率进行系统的比较分析。在计算滤波电感磁损时,针对其激励电流非正弦的特点,使用了Ansoft Maxwell这一有限元分析软件进行计算。通过对不同的SVM调制序列的逆变器各部分损耗进行计算和比较,得出了总体效率最优的调制序列。
最后设计了实验平台的主电路参数,并在样机上的实验结果对部分理论分析进行了验证。
Energy and environment issues are two important issues which become a constraint for sustainable development of human society, so photovoltaic, wind power, fuel cells and other renewable energy generation systems are more and more widely appreciated. Among these renewable energy sources, PV has its unique advantages, PV inverter used as a major energy transmission device in PV system, the conversion efficiency is which is a measure of an important indicator of power generation systems.
The conversion efficiency of a inverter system and the total harmonic distortion (THD) of its output current injected to the grid are interrelated, Firstly this paper turns the PV inverter main circuit to the circuit that can be calculated through equivalence. Then THDs of grid current in ideal case using three different modulations are compared based on the method proposed to figure out grid-side current of the inverter. After the impact of dead time zone on fundamental and harmonic output voltage of inverter analyzed, modulation strategies were compared in the presence of the grid current THD when employing different dead time zone to obtain an optimal modulation scheme, which is the basis for efficiency.
Then loss models of power devices, filter inductors and transformer which are main loss sources of gird-connected inverter were established. The overall efficiency of the inverter was made a systematic comparison. Due to the non-sinusoidal excitation current in the filter inductor, the FEA software Ansoft Maxwell was employed to predict iron loss in the filter. The modulation scheme which can archive best overall efficiency was pick out through the caparison of loss in different parts using three different SVM schemes.
Finally, the main circuit of the experimental platform was designed, and the experimental results carried out on a prototype provide verification for some of the theoretical analysis.
对于逆变器系统,其效率和输出的并网电流THD是有相关性的,因此本文首先通过电路等效,将光伏逆变器的主电路变换成为等效电路,给出了一种计算逆变器并网电流的方法,比较了理想情况下三种调制方式的并网电流THD。分析了实际系统中插入的死区对逆变器输出电压基波和谐波的影响,比较了几种调制策略在存在死区时对并网电流的THD的影响,选出了THD最优的调制序列,为提高效率奠定了基础。
然后通过对并网逆变器的三大主要损耗来源,功率器件、滤波电感和变压器的损耗分别建立了损耗模型,对逆变器整体效率进行系统的比较分析。在计算滤波电感磁损时,针对其激励电流非正弦的特点,使用了Ansoft Maxwell这一有限元分析软件进行计算。通过对不同的SVM调制序列的逆变器各部分损耗进行计算和比较,得出了总体效率最优的调制序列。
最后设计了实验平台的主电路参数,并在样机上的实验结果对部分理论分析进行了验证。
Energy and environment issues are two important issues which become a constraint for sustainable development of human society, so photovoltaic, wind power, fuel cells and other renewable energy generation systems are more and more widely appreciated. Among these renewable energy sources, PV has its unique advantages, PV inverter used as a major energy transmission device in PV system, the conversion efficiency is which is a measure of an important indicator of power generation systems.
The conversion efficiency of a inverter system and the total harmonic distortion (THD) of its output current injected to the grid are interrelated, Firstly this paper turns the PV inverter main circuit to the circuit that can be calculated through equivalence. Then THDs of grid current in ideal case using three different modulations are compared based on the method proposed to figure out grid-side current of the inverter. After the impact of dead time zone on fundamental and harmonic output voltage of inverter analyzed, modulation strategies were compared in the presence of the grid current THD when employing different dead time zone to obtain an optimal modulation scheme, which is the basis for efficiency.
Then loss models of power devices, filter inductors and transformer which are main loss sources of gird-connected inverter were established. The overall efficiency of the inverter was made a systematic comparison. Due to the non-sinusoidal excitation current in the filter inductor, the FEA software Ansoft Maxwell was employed to predict iron loss in the filter. The modulation scheme which can archive best overall efficiency was pick out through the caparison of loss in different parts using three different SVM schemes.
Finally, the main circuit of the experimental platform was designed, and the experimental results carried out on a prototype provide verification for some of the theoretical analysis.
引文
[1]BP Group. "BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2010." http://www.bp.com/productlanding.do?categoryld=6929&contentId=7044622.
[2]U.S.Energy Information Administration. "China Energy Profile," http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=CH.
[3]Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center. "Global, regional,& national CO2 emission estimates, " http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ftp/ndp030/CSV-FILES/.
[4]IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Program.. "Technology Roadmap-Solar photovoltaic energy." http://www.iea.org/papers/2010/pv_roadmap.pdf.
[5]车孝轩.”太阳能光伏系统概论,”武汉大学出版社,2006.
[6][日]太阳光电发电协会编.刘树民,宏伟,译.”太阳能光伏发电系统的设计与施工,”科学出版社,2006.
[7]徐德鸿,马皓,汪檩生.“电力电子技术,”科学出版社,2006.
[8]刘凤君.”正弦波逆变器,”科学出版社,2002.
[9]Keliang Zhou; Danwei Wang;, "Relationship between space-vector modulation and three-phase carrier-based PWM:a comprehensive analysis [three-phase inverters]," Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, vol.49, no.l, pp.186-196, Feb 2002.
[10]Berasategi, A.; Cabal, C.; Alonso, C.; Estibals, B.;, "European efficiency improvement in photovoltaic applications by means of parallel connection of power converters," Power Electronics and Applications,2009. EPE'09.13th European Conference on, vol., no., pp.1-10,8-10 Sept.2009.
[11][美]Alexander Kusko, Marc T. Thompson著.张一工等译.”电力系统电能质量,”科学出版社,2009.
[12]徐德鸿.”电力电子系统建模及控制,”机械工业出版社,2007.
[13]Texas Instrument. "Space Vector Generator With Quadrature Control, ".
[14]Holtz, J.;, "Pulsewidth modulation-a survey," Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, vol.39, no.5, pp.410-420, Oct 1992.
[15]Di Zhao; Hari, V.S.S.P.K.; Narayanan, G.; Ayyanar, R.;, "Space-Vector-Based Hybrid Pulsewidth Modulation Techniques for Reduced Harmonic Distortion and Switching Loss," Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, vol.25, no.3, pp.760-774, March 2010.
[16]Hava, A.M.; Kerkman, R.J.; Lipo, T.A.;, "A high-performance generalized discontinuous PWM algorithm," Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on, vol.34, no.5, pp.1059-1071, Sep/Oct 1998.
[17]Keliang Zhou; Danwei Wang;, "Relationship between space-vector modulation and three-phase carrier-based PWM:a comprehensive analysis [three-phase inverters]," Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, vol.49, no.1, pp.186-196, Feb 2002.
[18]Kwasinski, A.; Krein, P.T.; Chapman, P.L.;, "Time domain comparison of pulse-width modulation schemes," Power Electronics Letters, IEEE, vol.1, no.3, pp.64-68, Sept.2003
[19]高景德,王祥珩,李发海.”交流电机机器系统的分析,”清华大学出版社,1993.
[20]林渭勋.”现代电力电子电路,”浙江大学出版社,2002.
[21]周导.提高并联有源电力滤波器补偿精度的研究[M].杭州,浙江大学.2008.
[22]Robert W.Erickson; Ragan Maksimovic;, "Fundamentals of power electronics," Kluwer Academic Publishers,2001.
[23]赵修科.”开关电源中磁性元件,”2004.
[24]钱照明,程肇基.”电力电子系统电磁兼容设计基础及干扰抑制技术,”浙江大学出版社,2000.
[25]Boglietti, A.; Cavagnino, A.; Lazzari, M.; Pastorelli, M.;, "Predicting iron losses in soft magnetic materials with arbitrary voltage supply:an engineering approach," Magnetics, IEEE Transactions on, vol.39, no.2, pp.981-989, Mar 2003
[26]Sullivan, C.R.; Harris, J.H.; Herbert, E.;, "Core loss predictions for general PWM waveforms from a simplified set of measured data," Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC),2010 Twenty-Fifth Annual IEEE, vol., no., pp.1048-1055,21-25 Feb. 2010.
[27]Venkatachalam, K.; Sullivan, C.R.; Abdallah, T.; Tacca, H.;, "Accurate prediction of ferrite core loss with nonsinusoidal waveforms using only Steinmetz parameters," Computers in Power Electronics,2002. Proceedings.2002 IEEE Workshop on, vol., no., pp.36-41,3-4 June 2002.
[28]Valchev, V.C.; Van den Bossche, A.P.; Van de Sype, D.M.;, "Ferrite losses of cores with square wave voltage and DC bias," Industrial Electronics Society,2005. IECON 2005.31st Annual Conference of IEEE, vol., no., pp.5 pp.,6-6 Nov.2005.
[29]Jieli Li; Abdallah, T.; Sullivan, C.R.;, "Improved calculation of core loss with nonsinusoidal waveforms," Industry Applications Conference,2001. Thirty-Sixth IAS Annual Meeting. Conference Record of the 2001 IEEE, vol.4, no., pp.2203-2210 vol.4,30 Sep-4 Oct 2001.
[30]Boglietti, A.; Lazzari, M.; Pastorelli, M.;, "A simplified method for the iron losses prediction in soft magnetic materials with arbitrary voltage supply," Industry Applications Conference, 2000. Conference Record of the 2000 IEEE, vol.1, no., pp.269-276 vol.1,2000.
[31]Boglietti, A.; Cavagnino, A.; Lazzari, M.;, "Fast Method for the Iron Loss Prediction in Inverter-Fed Induction Motors," Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on, vol.46, no.2, pp.806-811, March-april 2010.
[32]赵博,张洪亮等.“Ansoft12在工程电磁场中的应用,”中国水利水电出版社,2010.
[33]陈乔夫,李湘生.”互感器电抗器的理论与计算,”华中理工大学出版社,1992.
[34]过壁君.”磁芯设计及应用,”电子科技大学出版社,1989.
[35]陈世坤.”电机设计,”机械工业出版社,1990.
[36]姚志松,姚磊.”中小型变压器实用全书,”机械工业出版社,2003.
[37][苏]瓦修京斯基.崔立君,杜恩田等译.“变压器的理论与计算,”机械工业出版社,1983.
[38]顾艳,张斌.“100kV干式非晶合金变压器的应用,”华东电力,vol.37,no.8,pp.1335-1336,Aug 2009.
[2]U.S.Energy Information Administration. "China Energy Profile," http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=CH.
[3]Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center. "Global, regional,& national CO2 emission estimates, " http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ftp/ndp030/CSV-FILES/.
[4]IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Program.. "Technology Roadmap-Solar photovoltaic energy." http://www.iea.org/papers/2010/pv_roadmap.pdf.
[5]车孝轩.”太阳能光伏系统概论,”武汉大学出版社,2006.
[6][日]太阳光电发电协会编.刘树民,宏伟,译.”太阳能光伏发电系统的设计与施工,”科学出版社,2006.
[7]徐德鸿,马皓,汪檩生.“电力电子技术,”科学出版社,2006.
[8]刘凤君.”正弦波逆变器,”科学出版社,2002.
[9]Keliang Zhou; Danwei Wang;, "Relationship between space-vector modulation and three-phase carrier-based PWM:a comprehensive analysis [three-phase inverters]," Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, vol.49, no.l, pp.186-196, Feb 2002.
[10]Berasategi, A.; Cabal, C.; Alonso, C.; Estibals, B.;, "European efficiency improvement in photovoltaic applications by means of parallel connection of power converters," Power Electronics and Applications,2009. EPE'09.13th European Conference on, vol., no., pp.1-10,8-10 Sept.2009.
[11][美]Alexander Kusko, Marc T. Thompson著.张一工等译.”电力系统电能质量,”科学出版社,2009.
[12]徐德鸿.”电力电子系统建模及控制,”机械工业出版社,2007.
[13]Texas Instrument. "Space Vector Generator With Quadrature Control, ".
[14]Holtz, J.;, "Pulsewidth modulation-a survey," Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, vol.39, no.5, pp.410-420, Oct 1992.
[15]Di Zhao; Hari, V.S.S.P.K.; Narayanan, G.; Ayyanar, R.;, "Space-Vector-Based Hybrid Pulsewidth Modulation Techniques for Reduced Harmonic Distortion and Switching Loss," Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, vol.25, no.3, pp.760-774, March 2010.
[16]Hava, A.M.; Kerkman, R.J.; Lipo, T.A.;, "A high-performance generalized discontinuous PWM algorithm," Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on, vol.34, no.5, pp.1059-1071, Sep/Oct 1998.
[17]Keliang Zhou; Danwei Wang;, "Relationship between space-vector modulation and three-phase carrier-based PWM:a comprehensive analysis [three-phase inverters]," Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, vol.49, no.1, pp.186-196, Feb 2002.
[18]Kwasinski, A.; Krein, P.T.; Chapman, P.L.;, "Time domain comparison of pulse-width modulation schemes," Power Electronics Letters, IEEE, vol.1, no.3, pp.64-68, Sept.2003
[19]高景德,王祥珩,李发海.”交流电机机器系统的分析,”清华大学出版社,1993.
[20]林渭勋.”现代电力电子电路,”浙江大学出版社,2002.
[21]周导.提高并联有源电力滤波器补偿精度的研究[M].杭州,浙江大学.2008.
[22]Robert W.Erickson; Ragan Maksimovic;, "Fundamentals of power electronics," Kluwer Academic Publishers,2001.
[23]赵修科.”开关电源中磁性元件,”2004.
[24]钱照明,程肇基.”电力电子系统电磁兼容设计基础及干扰抑制技术,”浙江大学出版社,2000.
[25]Boglietti, A.; Cavagnino, A.; Lazzari, M.; Pastorelli, M.;, "Predicting iron losses in soft magnetic materials with arbitrary voltage supply:an engineering approach," Magnetics, IEEE Transactions on, vol.39, no.2, pp.981-989, Mar 2003
[26]Sullivan, C.R.; Harris, J.H.; Herbert, E.;, "Core loss predictions for general PWM waveforms from a simplified set of measured data," Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC),2010 Twenty-Fifth Annual IEEE, vol., no., pp.1048-1055,21-25 Feb. 2010.
[27]Venkatachalam, K.; Sullivan, C.R.; Abdallah, T.; Tacca, H.;, "Accurate prediction of ferrite core loss with nonsinusoidal waveforms using only Steinmetz parameters," Computers in Power Electronics,2002. Proceedings.2002 IEEE Workshop on, vol., no., pp.36-41,3-4 June 2002.
[28]Valchev, V.C.; Van den Bossche, A.P.; Van de Sype, D.M.;, "Ferrite losses of cores with square wave voltage and DC bias," Industrial Electronics Society,2005. IECON 2005.31st Annual Conference of IEEE, vol., no., pp.5 pp.,6-6 Nov.2005.
[29]Jieli Li; Abdallah, T.; Sullivan, C.R.;, "Improved calculation of core loss with nonsinusoidal waveforms," Industry Applications Conference,2001. Thirty-Sixth IAS Annual Meeting. Conference Record of the 2001 IEEE, vol.4, no., pp.2203-2210 vol.4,30 Sep-4 Oct 2001.
[30]Boglietti, A.; Lazzari, M.; Pastorelli, M.;, "A simplified method for the iron losses prediction in soft magnetic materials with arbitrary voltage supply," Industry Applications Conference, 2000. Conference Record of the 2000 IEEE, vol.1, no., pp.269-276 vol.1,2000.
[31]Boglietti, A.; Cavagnino, A.; Lazzari, M.;, "Fast Method for the Iron Loss Prediction in Inverter-Fed Induction Motors," Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on, vol.46, no.2, pp.806-811, March-april 2010.
[32]赵博,张洪亮等.“Ansoft12在工程电磁场中的应用,”中国水利水电出版社,2010.
[33]陈乔夫,李湘生.”互感器电抗器的理论与计算,”华中理工大学出版社,1992.
[34]过壁君.”磁芯设计及应用,”电子科技大学出版社,1989.
[35]陈世坤.”电机设计,”机械工业出版社,1990.
[36]姚志松,姚磊.”中小型变压器实用全书,”机械工业出版社,2003.
[37][苏]瓦修京斯基.崔立君,杜恩田等译.“变压器的理论与计算,”机械工业出版社,1983.
[38]顾艳,张斌.“100kV干式非晶合金变压器的应用,”华东电力,vol.37,no.8,pp.1335-1336,Aug 2009.