光伏并网发电系统MPPT及孤岛检测新技术的研究
|
摘要
随着经济全球化进程的加速和工业经济的迅猛发展，世界范围内的能源短缺和环境污染已成为制约人类社会可持续发展的两大重要因素。光伏发电因发电过程中无污染、无噪音、维护简单、无需生产原料等优点而逐步显示出其无比广阔的发展空间和应用前景。因此，大力发展光伏发电技术和产业已成为当务之急。
本文以光伏并网发电系统为研究对象，对光伏并网发电系统中的最大功率点跟踪控制、孤岛效应的检测、交流光伏模块系统新型拓扑等问题进行了深入系统的研究。在此研究的基础上，分别提出了非对称模糊最大功率点跟踪控制和双模式最大功率点跟踪控制两种新的最大功率点跟踪控制方法、周期性扰动正反馈有源频率漂移孤岛检测方法和一种用于交流光伏模块系统的新型拓扑：BBHF逆变器。
针对光伏发电系统中光伏器件的输出功率易受外部环境影响而降低了光伏发电系统效率的问题，本文提出了两种新的最大功率点跟踪控制方法：非对称模糊最大功率点跟踪控制和双模式最大功率点跟踪控制。这两种方法均能使光伏发电系统输出功率快速跟踪外部环境的变化，同时可有效消除或减弱光伏器件在最大功率点附近的功率振荡现象，从而提高了光伏器件的利用率。上述两种方法均通过实验得到了验证。
光伏发电系统并网工作时，电网停电造成的孤岛效应会导致用电设备损坏和人身伤亡事故，因此必须及时检测出孤岛效应的发生并切断系统与电网的连接。针对孤岛效应检测中，有源频率漂移法检测盲区较大的缺陷，本文提出了周期扰动正反馈有源频率偏移法。通过仿真及实验验证，该方法在电网出现故障时，检测速度更快，具有更小的检测盲区，能够迅速切断电网与光伏发电系统的连接，从而避免孤岛效应造成的设备和人员损伤。
为了验证以上所提方法的有效性和优越性，本文基于DSP设计了一套单相两级式光伏并网发电系统。该电路由最大功率点跟踪电路、逆变器、滤波电路、保护和控制电路构成。其具有独立运行和并网运行两种工作模式，可以根据用户的需要进行切换。实验结果表明：该电路运行可靠，保护功能完善，并在实验过程中为后续的研究工作积累了大量的实验数据和经验。
最后，针对交流无损耗逆变器和反激式交流光伏模块系统存在系统运行过程中光伏器件最大功率点易受电路运行干扰的缺点，本文提出了一种用于交流光伏模块系统的新型逆变器拓扑结构：BBHF逆变器。实验表明：该电路不仅实现了最大功率点控制电路与后级逆变器的解耦，确保了光伏器件稳定工作在最大功率点，且电路中部分功率器件工作频率为工频，能够减少开关损耗，部分提高系统效率。
In recent years, there has been an increase in the use of renewable energy due to the growing concern for the pollution caused by fossil-fuel-based energy. On-site power generation using sources like photovoltaic (PV) arrays can be used to reduce the dependence on energy from the grid as well as provide back up power for critical systems during grid outages.
This thesis proposed a PV grid-connected power generation system that can be used in stand-alone mode and grid-connected mode, to convert the DC power output of the PV arrays to the more useful 220V AC. The operation and design of the various stages of the system are discussed. During the processes of developing PV energy generation system, maximum power point tracking, anti-islanding equipment, novel topology for AC photovoltaic module system and the control of inverter are researched. And some valuable results are obtained.
In the first part of this paper, to extract more power from PV arrays, two novel MPPT methods are presented: asymmetric fuzzy maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method and two-mode maximum power point tracking method. Simulation and experimental results show that the PV power generation system has good steady state and transient characteristics with the control of the two proposed MPPT control methods.
In the second part of this paper, the active frequency drift with periodical disturbance and positive feedback method is provided to detect islanding based on the active frequency drift (AFD) anti-islanding method. This new anti-islanding method can reduce the non-detection zone (NZD) and increase the speed of anti-islanding detection compare to the AFD method.
In the third part of this paper, a PV grid-connected power generation system is designed based on the above work. It is composed of a MPPT circuit, an inverter, filter, control circuits and protection circuits. It can work under the stand-alone mode and the grid-connected mode according to the choice of user. The PV power generation system sets up a good base for the next work.
At last, a novel topology for ACM( AC photovoltaic module) system is presented. The new topology consists of a BUCK-BOOST converter and a current source inverter. The BUCK-BOOST circuit implements maximum power point tracking of PV array well due to eliminateing the power perturbation from inverter. The current source inverter transforms this DC power into the 220V and 50Hz AC power at last. The effectiveness of the proposed inverter is confirmed experimentally and through simulation results.
本文以光伏并网发电系统为研究对象，对光伏并网发电系统中的最大功率点跟踪控制、孤岛效应的检测、交流光伏模块系统新型拓扑等问题进行了深入系统的研究。在此研究的基础上，分别提出了非对称模糊最大功率点跟踪控制和双模式最大功率点跟踪控制两种新的最大功率点跟踪控制方法、周期性扰动正反馈有源频率漂移孤岛检测方法和一种用于交流光伏模块系统的新型拓扑：BBHF逆变器。
针对光伏发电系统中光伏器件的输出功率易受外部环境影响而降低了光伏发电系统效率的问题，本文提出了两种新的最大功率点跟踪控制方法：非对称模糊最大功率点跟踪控制和双模式最大功率点跟踪控制。这两种方法均能使光伏发电系统输出功率快速跟踪外部环境的变化，同时可有效消除或减弱光伏器件在最大功率点附近的功率振荡现象，从而提高了光伏器件的利用率。上述两种方法均通过实验得到了验证。
光伏发电系统并网工作时，电网停电造成的孤岛效应会导致用电设备损坏和人身伤亡事故，因此必须及时检测出孤岛效应的发生并切断系统与电网的连接。针对孤岛效应检测中，有源频率漂移法检测盲区较大的缺陷，本文提出了周期扰动正反馈有源频率偏移法。通过仿真及实验验证，该方法在电网出现故障时，检测速度更快，具有更小的检测盲区，能够迅速切断电网与光伏发电系统的连接，从而避免孤岛效应造成的设备和人员损伤。
为了验证以上所提方法的有效性和优越性，本文基于DSP设计了一套单相两级式光伏并网发电系统。该电路由最大功率点跟踪电路、逆变器、滤波电路、保护和控制电路构成。其具有独立运行和并网运行两种工作模式，可以根据用户的需要进行切换。实验结果表明：该电路运行可靠，保护功能完善，并在实验过程中为后续的研究工作积累了大量的实验数据和经验。
最后，针对交流无损耗逆变器和反激式交流光伏模块系统存在系统运行过程中光伏器件最大功率点易受电路运行干扰的缺点，本文提出了一种用于交流光伏模块系统的新型逆变器拓扑结构：BBHF逆变器。实验表明：该电路不仅实现了最大功率点控制电路与后级逆变器的解耦，确保了光伏器件稳定工作在最大功率点，且电路中部分功率器件工作频率为工频，能够减少开关损耗，部分提高系统效率。
In recent years, there has been an increase in the use of renewable energy due to the growing concern for the pollution caused by fossil-fuel-based energy. On-site power generation using sources like photovoltaic (PV) arrays can be used to reduce the dependence on energy from the grid as well as provide back up power for critical systems during grid outages.
This thesis proposed a PV grid-connected power generation system that can be used in stand-alone mode and grid-connected mode, to convert the DC power output of the PV arrays to the more useful 220V AC. The operation and design of the various stages of the system are discussed. During the processes of developing PV energy generation system, maximum power point tracking, anti-islanding equipment, novel topology for AC photovoltaic module system and the control of inverter are researched. And some valuable results are obtained.
In the first part of this paper, to extract more power from PV arrays, two novel MPPT methods are presented: asymmetric fuzzy maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method and two-mode maximum power point tracking method. Simulation and experimental results show that the PV power generation system has good steady state and transient characteristics with the control of the two proposed MPPT control methods.
In the second part of this paper, the active frequency drift with periodical disturbance and positive feedback method is provided to detect islanding based on the active frequency drift (AFD) anti-islanding method. This new anti-islanding method can reduce the non-detection zone (NZD) and increase the speed of anti-islanding detection compare to the AFD method.
In the third part of this paper, a PV grid-connected power generation system is designed based on the above work. It is composed of a MPPT circuit, an inverter, filter, control circuits and protection circuits. It can work under the stand-alone mode and the grid-connected mode according to the choice of user. The PV power generation system sets up a good base for the next work.
At last, a novel topology for ACM( AC photovoltaic module) system is presented. The new topology consists of a BUCK-BOOST converter and a current source inverter. The BUCK-BOOST circuit implements maximum power point tracking of PV array well due to eliminateing the power perturbation from inverter. The current source inverter transforms this DC power into the 220V and 50Hz AC power at last. The effectiveness of the proposed inverter is confirmed experimentally and through simulation results.
引文
[1] 刘汉．山东：最大太阳能光伏电站并网．中国经济周刊[J]，2006，(12)：52-52．
[2] 赵玉文，刘泉．我国光伏产业现状与面临的挑战．太阳能[J]，2004，(3)：4-6．
[3] 赵为．太阳能光伏并网发电系统的研究[D]．博士学位论文．合肥：合肥工业大学，2003．
[4] 杨军．太阳能光伏发电前景展望．沿海企业与科技[J]，2005，(8)：110-112．
[5] 吕建，殷洪亮．太阳电池及其发展方向．中国建设动态：阳光能源[J]，2005，(10M)：78-80．
[6] 马胜红，陆虎俞．太阳能光伏发电技术(1)光伏发电与光伏发电系统．大众用电[J]，2006，(01)：38-40．
[7] 褚文博，隆涛．美国光伏产业路线图．新材料产业[J]，2006，(1)：48-51．
[8] 李文婷，刘宏，陈慧玲．国内外太阳能光伏发电发展综述．青海电力[J]，2004，23(4)：3-6．
[9] 沈辉，舒碧芬，闻立时．我国太阳能光伏产业的发展机遇与战略对策．电池[J]，2005，35(6)：430-432．
[10] 西部省份光伏发电项目启动．节能与环保[J]，2002，(06)：39-39．
[11] 刘佳．《可再生能源法》助我国光伏产业加快发展．家电科技[J]，2006，(3)：9-10．
[12] 张治民．青海省太阳能光伏发电产业发展现状．青海科技[J]，2003，10(6)：21-23．
[13] 李宏，谭洪起．太阳能光伏光热建筑一体化．建筑创作[J]，2006，(2)：164-164．
[14] 沈玉梁，苏建徽，赵为．不可调度式单相光伏并网装置的平波电容容量的选择．太阳能学报[J]，2003，24(5)：655-658．
[15] Calais M., Myrzik J., Spooner T.et al. Inverters for single-phase grid connected photovoltaic systems-an overview[C]. Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2002. pesc 02. 2002 IEEE 33rd Annual, 2002:1995-2000.
[16] Meinhardt M., Cramer G. Past, present and future of grid connected photovottaic- and hybrid-power-systems[C]. Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, 2000. IEEE, 2000:1283-12882.
[17] 王建军．太阳能光伏发电应用中的温度影响．青海师范大学学报：自然科学版[J]，2005，(1)：28-30．
[18] Rodriguez C., Amaratunga G. A. Dynamic maximum power injection control of AC photovoltaic modules using current-mode control. Electric Power Applications, IEE Proceedings-[J], 2006, 153(1):83-87.
[19] Myrzik J. M., Calais M. String and module integrated inverters for single-phase grid connected photovoltaic systems-a review[C]. Power Tech Conference Proceedings, 2003 IEEE Bologna, 2003:8 pp. Vol.2.
[20] Hohm D. P., Ropp M. E. Comparative study of maximum power point tracking algorithms using an experimental, programmable, maximum power point tracking test bed[C]. Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2000. Conference Record of the Twenty-Eighth IEEE, 2000:1699-1702.
[21] Simoes M. G., Franceschetti N. N., Friedhofer M. A fuzzy logic based photovoltaic peak power tracking control[C]. Industrial Electronics, 1998. Proceedings. ISIE '98. IEEE International Symposium on, 1998:300-3051.
[22] Valenciaga F., Puleston P. F., Battaiotto P. E. Power control of a photovoltaic array in a hybrid electric eneration system using sliding mode techniques. Control Theory and Applications, IEE Proceedings-[J], 2001, 148(6):448-455.
[23] IEEE Recommended Practice for Utility Interface of Photovoltaic (PV) Systems[S], 2000.
[24] 李仲明．极富发展前景的多晶硅薄膜太阳电池．新材料产业[J]，2003，(7)：14-16．
[25] Argaw N. Optimisation of photovoltaic water pumps coupled with an interfacing pulse width modulated DC/AC inverter power conditioning device[C]. Conference Record of the Twenty Fourth; IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference-1994, 1994:1165-11681.
[26] Mutoh N., Ohno M., Inoue T. A Method for MPPTControl While Searching for Parameters Corresponding to Weather Conditions for PV Generation Systems. Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on[J], 2006, 53(4):1055-1065.
[27] 杨海柱，金新民．并网光伏系统最大功率点跟踪控制的一种改进措施及其仿真和实验研究．电工电能新技术[J]，2006，25(1)：63-67．
[28] Sugimoto H., Dong H. A new scheme for maximum photovoltaic power tracking control[C]. Power Conversion Conference Nagaoka 1997., Proceedings of the, 1997:691-6962.
[29] Ito R., Matsuzaki Y., Tani T.et al. Evaluation of performance of MPPT equipment in photovoltaic system[C]. Telecommunications Energy Conference, 2003. INTELEC '03. The 25th International, 2003:256-260.
[30] 吴理博，赵争鸣，刘建政．单级式光伏并网逆变系统中的最大功率点跟踪算法稳定性研究．中国电机工程学报[J]，2006，26(6)：73-77．
[31] Minwon Park, In-Keun Yu. A study on the optimal voltage for MPPT obtained by surface temperature of solar cell[C]. Industrial Electronics Society, 2004. IECON 2004. 30th Annual Conference of IEEE, 2004:2040-20453.
[32] Femia N., Petrone G., Spagnuolo G. et al. Optimizing sampling rate of P&O MPPT technique[C]. Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2004. PESC 04. 2004 IEEE 35th Annual, 2004:1945-19493.
[33] Weidong Xiao, Dunford W. G. A modified adaptive hill climbing MPPT method for photovoltaic power systems[C]. Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2004. PESC 04. 2004 IEEE 35th Annual, 2004:1957-19633.
[34] Youngseok Jung, Junghun So, Gwonjong Yuet al. Improved perturbation and observation method (P&O) of MPPT control for photovoltaic power systems[C]. Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2005. Conference Record of the Thirty-first IEEE, 2005:1788-1791.
[35] Senjyu T., Uezato K. Maximum power point tracker using fuzzy control for photovoltaic arrays[C]. Industrial Technology, 1994. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on, 1994:143-147.
[36] 张化光．模糊自适应控制理论及其应用[M]．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，2002．
[37] Mao-Lin Chiang, Chih-Chiang Hua, Jong-Rong Lin. Direct power control for distributed PV power system[C]. Power Conversion Conference, 2002. PCC Osaka 2002. Proceedings of the, 2002:311-3151.
[38] Dorofte C., Borup U., Blaabjerg F. A Combined Two-Method MPPT Control Scheme for Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems[C]. Power Electronics and Applications, 2005 European Conference on, 2005:1-10.
[39] Tunlasakun K., Kirtikara K., Thepa S.et al. A microcontroller based islanding detection for grid connected inverter[C]. Circuits and Systems, 2004. MWSCAS '04. The 2004 47th Midwest Symposium on, 2004:0-26793.
[40] 郑诗程，丁明，苏建徽．光伏发电系统及其孤岛效应的仿真与实验研究．系统仿真学报[J]，2005，17(12)：3085-3088．
[41] IEEE Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems[S], 2003.
[42] Hudson R. M., Thorne T., Mekanik F.et al. Implementation and testing of anti-islanding algorithms for IEEE 929-2000 compliance of single phase photovoltaic inverters[C]. Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2002. Conference Record of the Twenty-Ninth IEEE, 2002:1414-1419.
[43] Woyte A., Belmans R., Nijs J. Testing the islanding protection function of photovoltaic inverters. Energy Conversion, IEEE Transactions on[J], 2003, 18(1):157-162.
[44] Jun Yin, Liuchen Chang, Diduch C. Recent developments in islanding detection for distributed power generation[C]. Power Engineering, 2004. LESCOPEo04. 2004 Large Engineering systems Conference on, 2004:124-128.
[45] Guo-Kiang Hung, Chih-Chang Chang, Chern-Lin Chen. Automatic phase-shift method for islanding detection of grid-connected photovoltaic inverters. Energy Conversion, IEEE Transactions on[J], 2003,18(1):169-173.
[46] Jeong J. B., Kim H. J. Active anti-islanding method for pv system using reactive power control. Electronics Letters[J], 2006, 42(17): 1004-1005.
[47] Ropp M. E., Begovic M., Rohatgi A. Analysis and performance assessment of the active frequency drift ethod of islanding prevention. Energy Conversion, IEEE Transactions on[J], 1999, 14(3):810-816.
[48] Jeraputra C, Enjeti P. N., In Ho Hwang. Development of a robust antiislanding algorithm for utility interconnection of distributed fuel cell powered generation[C]. Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 2004. APEC '04. Nineteenth Annual IEEE, 2004:1534-15403.
[49] Kern G. A. SunSine300, utility interactive AC module anti-islanding test results[C]. Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 1997., Conference Record of the Twenty-Sixth IEEE, 1997:1265-1268.
[50] Gwon-jong Yu, Jeong-Hoon So, Young-Seok Junget al. Boundary conditions of reactive-power-variation method and active-frequency-drift method for islanding detection of grid-connected photovoltaic inverters[C].Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2005. Conference Record of the Thirty-first IEEE, 2005:1785-1787.
[51] Boutot T., Liuchen Chang. Development of a single-phase inverter for small wind turbines[C]. Electrical and Computer Engineering, 1998. IEEE Canadian Conference on, 1998:305-3081.
[52] Caceres R. O., Barbi I. A boost DC-AC converter: analysis, design, and experimentation. Powerle ctronics,IEEE Transactions on[J],1999,14(1):134-141.
[53] Yaosuo Xue, Liuchen Chang, Sren Baekhj Kjaeret al. Topologies of single-phase inverters for small distributed power generators: an overview. Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on[J], 2004, 19(5):1305-1314.
[54] Saha S., Sundarsingh V. P. Novel grid-connected photovoltaic inverter. Generation, Transmission and Distribution, IEE Proceedings-[J], 1996, 143(2):219-224.
[55] 汪海宁．光伏并网功率调节系统及其控制的研究[D]．博士学位论文．合肥工业大学，2005．
[56] 陈东华，谢少军，周波．瞬时值电流控制逆变技术比较．南京航空航天大学学报[J]，2004，36(3)：343-347．
[57] 李俊林，熊健，康勇．逆变器数字多环控制技术研究．电工电能新技术[J]，2004，23(4)：56-59．
[58] 潘飞蹊，陈星弼．高功率因数Boost变换器电流滞环控制的一种简单实现方案．电子学报[J]，2004，32(8)：1330-1333．
[59] 刘飞，邹云屏，李辉．基于重复控制的电压源型逆变器输出电流波形控制方法．中国电机工程学报[J]，2005，25(19)：58-63．
[60] 陈建章，严仰光．无差拍控制逆变器负载性质识别及参数估算方法．电力电子技术[J]，1997，31(3)：61-63．
[61] 郭卫农，段善旭．电压型逆变器的无差拍控制技术研究．华中理工大学学报[J]，2000，28(6)：30-33．
[62] 郭卫农，段善旭，等．基于DSP实现的无差拍控制逆变器．通信电源技术[J]，2001，(1)：1-4．
[63] Hung G. K., Chang C. C., Chen C. L. Analysis and implementation of a delay-compensated deadbeat current controller for solar inverters. Circuits, Devices and Systems, IEE Proceedings[J], 2001, 148(5):279-286.
[64] Hua C., Hoft R. G. High performance deadbeat controlled PWM inverter using a current source compensator and nonlinear loads[C]. Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 1992. PESC '92 Record., 23rd Annual IEEE, 1992:443-4501.
[65] Yatsuki S., Wada K., Shimizu T.et al. A novel AC photovoltaic module system based on the impedance-admittance conversion theory[C]. Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2001. PESC. 2001 IEEE 32nd Annual,2001:2191-21964.
[66] Wills R. H., Hall F. E., Strong S. J.et al. The AC photovoltaic module[C].Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 1996., Conference Record of the Twenty Fifth IEEE, 1996:1231-1234.
[67] Setaka T., MAtsushima T., Muroyama S. Photovoltaic system in telecommunications building using AC modules[C]. Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2000. Conference Record of the Twenty-Eighth IEEE,2000:1723-1725.
[68] Knaupp W., Schekulin D., Voigtlander Let al. Operation of a 10 kW PV facade with 100 W AC photovoltaic modules[C]. Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 1996., Conference Record of the Twenty Fifth IEEE,1996:1235-1238.
[69] Belkacem F., Diallo D., Capolino G. A. Design and control of a low power DC-AC converter fed by a photovoltaic array[C]. Industry Applications Conference, 2004. 39th IAS Annual Meeting. Conference Record of the 2004 IEEE, 2004:1161-11642.
[70] Simpson C. J., van Wyk J., Schoeman J. J. Low-loss DC to AC converter system for stand alone photovoltaic applications[C]. Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 1992. PESC '92 Record., 23rd Annual IEEE,1992:701-7071.
[71] Prapanavarat C, Barnes M., Jenkins N. Investigation of the performance of a photovoltaic AC module. Generation, Transmission and Distribution, IEE Proceedings-[J], 2002, 149(4):472-478.
[72] Achille E., Martire T., Glaize C.et al. Optimized DC-AC boost converters for modular photovoltaic grid-connected generators[C]. Industrial Electronics, 2004 IEEE International Symposium on, 2004:1005-10102.
[73] Wekesa C, Ohnishi T. Utility interactive AC module photovoltaic system with frequency tracking and active power filter capabilities[C]. Power Conversion Conference, 2002. PCC Osaka 2002. Proceedings of the, 2002:316-3211.
[74] Valderrama-Blavi H., Alonso C., Martinez-Salamero L.et al. AC-LFR concept applied to modular photovoltaic power conversion chains. Electric Power Applications, IEE Proceedings-[J], 2002, 149(6):441-448.
[75] Kasa N., Iida T. Flyback type inverter for small scale photovoltaic power system[C]. IECON 02 Industrial Electronics Society, IEEE 2002 28th Annual Conference of the, 2002:1089-10942.
[76] 林渭勋．现代电力电子电路[M]．杭州：浙江大学出版社，2002．
[77] 张占松．开关电源的原理与设计[M]．北京：电子工业出版社，2002．
[78] 黄敏超，林渭勋．新颖的双向电流源高频链DC—AC功率变换器．电力电子技术[J]，1998，32(4)：7-10．
[2] 赵玉文，刘泉．我国光伏产业现状与面临的挑战．太阳能[J]，2004，(3)：4-6．
[3] 赵为．太阳能光伏并网发电系统的研究[D]．博士学位论文．合肥：合肥工业大学，2003．
[4] 杨军．太阳能光伏发电前景展望．沿海企业与科技[J]，2005，(8)：110-112．
[5] 吕建，殷洪亮．太阳电池及其发展方向．中国建设动态：阳光能源[J]，2005，(10M)：78-80．
[6] 马胜红，陆虎俞．太阳能光伏发电技术(1)光伏发电与光伏发电系统．大众用电[J]，2006，(01)：38-40．
[7] 褚文博，隆涛．美国光伏产业路线图．新材料产业[J]，2006，(1)：48-51．
[8] 李文婷，刘宏，陈慧玲．国内外太阳能光伏发电发展综述．青海电力[J]，2004，23(4)：3-6．
[9] 沈辉，舒碧芬，闻立时．我国太阳能光伏产业的发展机遇与战略对策．电池[J]，2005，35(6)：430-432．
[10] 西部省份光伏发电项目启动．节能与环保[J]，2002，(06)：39-39．
[11] 刘佳．《可再生能源法》助我国光伏产业加快发展．家电科技[J]，2006，(3)：9-10．
[12] 张治民．青海省太阳能光伏发电产业发展现状．青海科技[J]，2003，10(6)：21-23．
[13] 李宏，谭洪起．太阳能光伏光热建筑一体化．建筑创作[J]，2006，(2)：164-164．
[14] 沈玉梁，苏建徽，赵为．不可调度式单相光伏并网装置的平波电容容量的选择．太阳能学报[J]，2003，24(5)：655-658．
[15] Calais M., Myrzik J., Spooner T.et al. Inverters for single-phase grid connected photovoltaic systems-an overview[C]. Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2002. pesc 02. 2002 IEEE 33rd Annual, 2002:1995-2000.
[16] Meinhardt M., Cramer G. Past, present and future of grid connected photovottaic- and hybrid-power-systems[C]. Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, 2000. IEEE, 2000:1283-12882.
[17] 王建军．太阳能光伏发电应用中的温度影响．青海师范大学学报：自然科学版[J]，2005，(1)：28-30．
[18] Rodriguez C., Amaratunga G. A. Dynamic maximum power injection control of AC photovoltaic modules using current-mode control. Electric Power Applications, IEE Proceedings-[J], 2006, 153(1):83-87.
[19] Myrzik J. M., Calais M. String and module integrated inverters for single-phase grid connected photovoltaic systems-a review[C]. Power Tech Conference Proceedings, 2003 IEEE Bologna, 2003:8 pp. Vol.2.
[20] Hohm D. P., Ropp M. E. Comparative study of maximum power point tracking algorithms using an experimental, programmable, maximum power point tracking test bed[C]. Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2000. Conference Record of the Twenty-Eighth IEEE, 2000:1699-1702.
[21] Simoes M. G., Franceschetti N. N., Friedhofer M. A fuzzy logic based photovoltaic peak power tracking control[C]. Industrial Electronics, 1998. Proceedings. ISIE '98. IEEE International Symposium on, 1998:300-3051.
[22] Valenciaga F., Puleston P. F., Battaiotto P. E. Power control of a photovoltaic array in a hybrid electric eneration system using sliding mode techniques. Control Theory and Applications, IEE Proceedings-[J], 2001, 148(6):448-455.
[23] IEEE Recommended Practice for Utility Interface of Photovoltaic (PV) Systems[S], 2000.
[24] 李仲明．极富发展前景的多晶硅薄膜太阳电池．新材料产业[J]，2003，(7)：14-16．
[25] Argaw N. Optimisation of photovoltaic water pumps coupled with an interfacing pulse width modulated DC/AC inverter power conditioning device[C]. Conference Record of the Twenty Fourth; IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference-1994, 1994:1165-11681.
[26] Mutoh N., Ohno M., Inoue T. A Method for MPPTControl While Searching for Parameters Corresponding to Weather Conditions for PV Generation Systems. Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on[J], 2006, 53(4):1055-1065.
[27] 杨海柱，金新民．并网光伏系统最大功率点跟踪控制的一种改进措施及其仿真和实验研究．电工电能新技术[J]，2006，25(1)：63-67．
[28] Sugimoto H., Dong H. A new scheme for maximum photovoltaic power tracking control[C]. Power Conversion Conference Nagaoka 1997., Proceedings of the, 1997:691-6962.
[29] Ito R., Matsuzaki Y., Tani T.et al. Evaluation of performance of MPPT equipment in photovoltaic system[C]. Telecommunications Energy Conference, 2003. INTELEC '03. The 25th International, 2003:256-260.
[30] 吴理博，赵争鸣，刘建政．单级式光伏并网逆变系统中的最大功率点跟踪算法稳定性研究．中国电机工程学报[J]，2006，26(6)：73-77．
[31] Minwon Park, In-Keun Yu. A study on the optimal voltage for MPPT obtained by surface temperature of solar cell[C]. Industrial Electronics Society, 2004. IECON 2004. 30th Annual Conference of IEEE, 2004:2040-20453.
[32] Femia N., Petrone G., Spagnuolo G. et al. Optimizing sampling rate of P&O MPPT technique[C]. Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2004. PESC 04. 2004 IEEE 35th Annual, 2004:1945-19493.
[33] Weidong Xiao, Dunford W. G. A modified adaptive hill climbing MPPT method for photovoltaic power systems[C]. Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2004. PESC 04. 2004 IEEE 35th Annual, 2004:1957-19633.
[34] Youngseok Jung, Junghun So, Gwonjong Yuet al. Improved perturbation and observation method (P&O) of MPPT control for photovoltaic power systems[C]. Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2005. Conference Record of the Thirty-first IEEE, 2005:1788-1791.
[35] Senjyu T., Uezato K. Maximum power point tracker using fuzzy control for photovoltaic arrays[C]. Industrial Technology, 1994. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on, 1994:143-147.
[36] 张化光．模糊自适应控制理论及其应用[M]．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，2002．
[37] Mao-Lin Chiang, Chih-Chiang Hua, Jong-Rong Lin. Direct power control for distributed PV power system[C]. Power Conversion Conference, 2002. PCC Osaka 2002. Proceedings of the, 2002:311-3151.
[38] Dorofte C., Borup U., Blaabjerg F. A Combined Two-Method MPPT Control Scheme for Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems[C]. Power Electronics and Applications, 2005 European Conference on, 2005:1-10.
[39] Tunlasakun K., Kirtikara K., Thepa S.et al. A microcontroller based islanding detection for grid connected inverter[C]. Circuits and Systems, 2004. MWSCAS '04. The 2004 47th Midwest Symposium on, 2004:0-26793.
[40] 郑诗程，丁明，苏建徽．光伏发电系统及其孤岛效应的仿真与实验研究．系统仿真学报[J]，2005，17(12)：3085-3088．
[41] IEEE Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems[S], 2003.
[42] Hudson R. M., Thorne T., Mekanik F.et al. Implementation and testing of anti-islanding algorithms for IEEE 929-2000 compliance of single phase photovoltaic inverters[C]. Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2002. Conference Record of the Twenty-Ninth IEEE, 2002:1414-1419.
[43] Woyte A., Belmans R., Nijs J. Testing the islanding protection function of photovoltaic inverters. Energy Conversion, IEEE Transactions on[J], 2003, 18(1):157-162.
[44] Jun Yin, Liuchen Chang, Diduch C. Recent developments in islanding detection for distributed power generation[C]. Power Engineering, 2004. LESCOPEo04. 2004 Large Engineering systems Conference on, 2004:124-128.
[45] Guo-Kiang Hung, Chih-Chang Chang, Chern-Lin Chen. Automatic phase-shift method for islanding detection of grid-connected photovoltaic inverters. Energy Conversion, IEEE Transactions on[J], 2003,18(1):169-173.
[46] Jeong J. B., Kim H. J. Active anti-islanding method for pv system using reactive power control. Electronics Letters[J], 2006, 42(17): 1004-1005.
[47] Ropp M. E., Begovic M., Rohatgi A. Analysis and performance assessment of the active frequency drift ethod of islanding prevention. Energy Conversion, IEEE Transactions on[J], 1999, 14(3):810-816.
[48] Jeraputra C, Enjeti P. N., In Ho Hwang. Development of a robust antiislanding algorithm for utility interconnection of distributed fuel cell powered generation[C]. Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 2004. APEC '04. Nineteenth Annual IEEE, 2004:1534-15403.
[49] Kern G. A. SunSine300, utility interactive AC module anti-islanding test results[C]. Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 1997., Conference Record of the Twenty-Sixth IEEE, 1997:1265-1268.
[50] Gwon-jong Yu, Jeong-Hoon So, Young-Seok Junget al. Boundary conditions of reactive-power-variation method and active-frequency-drift method for islanding detection of grid-connected photovoltaic inverters[C].Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2005. Conference Record of the Thirty-first IEEE, 2005:1785-1787.
[51] Boutot T., Liuchen Chang. Development of a single-phase inverter for small wind turbines[C]. Electrical and Computer Engineering, 1998. IEEE Canadian Conference on, 1998:305-3081.
[52] Caceres R. O., Barbi I. A boost DC-AC converter: analysis, design, and experimentation. Powerle ctronics,IEEE Transactions on[J],1999,14(1):134-141.
[53] Yaosuo Xue, Liuchen Chang, Sren Baekhj Kjaeret al. Topologies of single-phase inverters for small distributed power generators: an overview. Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on[J], 2004, 19(5):1305-1314.
[54] Saha S., Sundarsingh V. P. Novel grid-connected photovoltaic inverter. Generation, Transmission and Distribution, IEE Proceedings-[J], 1996, 143(2):219-224.
[55] 汪海宁．光伏并网功率调节系统及其控制的研究[D]．博士学位论文．合肥工业大学，2005．
[56] 陈东华，谢少军，周波．瞬时值电流控制逆变技术比较．南京航空航天大学学报[J]，2004，36(3)：343-347．
[57] 李俊林，熊健，康勇．逆变器数字多环控制技术研究．电工电能新技术[J]，2004，23(4)：56-59．
[58] 潘飞蹊，陈星弼．高功率因数Boost变换器电流滞环控制的一种简单实现方案．电子学报[J]，2004，32(8)：1330-1333．
[59] 刘飞，邹云屏，李辉．基于重复控制的电压源型逆变器输出电流波形控制方法．中国电机工程学报[J]，2005，25(19)：58-63．
[60] 陈建章，严仰光．无差拍控制逆变器负载性质识别及参数估算方法．电力电子技术[J]，1997，31(3)：61-63．
[61] 郭卫农，段善旭．电压型逆变器的无差拍控制技术研究．华中理工大学学报[J]，2000，28(6)：30-33．
[62] 郭卫农，段善旭，等．基于DSP实现的无差拍控制逆变器．通信电源技术[J]，2001，(1)：1-4．
[63] Hung G. K., Chang C. C., Chen C. L. Analysis and implementation of a delay-compensated deadbeat current controller for solar inverters. Circuits, Devices and Systems, IEE Proceedings[J], 2001, 148(5):279-286.
[64] Hua C., Hoft R. G. High performance deadbeat controlled PWM inverter using a current source compensator and nonlinear loads[C]. Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 1992. PESC '92 Record., 23rd Annual IEEE, 1992:443-4501.
[65] Yatsuki S., Wada K., Shimizu T.et al. A novel AC photovoltaic module system based on the impedance-admittance conversion theory[C]. Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2001. PESC. 2001 IEEE 32nd Annual,2001:2191-21964.
[66] Wills R. H., Hall F. E., Strong S. J.et al. The AC photovoltaic module[C].Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 1996., Conference Record of the Twenty Fifth IEEE, 1996:1231-1234.
[67] Setaka T., MAtsushima T., Muroyama S. Photovoltaic system in telecommunications building using AC modules[C]. Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2000. Conference Record of the Twenty-Eighth IEEE,2000:1723-1725.
[68] Knaupp W., Schekulin D., Voigtlander Let al. Operation of a 10 kW PV facade with 100 W AC photovoltaic modules[C]. Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 1996., Conference Record of the Twenty Fifth IEEE,1996:1235-1238.
[69] Belkacem F., Diallo D., Capolino G. A. Design and control of a low power DC-AC converter fed by a photovoltaic array[C]. Industry Applications Conference, 2004. 39th IAS Annual Meeting. Conference Record of the 2004 IEEE, 2004:1161-11642.
[70] Simpson C. J., van Wyk J., Schoeman J. J. Low-loss DC to AC converter system for stand alone photovoltaic applications[C]. Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 1992. PESC '92 Record., 23rd Annual IEEE,1992:701-7071.
[71] Prapanavarat C, Barnes M., Jenkins N. Investigation of the performance of a photovoltaic AC module. Generation, Transmission and Distribution, IEE Proceedings-[J], 2002, 149(4):472-478.
[72] Achille E., Martire T., Glaize C.et al. Optimized DC-AC boost converters for modular photovoltaic grid-connected generators[C]. Industrial Electronics, 2004 IEEE International Symposium on, 2004:1005-10102.
[73] Wekesa C, Ohnishi T. Utility interactive AC module photovoltaic system with frequency tracking and active power filter capabilities[C]. Power Conversion Conference, 2002. PCC Osaka 2002. Proceedings of the, 2002:316-3211.
[74] Valderrama-Blavi H., Alonso C., Martinez-Salamero L.et al. AC-LFR concept applied to modular photovoltaic power conversion chains. Electric Power Applications, IEE Proceedings-[J], 2002, 149(6):441-448.
[75] Kasa N., Iida T. Flyback type inverter for small scale photovoltaic power system[C]. IECON 02 Industrial Electronics Society, IEEE 2002 28th Annual Conference of the, 2002:1089-10942.
[76] 林渭勋．现代电力电子电路[M]．杭州：浙江大学出版社，2002．
[77] 张占松．开关电源的原理与设计[M]．北京：电子工业出版社，2002．
[78] 黄敏超，林渭勋．新颖的双向电流源高频链DC—AC功率变换器．电力电子技术[J]，1998，32(4)：7-10．