空调室内污染液滴的扩散及室内热环境的研究
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摘要
现代人绝大部分时间是在室内度过的，随着生活水平的提高，越来越多的建筑采用空调设备来保证室内的温度处于人体舒适要求的范围内。然而室内存在着多种随空气传播的污染，其中人体通过呼气、咳嗽和打喷嚏排出的含病原体的液滴，是呼吸道传染病传播的重要媒体，并会跟随气流运动和扩散。而空调气流既有可能稀释和排出室内污染微粒，也有可能携带污染液滴进入其他人员的呼吸区，从而感染健康人员。房间内空调气流组织的合理设计，对控制传染性疾病的传播，尤其是病房内高致病性传染病的交叉感染，非常重要。以前对污染液滴的传播和扩散的研究是将其简化为固体颗粒来处理。本论文针对液滴蒸发带来的不同性质，研究了不同形式的空调气流组织排除污染液滴和控制交叉感染的有效性。
本文主要采用计算流体动力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics CFD)数值模拟蒸发液滴在空调气流里的扩散和传播特性。空调气流中液滴的运动采用了欧拉方法和拉格朗日法，分别计算静止源释放的液滴和咳嗽释放的液滴的扩散和输运。对于欧拉方法中通常用来模拟固体微粒运动的漂移模型，我们创新地提出了对浓度方程中漂移速度项的改进方法，引入了数密度方程，确立了漂移速度和蒸发液滴变化中的直径的代数计算法，从而将液滴的蒸发性质加入了漂移模型，因此可以用来模拟蒸发液滴在空调气流中的运动。
咳嗽气流喷出的液滴在前10秒内主要是跟随咳嗽的射流扩散运动的。由于咳嗽产生的射流是高度湍流和变化的流场，本文采用了拉格朗日方法，追踪蒸发液滴在气流中的运动轨迹。咳嗽气流决定了液滴的喷射深度，而咳嗽气流和液滴的动量主要是由咳嗽的初速度决定的。本研究对咳嗽气流的速度进行了实验测量，实验数据表明咳嗽的初速度的范围为8～30m／s，咳嗽喷发的持续时间为150～600 ms。
数值计算的结果显示，在室内能产生扩散和传播的液滴的粒径应小于等于100μm，更大的液滴会坠落于地上或咳嗽病员的床上。空气湿度对液滴蒸发的影响很大，液滴的蒸发时间在相对湿度为75％的室内空气中比在相对湿度55％空气中增加近一倍。研究显示，只有初始粒径大于50μm的液滴在空调气流中才显示出相对于沉降的现象，更小的污染液滴出于快速蒸发成小微粒，可视为跟随性小颗粒。而80μm液滴在蒸发的过程中下降到室内下部，成为处于室内下部的污染源，并有可能在置换式空调中上升到人体呼吸区。
本文研究了咳嗽喷出的污染液滴在三种空调气流组织形式(混合式、置换式和下送式)中的扩散和传播特点。研究表明人体姿势和咳嗽的方向会影响空调气流组织排出污染液滴和微粒的有效性。置换式空调对排出跟随性小微粒有着明显的优势，但是对排出较大的80μm和100μm的污染液滴的固体残余物，存在一定的困难。下送式空调和置换式空调都表现出将污染液滴／微粒在空间混合、稀释的特点。从排出液滴的有效性和医护人员安全的综合考察，下送式为相对较好的空调形式。
PV—Trombe墙系统是一种新型的利用建筑的外表面，综合应用太阳能发电和被动采暖的建筑形式。本文对PV—Trombe墙系统的性能和室内热环境进行了实验和理论研究。研究发现，PV—Trombe墙的发电能力和系统的热效率与光伏电池在外玻璃板的覆盖率成正比。在良好的太阳辐照条件下，系统的室内空气的温度在高度方向呈分层分布，上部温度较高。
带窗户的房间，在冬季的晴好天气条件下，室内会有一个随时间移动的太阳光斑。太阳光斑一方面向室内空间注入了太阳辐射能，另一方面引起了室内温度的不均匀性，从而增加了室内流场和温度场的复杂性。本文探讨了CFD模拟计算带窗户的PV-Trombe墙系统的流场和温度场的方法，针对系统随时间变化的非稳态特征，提出了在固体墙体内加入热吸收率或热释放率，从而可以用稳态的计算方法，模拟某一时刻的系统的室内流场和温度场。采用此方法进行数值计算的室内温度与实验数据吻合良好，从而证实了这种方法的可行性。
Nowadays people spend most of their time at indoor environment. With the improvement of the quality of the people's life, more and more buildings are installed air conditioner and under a controlled air exchange system. The air exchange system should be well designed to keep a safe and comfort indoor environment for people inside. However, there are many airborne pollutants inside the building, some are from the human's body, such as the droplets expelled through breathing, coughing and sneezing. The conditioned indoor air flow may dilute the concentration of the airborne particles/droplets and expel them out of the building, it may also transport them to the breathing zone of other people to cause the health problem, especially in the hospital ward where the patient could expel droplets containing high infectious pathogens, which may result in cross infection inside the hospital. In previous studies of the transport of droplets containing contaminant in the air flow, the droplets are simply treated as airborne particles without evaporation. Taking consideration of the evaporation process, this paper is aimed to understand the characteristics of the transport of the droplets, to find out the effectiveness of different ventilation system in removing contaminated droplets, and the appropriate ventilation set-up to prevent cross infection.
The numerical simulation with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is the main approach in this study to investigate the transport and dispersal of droplets and solid remains of droplets that is the solid component of droplets left after the volatile component evaporated. To study the motion of droplets, both Eulerian model and Lagrangian model are used for the droplets expelled from stationary source and coughing, respectively. The drift-flux approach of Eulerian model is widely used in the study of the transport of solid particles in ventilated room. In order to reflect the characteristics of the evaporating of droplets, we proposed to remodel the calculation of drift velocity, to set up a method to construct the algebraic relationship of the drift velocity and evaporation rate with the changing diameters of droplets. The remodeled drift-flux model thus can simulate transport of evaporating droplets in the air flow.
Droplets expelled from coughing are primarily carried by the air jet pulse produced by coughing during the first 10 seconds from mouth. Because the air jet is highly transient and turbulent, the Lagrangian model was adopted in tracking the evaporating droplets transported in the ventilated room. Since the coughing air jet provides the initial impetus for the traveling of droplets, it is important to know the initial momentum of the coughing jet as it determines the penetrating distance of coughing droplets/particles. Laser Doppler Anemometry was used to measure the initial velocity of the coughing air. According to the experimental data, the initial velocity of the coughing air is the range of 8-30 m/s, the duration of the coughing impulse is 150-600 ms.
The numerical simulation results indicate that the diameter of the droplets has to be equal or less than 100μm to disperse in the air, otherwise the droplets will fall to the ground or the bed. The humidity of the air can highly affect the evaporating rate of droplets. The time for droplets to dry up in the air of relative humidity of 75 % can be two times of that in the air of relative humidity of 55 %. The simulation results show that the gravitational effect is negligible on droplets smaller that 50μm, while larger ones show more or less settling feature. Droplets with initial diameter of 80μm drop to the lower part of room in the beginning, and then become airborne particles at low position while water dry up, which may later be brought up to the breathing zone by the air flow.
It has been investigated in this paper the characteristics of transport of droplets of different initial sizes in three types of ventilation system as mixing, displacement and downward ventilation. It is found out that the posture of source manikin and the coughing direction affect the effectiveness of ventilated air in removing droplets and particles. The displacement ventilation shows obvious advantage in removing small airborne particles/droplets, but difficulty to carry larger droplets and their solid remains out of the room. The simulation results also show that the air flow mixed the droplets and dilute the concentration in the mixing and downward ventilated room as time goes on. With comparison, the downward ventilation set-up is recommended as it has equal ability in removing passive particles and lager droplets, moreover in this type ventilation set-up, the number of droplets attached less on the body of health care worker.
PV-Trombe wall is a novel building design in utilization of solar radiation to provide both electricity and passive heating. This study has investigated the system efficiency in solar radiation utilization and the flow and temperature field inside the room with both experimental and numerical method. The numerical simulation results indicate that not only the electricity output is in the linear relationship with the coverage rate of the PV cells on the glazing of the system, but also the passive heating efficiency does. Both the experimental and numerical simulation results show that during day time the temperate of the room air is in stratified distribution along the height, with the highest temperature on the top of the room, except the air just above the floor area with the incident solar radiation through the window, which may be of the highest temperature.
Inside a room with a south-faced window, there is a solar light spot moving with time during daytime in winter. The solar light sport not only brings in the solar energy inside the room, but also increases the unbalance of the room temperature, which results in the further complication of the flow and temperature field. CFD modelling of the flow field of such kind building has been studied. Because the ambient condition and the indoor field are all change with time, we proposed to set heat absorption rate or heat generation rate in the solid wall region, the system transient factors can thus be added into a computational domain with the steady calculation method. With this approach, the steady simulation method can be used to simulate the indoor flow field at certain time. The simulation results are in good consistent with experimental data.
本文主要采用计算流体动力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics CFD)数值模拟蒸发液滴在空调气流里的扩散和传播特性。空调气流中液滴的运动采用了欧拉方法和拉格朗日法，分别计算静止源释放的液滴和咳嗽释放的液滴的扩散和输运。对于欧拉方法中通常用来模拟固体微粒运动的漂移模型，我们创新地提出了对浓度方程中漂移速度项的改进方法，引入了数密度方程，确立了漂移速度和蒸发液滴变化中的直径的代数计算法，从而将液滴的蒸发性质加入了漂移模型，因此可以用来模拟蒸发液滴在空调气流中的运动。
咳嗽气流喷出的液滴在前10秒内主要是跟随咳嗽的射流扩散运动的。由于咳嗽产生的射流是高度湍流和变化的流场，本文采用了拉格朗日方法，追踪蒸发液滴在气流中的运动轨迹。咳嗽气流决定了液滴的喷射深度，而咳嗽气流和液滴的动量主要是由咳嗽的初速度决定的。本研究对咳嗽气流的速度进行了实验测量，实验数据表明咳嗽的初速度的范围为8～30m／s，咳嗽喷发的持续时间为150～600 ms。
数值计算的结果显示，在室内能产生扩散和传播的液滴的粒径应小于等于100μm，更大的液滴会坠落于地上或咳嗽病员的床上。空气湿度对液滴蒸发的影响很大，液滴的蒸发时间在相对湿度为75％的室内空气中比在相对湿度55％空气中增加近一倍。研究显示，只有初始粒径大于50μm的液滴在空调气流中才显示出相对于沉降的现象，更小的污染液滴出于快速蒸发成小微粒，可视为跟随性小颗粒。而80μm液滴在蒸发的过程中下降到室内下部，成为处于室内下部的污染源，并有可能在置换式空调中上升到人体呼吸区。
本文研究了咳嗽喷出的污染液滴在三种空调气流组织形式(混合式、置换式和下送式)中的扩散和传播特点。研究表明人体姿势和咳嗽的方向会影响空调气流组织排出污染液滴和微粒的有效性。置换式空调对排出跟随性小微粒有着明显的优势，但是对排出较大的80μm和100μm的污染液滴的固体残余物，存在一定的困难。下送式空调和置换式空调都表现出将污染液滴／微粒在空间混合、稀释的特点。从排出液滴的有效性和医护人员安全的综合考察，下送式为相对较好的空调形式。
PV—Trombe墙系统是一种新型的利用建筑的外表面，综合应用太阳能发电和被动采暖的建筑形式。本文对PV—Trombe墙系统的性能和室内热环境进行了实验和理论研究。研究发现，PV—Trombe墙的发电能力和系统的热效率与光伏电池在外玻璃板的覆盖率成正比。在良好的太阳辐照条件下，系统的室内空气的温度在高度方向呈分层分布，上部温度较高。
带窗户的房间，在冬季的晴好天气条件下，室内会有一个随时间移动的太阳光斑。太阳光斑一方面向室内空间注入了太阳辐射能，另一方面引起了室内温度的不均匀性，从而增加了室内流场和温度场的复杂性。本文探讨了CFD模拟计算带窗户的PV-Trombe墙系统的流场和温度场的方法，针对系统随时间变化的非稳态特征，提出了在固体墙体内加入热吸收率或热释放率，从而可以用稳态的计算方法，模拟某一时刻的系统的室内流场和温度场。采用此方法进行数值计算的室内温度与实验数据吻合良好，从而证实了这种方法的可行性。
Nowadays people spend most of their time at indoor environment. With the improvement of the quality of the people's life, more and more buildings are installed air conditioner and under a controlled air exchange system. The air exchange system should be well designed to keep a safe and comfort indoor environment for people inside. However, there are many airborne pollutants inside the building, some are from the human's body, such as the droplets expelled through breathing, coughing and sneezing. The conditioned indoor air flow may dilute the concentration of the airborne particles/droplets and expel them out of the building, it may also transport them to the breathing zone of other people to cause the health problem, especially in the hospital ward where the patient could expel droplets containing high infectious pathogens, which may result in cross infection inside the hospital. In previous studies of the transport of droplets containing contaminant in the air flow, the droplets are simply treated as airborne particles without evaporation. Taking consideration of the evaporation process, this paper is aimed to understand the characteristics of the transport of the droplets, to find out the effectiveness of different ventilation system in removing contaminated droplets, and the appropriate ventilation set-up to prevent cross infection.
The numerical simulation with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is the main approach in this study to investigate the transport and dispersal of droplets and solid remains of droplets that is the solid component of droplets left after the volatile component evaporated. To study the motion of droplets, both Eulerian model and Lagrangian model are used for the droplets expelled from stationary source and coughing, respectively. The drift-flux approach of Eulerian model is widely used in the study of the transport of solid particles in ventilated room. In order to reflect the characteristics of the evaporating of droplets, we proposed to remodel the calculation of drift velocity, to set up a method to construct the algebraic relationship of the drift velocity and evaporation rate with the changing diameters of droplets. The remodeled drift-flux model thus can simulate transport of evaporating droplets in the air flow.
Droplets expelled from coughing are primarily carried by the air jet pulse produced by coughing during the first 10 seconds from mouth. Because the air jet is highly transient and turbulent, the Lagrangian model was adopted in tracking the evaporating droplets transported in the ventilated room. Since the coughing air jet provides the initial impetus for the traveling of droplets, it is important to know the initial momentum of the coughing jet as it determines the penetrating distance of coughing droplets/particles. Laser Doppler Anemometry was used to measure the initial velocity of the coughing air. According to the experimental data, the initial velocity of the coughing air is the range of 8-30 m/s, the duration of the coughing impulse is 150-600 ms.
The numerical simulation results indicate that the diameter of the droplets has to be equal or less than 100μm to disperse in the air, otherwise the droplets will fall to the ground or the bed. The humidity of the air can highly affect the evaporating rate of droplets. The time for droplets to dry up in the air of relative humidity of 75 % can be two times of that in the air of relative humidity of 55 %. The simulation results show that the gravitational effect is negligible on droplets smaller that 50μm, while larger ones show more or less settling feature. Droplets with initial diameter of 80μm drop to the lower part of room in the beginning, and then become airborne particles at low position while water dry up, which may later be brought up to the breathing zone by the air flow.
It has been investigated in this paper the characteristics of transport of droplets of different initial sizes in three types of ventilation system as mixing, displacement and downward ventilation. It is found out that the posture of source manikin and the coughing direction affect the effectiveness of ventilated air in removing droplets and particles. The displacement ventilation shows obvious advantage in removing small airborne particles/droplets, but difficulty to carry larger droplets and their solid remains out of the room. The simulation results also show that the air flow mixed the droplets and dilute the concentration in the mixing and downward ventilated room as time goes on. With comparison, the downward ventilation set-up is recommended as it has equal ability in removing passive particles and lager droplets, moreover in this type ventilation set-up, the number of droplets attached less on the body of health care worker.
PV-Trombe wall is a novel building design in utilization of solar radiation to provide both electricity and passive heating. This study has investigated the system efficiency in solar radiation utilization and the flow and temperature field inside the room with both experimental and numerical method. The numerical simulation results indicate that not only the electricity output is in the linear relationship with the coverage rate of the PV cells on the glazing of the system, but also the passive heating efficiency does. Both the experimental and numerical simulation results show that during day time the temperate of the room air is in stratified distribution along the height, with the highest temperature on the top of the room, except the air just above the floor area with the incident solar radiation through the window, which may be of the highest temperature.
Inside a room with a south-faced window, there is a solar light spot moving with time during daytime in winter. The solar light sport not only brings in the solar energy inside the room, but also increases the unbalance of the room temperature, which results in the further complication of the flow and temperature field. CFD modelling of the flow field of such kind building has been studied. Because the ambient condition and the indoor field are all change with time, we proposed to set heat absorption rate or heat generation rate in the solid wall region, the system transient factors can thus be added into a computational domain with the steady calculation method. With this approach, the steady simulation method can be used to simulate the indoor flow field at certain time. The simulation results are in good consistent with experimental data.
引文
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