玻璃幕墙安全性能评估及其面板失效检测技术
|
摘要
玻璃幕墙越来越广泛应用于高层建筑,是现代建筑重要组成部分。然而,伴随着玻璃幕墙使用量的增多及服役年限的增加,玻璃幕墙的质量问题越来越突出,幕墙玻璃突发破裂或坠落事故时有发生,严重威胁着人们的生命财产安全。因此,如何现场检测及监测既有玻璃幕墙服役健康状态,确立一套评估玻璃幕墙可靠性标准受到材料界和工程界科研人员的普遍重视,也是保障玻璃幕墙在使用中预防灾害发生,减少经济损失所迫切需要解决的核心问题。
玻璃幕墙的结构失效,材料失效将影响其安全性能,而功能失效又会加速其结构与材料失效。基于此,本文重点研究了玻璃幕墙支承体系结构与材料失效及幕墙玻璃面板功能失效的在线检测理论与安全评估新技术,具体完成了如下研究工作内容:
(1)提出了通过振动测试方法获得幕墙玻璃的固有频率来识别玻璃幕墙支承结构松动损伤及其结构胶的老化程度。试验室研究了四边夹支及隐框玻璃幕墙在其支承结构体系出现松动、老化和损伤后幕墙玻璃的固有频率变化规律。试验结果表明了四边夹支幕墙玻璃板的固有频率随其边界支承松动而不断衰降,且分布在低于玻璃边界四边固支和高于四边简支对应的频率约20%的区间内;随着结构胶老化时间增长,因结构胶对玻璃粘结强度不断降低,表现为幕墙玻璃板的固有频率变化率也不断增大。根据试验结果,结合矩形薄板边界约束与其动态参数关系,本文建立起了一套以幕墙玻璃板固有频率变化来评价玻璃幕墙支承结构松动损伤及玻璃脱落风险的标准,由于幕墙玻璃板固有频率是一个比较容易获得的动态特性参数,因此,该方法是一种现场检测既有玻璃幕墙安全性能的简便方法。
(2)针对幕墙中空玻璃密封性能失效及外片脱落等质量事故问题,首先直接根据中空玻璃内外片玻璃两面承受的气体压差导致的变形求出中空层体积变化,并结合中空层气体理想状态方程,精确地计算了外载及环境因素影响下中空玻璃内外片变形及应力分布大小,解决了环境温、压差给中空玻璃带来的附加应力和变形理论定量计算这一问题,也为幕墙中空玻璃承载能力验算、工程安全应用及密封层失效在线检测技术提供理论指导。根据中空玻璃中空层气体泄漏前后中空玻璃承载变形性能的变化,提出了采用在中空玻璃面板中心施加集中荷载,通过观测中空玻璃内外片变形量的大小来评价中空玻璃中空层的密封性能,实现了在线检测幕墙中空玻璃中空层密封性能。
(3)为满足建筑幕墙用安全型真空玻璃的开发及工程应用推广之需要,研究了安全型真空玻璃结构优化设计及应用所必须涉及的力学基础理论。根据真空玻璃结构特点,建立了力学模型,分析了真空玻璃在大气压作用下支撑应力分布特征及计算公式。针对真空玻璃在工程应用中的强度设计关键问题,研究了均布载荷下真空玻璃弯曲失效特性及影响因素,给出了幕墙用真空玻璃强度计算公式。通过上述研究,为安全型真空玻璃结构与强度设计及其工程应用提供了理论基础。另外,提出了基于光弹法和动态法在线检测真空玻璃的真空度,建立起了应力光弹斑痕变化及真空玻璃固有频率与真空玻璃真空度之间的关系,为幕墙真空玻璃真空度失效提供了简便在线检测方法。
Glass curtain wall is widely used in high building, and becomes one of the most important parts of modern structures. With the increase of total amounts and service life, spontaneous breakage or falling down of curtain wall glass in service have been frequently reported, and resulted in a lot chaos, causing economic loss or even serious disaster. Therefore, the methods of damages detection, risk prediction and safety evaluation of a curtain-wall system, have attracted great attention of materials scientist and structure engineer. Furthermore, it is also urgent to ensure the safety of glass curtain wall and to prevent calamitous accident.
Failure of structure and materials may influence the safety performance of the curtain wall glass seriously, and the failure in the function of the curtain wall glass may accelerate structure and materials failure. In this work, therefore, the focuses are put on the on-site detection technique of structure failure under different support systems, and function failure of the glass in the glass curtain wall. The primary research works and obtained results are as follows:
(1) A vibration method is proposed to predict the loosening extent of the support structure and aging extent of the structure sealant based the natural frequency changes of the curtain wall glass. A relationship between the frequency changes and the reliability of the glass curtain wall with various supports were established by experiment. The results indicate that there exist an upper limit and lower limit for the measured natural frequencies of a glass fixed at four sides. The upper lower limit is about 20% higher than the frequency of the simply supported plate with the same size, and the upper limit is nearly 20% below that of the clamped supported plate. Aging tests of the structure sealant in concealed frame glass curtain wall exhibit an interesting phenomenon that the natural frequencies of the glass declined with the increasing aging time. Based on the obtained results, an evaluation criterion was developed to evaluate the reliability of the glass curtain wall via the changes of the measured frequency. Since frequency measurements can be cheaply acquired, the approach could provide an inexpensive assessment technique for glass curtain wall.
(2) The quality problems of insulating layer failure and outer panel fall down of the insulating glazing have attracted great attention from us. In this thesis, based on the ideal gas equation and the quantity of volume changes in the insulating gas layer, the deformation and stresses distribute in the insulating glazing due to wind load, ambient temperature and pressure difference were calculated quantitatively. Thus, the quantitative calculation of deformation and stresses in the insulating glazing due to ambient temperature and pressure difference were realized. It also provides an approach for safety application, failure detection and checking the bearing capacity of the insulating glazing. Because the stiffness of the insulating glazing is changed after the failure of insulating layer, accordingly, a detection method is proposed by measuring the deflection of the inner and outer glass panels or the distance between both panels under given a concentration load at the central of the glass pane to identify the sealing performance of insulating glass.
(3) In order to meet the needs of development and application of the vacuum glazing, strength theories and optimization design of the vacuum glazing were studied. Based on the structural characteristics of the vacuum glazing, the mechanical models were established and the stresses distribution in the vacuum glazing caused by atmospheric pressure was calculated. The strength behavior of the vacuum glazing and influencing factors were investigated by using uniform load test on the glass plate. The calculation formula of the resistance to wind load and strength design factors of the glass were given. Furthermore, the photo-elastic method and dynamic method were put forward to detect the vacuum degree of the vacuum glazing. It was discovered the photoelasticity figure and natural frequency of the plate depend on the vacuum degree of the vacuum glazing.
玻璃幕墙的结构失效,材料失效将影响其安全性能,而功能失效又会加速其结构与材料失效。基于此,本文重点研究了玻璃幕墙支承体系结构与材料失效及幕墙玻璃面板功能失效的在线检测理论与安全评估新技术,具体完成了如下研究工作内容:
(1)提出了通过振动测试方法获得幕墙玻璃的固有频率来识别玻璃幕墙支承结构松动损伤及其结构胶的老化程度。试验室研究了四边夹支及隐框玻璃幕墙在其支承结构体系出现松动、老化和损伤后幕墙玻璃的固有频率变化规律。试验结果表明了四边夹支幕墙玻璃板的固有频率随其边界支承松动而不断衰降,且分布在低于玻璃边界四边固支和高于四边简支对应的频率约20%的区间内;随着结构胶老化时间增长,因结构胶对玻璃粘结强度不断降低,表现为幕墙玻璃板的固有频率变化率也不断增大。根据试验结果,结合矩形薄板边界约束与其动态参数关系,本文建立起了一套以幕墙玻璃板固有频率变化来评价玻璃幕墙支承结构松动损伤及玻璃脱落风险的标准,由于幕墙玻璃板固有频率是一个比较容易获得的动态特性参数,因此,该方法是一种现场检测既有玻璃幕墙安全性能的简便方法。
(2)针对幕墙中空玻璃密封性能失效及外片脱落等质量事故问题,首先直接根据中空玻璃内外片玻璃两面承受的气体压差导致的变形求出中空层体积变化,并结合中空层气体理想状态方程,精确地计算了外载及环境因素影响下中空玻璃内外片变形及应力分布大小,解决了环境温、压差给中空玻璃带来的附加应力和变形理论定量计算这一问题,也为幕墙中空玻璃承载能力验算、工程安全应用及密封层失效在线检测技术提供理论指导。根据中空玻璃中空层气体泄漏前后中空玻璃承载变形性能的变化,提出了采用在中空玻璃面板中心施加集中荷载,通过观测中空玻璃内外片变形量的大小来评价中空玻璃中空层的密封性能,实现了在线检测幕墙中空玻璃中空层密封性能。
(3)为满足建筑幕墙用安全型真空玻璃的开发及工程应用推广之需要,研究了安全型真空玻璃结构优化设计及应用所必须涉及的力学基础理论。根据真空玻璃结构特点,建立了力学模型,分析了真空玻璃在大气压作用下支撑应力分布特征及计算公式。针对真空玻璃在工程应用中的强度设计关键问题,研究了均布载荷下真空玻璃弯曲失效特性及影响因素,给出了幕墙用真空玻璃强度计算公式。通过上述研究,为安全型真空玻璃结构与强度设计及其工程应用提供了理论基础。另外,提出了基于光弹法和动态法在线检测真空玻璃的真空度,建立起了应力光弹斑痕变化及真空玻璃固有频率与真空玻璃真空度之间的关系,为幕墙真空玻璃真空度失效提供了简便在线检测方法。
Glass curtain wall is widely used in high building, and becomes one of the most important parts of modern structures. With the increase of total amounts and service life, spontaneous breakage or falling down of curtain wall glass in service have been frequently reported, and resulted in a lot chaos, causing economic loss or even serious disaster. Therefore, the methods of damages detection, risk prediction and safety evaluation of a curtain-wall system, have attracted great attention of materials scientist and structure engineer. Furthermore, it is also urgent to ensure the safety of glass curtain wall and to prevent calamitous accident.
Failure of structure and materials may influence the safety performance of the curtain wall glass seriously, and the failure in the function of the curtain wall glass may accelerate structure and materials failure. In this work, therefore, the focuses are put on the on-site detection technique of structure failure under different support systems, and function failure of the glass in the glass curtain wall. The primary research works and obtained results are as follows:
(1) A vibration method is proposed to predict the loosening extent of the support structure and aging extent of the structure sealant based the natural frequency changes of the curtain wall glass. A relationship between the frequency changes and the reliability of the glass curtain wall with various supports were established by experiment. The results indicate that there exist an upper limit and lower limit for the measured natural frequencies of a glass fixed at four sides. The upper lower limit is about 20% higher than the frequency of the simply supported plate with the same size, and the upper limit is nearly 20% below that of the clamped supported plate. Aging tests of the structure sealant in concealed frame glass curtain wall exhibit an interesting phenomenon that the natural frequencies of the glass declined with the increasing aging time. Based on the obtained results, an evaluation criterion was developed to evaluate the reliability of the glass curtain wall via the changes of the measured frequency. Since frequency measurements can be cheaply acquired, the approach could provide an inexpensive assessment technique for glass curtain wall.
(2) The quality problems of insulating layer failure and outer panel fall down of the insulating glazing have attracted great attention from us. In this thesis, based on the ideal gas equation and the quantity of volume changes in the insulating gas layer, the deformation and stresses distribute in the insulating glazing due to wind load, ambient temperature and pressure difference were calculated quantitatively. Thus, the quantitative calculation of deformation and stresses in the insulating glazing due to ambient temperature and pressure difference were realized. It also provides an approach for safety application, failure detection and checking the bearing capacity of the insulating glazing. Because the stiffness of the insulating glazing is changed after the failure of insulating layer, accordingly, a detection method is proposed by measuring the deflection of the inner and outer glass panels or the distance between both panels under given a concentration load at the central of the glass pane to identify the sealing performance of insulating glass.
(3) In order to meet the needs of development and application of the vacuum glazing, strength theories and optimization design of the vacuum glazing were studied. Based on the structural characteristics of the vacuum glazing, the mechanical models were established and the stresses distribution in the vacuum glazing caused by atmospheric pressure was calculated. The strength behavior of the vacuum glazing and influencing factors were investigated by using uniform load test on the glass plate. The calculation formula of the resistance to wind load and strength design factors of the glass were given. Furthermore, the photo-elastic method and dynamic method were put forward to detect the vacuum degree of the vacuum glazing. It was discovered the photoelasticity figure and natural frequency of the plate depend on the vacuum degree of the vacuum glazing.
引文
[1]赵西安.建筑幕墙工程手册[M].建筑工业出版社,2002.
[2]张芹.新编建筑幕墙技术手册[M].山东科学技术出版社,2004.
[3]马眷荣,罗艺,刘忠伟.建筑玻璃应用技术[M].化学工业出版社,2004.
[4] Ozlem E.. Glass Facades on steel structures[M].Glass processing days. Finland, 2001.
[5] Riek Quirouette. Glass and Aluminum curtain wall[J] journal of structural engineering.2002(8):1374-1382.
[6]刘正权,刘海波.门窗幕墙及其材料检测技术[M].中国计量出版社, 2008.
[7]宋秋芝,刘志海.我国玻璃幕墙发展现状及趋势[J].玻璃,2009,209(2):29-31.
[8]陆震龙,张云龙.建筑幕墙检测中的常见问题及分析[J].江苏建筑.2004(4):42-47.
[9] JGJ/139-2001.玻璃幕墙工程质量检验标准[S]. 2001.
[10]陆津龙.既有玻璃幕墙安全性能检测评估[J].上海建材,2006,05:19-20.
[11]张元发,陆津龙.玻璃幕墙安全性能现场检测评估技术探讨[J].新型建筑材料, 2002, 05:49~52.
[12] DG/TJ08-803-2005.玻璃幕墙安全性能检测评估技术规程(S). 2005.
[13]贾秀江,王冰.基于虚拟仪器的玻璃幕墙检测试验平台[J].机械,2007,34(6):59-61.
[14]方东平,李铭恩,毕庶涛.建筑幕墙的安全问题及评估方法[J].新型建筑材料, 2001,04:12~15.
[15]辛达帆,陆津龙.使用中的幕墙玻璃评估方法的研究[J].建筑施工, 2004, 26 (1):64-67.
[16] BAO Yiwang, LIU Lizhong, HAN Song. A NEW MECHANISM OF SPONTANEOUS BREAKAGE OF TEMPERED GLASS—MONOLITHIC[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2007,35(9):1273-1277.
[17]万德田,包亦望,刘小根.门窗幕墙用钢化玻璃中杂质和缺陷的在线检测技术浅析[J].门窗,2009,01:2-6.
[18]包亦望,万德田,刘立忠,韩松石,新勇.钢化玻璃自爆源和自爆机理分析[J].建筑玻璃与工业玻璃,2007,11:10-14.
[19] Sakai C.,Kikuta M.. Adapted heat treatment for phase transformation of NiS inclusion in the heat strengthened and tempered glass[C],Proceeding on Glass Processing Days,1999,(13-16),76-78.
[20] Jung-ming wu,Dennis C Jeffreys. A Large Distributed data acquisition system[J].Journal of Arehitetural Engineering.1983(4):435-44.
[21] Pantelides. Dynamic in-plane racking tests of curtain wall glass elements [J]. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamies.1994(23):211-228.
[22] The Rain Sereen Principle and Pressure Equalized Wall Design[S] AAMA book store web site on Curtain and storefronts.2005(6):212-22.
[23] ASTME-283-91. Standard Test Method for Determing the Rate of Air Leakage Through Exterior windows,Curtain wa11 and Doors Under Specified Pressure Differences Across the Specimen [M]. The Book of ASTMS standards.2004(7).
[24] ASTME-331-93. Standard Test Method for Water penetration of Exterior Windows, Curtain wall and doors Uniform Static Air Pressure Difference[M] .the Book of ASTMS standards.2002,7(4).
[25] ASTME-330-90. Standard Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior Windows,Curtain wall and Doors by Uniform Static Pressure Difference[M].The Book of ASTM Standards.2003,5(3).
[26] Belarbi,Culp. Dynamic racking tests of curtain Wall glass elements with in-plane and outer-of-plane motions[J]. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics.1995,24(l):l-14.
[27] Brueqqeman JamieL,Behr Richard A. Dynamic Racking Performance of an Earthquake-Isolated Curtain Wall System [J]. Earthquake SPectra.2001 ,16(4):735-75.
[28] Memari Ali M,Kreme,Behr Richard A. Architectural glass Panels with rounded corners to mitigate earthquake damage[J] earthquake spectra,2006,22(1):129-150.
[29] Weggel David,Zapata Brian Kiefer Miehael J. Properties and dynamic behavior of glass curtain walls with split screw spline mullions[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering. 2007,133 (10):1415-1425.
[30]刘海波,刘正权,董人文.建筑幕墙玻璃失效模式分析与检测技术[J]. 2006年中国玻璃行业年会论文集.广州:2006.
[31]刘正权.建筑幕墙失效模式及影响分析[J].第八届全国建筑物鉴定与加固改造学术交流会论文集.哈尔滨:2006.
[32]沃德·海伦,斯蒂芬·拉门兹,波尔·萨斯.模态分析理论与试验[M].北京:北京工大学出版社,2001.
[33]傅志方.振动模态分析与参数辨识[M] .北京:机械工业出版社,1990.
[34]俞云书.结构模态试验分析[ M ] .北京:宇航出版社,2000.
[35]宗周红,任伟新,阮毅.土木工程结构损伤诊断研究进展.土木工程学报,2003,3(5):105-110
[36] Y. Xia, H. Hao, Measurement selection for vibration-based structural damage identification[J]. Journal of Sound and Vibration 236 (1) (2000) 89–104.
[37] Salawu OS. Detection of structural damage through changes in frequency: a review[J]. Eng Struct 1997;19(9):718–723.
[38] Yu D.J.,Ren W.X.EMD-Based Stochastic Subspace Identification of Structures from Operational Vibration Measurements[J].Engineering Structures.2005,27(12): 1741-1751.
[39] Eduard Ventsel, Theodor Krauthammer. Thin plates and shells-theory analysis and applications [M].New York:Marcel Dekker, 2001.
[40] S Timoshenko, S W-Krieger. Theory of plates and shells[M]. New York:McGraw -Hill Book Co,1977.
[41]徐芝纶.弹性力学(第二版)[M].北京:人民教育出版社,1982.
[42]杜庆华,杨锡安等.工程力学手册[M].北京:高等教育出社,1994.
[43]傅志方,华宏星.模态分析理论与应用[M].上海:上海交通大学出版社,2000.
[44] X. Wang, N. Hu, Hisao Fukunaga, Z.H. Yao. Structural damage identification using static test data and changes in frequencies[J]. Engineering Structures, 2001,23 :610–621.
[45] Yong Xia, Hong Hao. Statistical damage identification of structures with frequency Changes[J]. Journal of Sound and Vibration ,2003,263 : 853–870.
[46] O. S. Salawu .Detection of structural damage through changes in frequency: aReview[J]. Engineering Structures, 1997,19(9): 718-723.
[47] P.A.A. Laura, et al, A note on the determination of the fundamental frequency of vibration of thin rectangular plates with edges prossessing different rotational flexibility coefficients[J] Sound and Vibration,1977,5:327-333.
[48] P.A.A. Laura, et al. Transverse vibration of a rectangular plate elastically restrained against rotation along three edges and free on the fourth edge[J] Sound and Vibration,1978,59:355-368.
[49] P.A.A. Laura, et al.Transverse vibrations of rectangular plates with edges elastically restrained against translation and rotation[J].Sound and Vibration, 1981, 75:101-108.
[50] P.A.A. Laura, et al. On the effect of different edge flexibility coefficients on transverse vibration of thin rectangular plates[J]. Sound and Vibration, 1978, 57: 330-340.
[51] G.B. Warburton, et al, Vibrations of rectangular plates with elastically restrained edges[J] Sound and Vibration,1984,95:537-552.
[52] M. Mukhopadhyay. Free vibrations of rectangular plates with edges having different degrees of rotational restraint[J]. Sound and Vibration,1979,67:459-468.
[53] M. Mukhopadhyay. A semi-analytic solution for free vibration of rectangular plates[J]. Sound and Vibration,1978,60:71-85.
[54] Anthony C. Fischer-cripps, Richard E. Collins. Architectural Glazings: Design Standards and Failure Models [M].1995, 30:29-40.
[55] American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM). Standard Practice for Determining Load Resistance of Glass in Buildings, E1300, ASTM, Conshohocken, PA 2003.
[56] Y. W. Bao, X. X. Bu, Evaluating mechanical properties of ceramics by relative methods[J]. Key Engineering material.2007,336:2406-2410.
[57]董聪.现代结构系统可靠性理论及其应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2001.
[58] GB 50153-92,工程结构可靠度设计统一标准[S].北京:中国计划出版社,1992.
[59] ALFREDO H.S Ang, Wilson H Tang. Probability concepts in engineering planning and design[M], New York: John wiley and sons,1984.
[60]刘西拉,左勇志.基于Bayes方法的结构可靠性评估和预测[J].上海交通大学学报, 2006, 40(12):2137-2141.
[61]玻璃幕墙工程技术规范[S]. JGJ102-2003.中国建筑工业出版社.2003.
[62]建筑用硅酮结构密封胶[S].GB16776-97.中国标准出版社.1997.
[63]孟小平.为玻璃幕墙工程把好结构胶质量关[J].工程质量,2000,06:6-7.
[64]张芹.玻璃幕墙工程技术规范理解与应用[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2004.
[65] W. Laufs,A. Luible. Introduction on use of glass in modern bulldings [J] Engineering Structure.2003, 2:145-150.
[66] Franeois de Buyl. Silicone sealants and structural adhesives [J] .Beigiumlntematio - nal Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives.2001,21:411-422.
[67]邵楠.铝合金隐框玻璃幕墙的隐患及防范[J].青海大学学报(自然科学版).2006,1: 24-28.
[68]徐波.加强硅酮结构胶使用管理提高玻璃幕墙工程质量[J].工程质量, 2000,06:4-6.
[69]陈振宇,骆英,顾建祖.一种基于FFT功率谱的全隐框玻璃幕墙结构胶脱粘长度检测方法[J].四川建筑科学研究,2009,02:104-107.
[70] Standard Guide for Evaluating Failure of Structural Sealant Glazing[S].ASTM C 1392-2000.2005.
[71] Standard Guide for Evaluating Failure of Structural Sealant Glazing[S]. ASTM C 1392– 98.
[72]曹树谦,张文德,萧龙翔.振动结构模态分析—理论、实验与应用[M].天津:天津大学出版社,2002.
[73] Y.W. Bao, Y.C. Zhou, Simple Methods for Measuring Band Strength and for Determining Elastic Modulus and Strength of Coating, Surface Engineering, Characterization and Application, MRS Press, 2002, 47-52.
[74]张兆德,王德禹.基于模态参数的海洋平台损伤检测[J].振动与冲击,2004,23(3):5~9.
[75]曾兵,,滕晓敏,刘盈.硅酮结构密封胶老化性能的研究[J].工程质量, 2008,693(11):52-54.
[76]赵滨辉.隐型玻璃幕墙结构胶接口设计与施工[J].林业科技情报,1998,04: 48-50.
[77]文忠.中空玻璃发展现状及质量控制[J].中国建筑金属构,2006,08:31-33.
[78]陈超,渡边俊行.日本的建筑节能概念与政策[J].暖通空调,2002,32(6):40-42.
[79] M.Taheri,S.Shafie.A case study on the reduction of energy use for the heating of buildings[J].Renewable Energy.1995,6(7):673-678.
[80] Ann McNicholl,J.Owen Lewis.Energy efficiency and solar energy in European office buildings:a mid-career education initiative[J].Energy and Buildings 33 (2001):213-217.
[81]涂逢祥,邸占英,张振宁.英、法、德三国建筑节能标准近期进展[J].建筑节能(37),北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002:131-138.
[82]徐桂芝,张佰恒.我国中空玻璃加工业的回顾与展望.中空玻璃专业委员会,2008.
[83]朗四维.我国建筑节能设计标准的现状与进展[J].制冷空调与电力机械. 2002,23(3):1-6.
[84]江亿.我国建筑耗能状况和有效的节能途径[J].暖通空调,2005,35(5):30 -40.
[85]刘海波,刘正权,董人文.建筑幕墙玻璃失效模式分析与检测技术[J]. 2006年中国玻璃行业年会论文集.广州:2006.
[86]殷永炜,张其林,黄庆文.点支式中空和夹层玻璃承载性能的试验研究[J ].建筑结构学报,2004,25 (1):93-98.
[87]童丽萍,赵湘育,李明.玻璃幕墙结构中中空玻璃的非线性力学分析[J ].工程力学,1998,(增刊):714- 717.
[88]Vallabhan C V G, CHOU G D. Interactive Nonlinear Analysis of Insulating Glass Units [J]. Structural Engineering, 1986,112 (6): 1313-1326.
[89]马赢,石永久,王元清.点支式中空玻璃承载性能的有限元分析[J].应用力学学报, 2006, 01(23): 115-119.
[90]马赢,石永久,王元清.点支式中空玻璃板承载性能的有限差分法分析[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版), 2006, 03(46) 305-308.
[91] Aydin O. Determination of optimum air-layer thickness in double-pane windows [J].Energy and Buildings 2000,32:303-308.
[92] Aydin O. Conjugate heat transfer analysis of double pane windows[J].Energy and Buildings, 2006,41:109-116.
[93]张克姝,程建峰.青藏客车用车窗玻璃低压问题研究[J].铁道车辆,2008,46(2):4-10.
[94]江亿,杨秀.我国建筑能耗状况及建筑节能工作中的问题[J].中华建设,2006,13(2):12-18.
[95]李华云.建筑节能的紧迫性与应对之策[J].住宅产业,2006(06):110-112.
[96]张轶.中外建筑节能情况对比[J].节能与环保,2005(04):12-14.
[97]唐键正.真空玻璃产业化及发展前景[J].玻璃,2008,203(8):26-36.
[98]龙文志.新型节能幕墙:真空玻璃幕墙[J].建设科技,2005,20(5):8-10.
[99]张瑞宏,马承伟,张俊芳.真空玻璃技术在温室工程中的应用分析[J].农机化研究, 2005,03:187-191.
[100] L. Wullschleger, H. Manz, K. Ghazi Wakili. Finite element analysis of temperature-induced deflection of vacuum glazing [J].Construction and Building Materials, 2009,23 :1378–1388.
[101] H Manz, S Brunner, L Wullschleger. Triple vacuum glazing: heat transfer and basic mechanical design constraints[J]. Solar Energy, 2006,80:1632–1642.
[102] H Weinlaeder, HP Ebert, J Fricke. VIG– vacuum insulation glass[J]. Proceedings of seventh international vacuum insulation symposium.Switzerland,2005, 197–204.
[103] So L, Ng N, Bilek M. Analysis of the internal glass surfaces of vacuum glazing[J]. Mater Sci Eng B ,2007,138:135–138.
[104] Wang J, Zhao JF, Hyde T, Fang Y, Eames PC. Stresses in vacuum glazing due to the combined effects of atmospheric pressure and temperature differentials[J]. Proceedings of CISBAT 2007 international scientific conference. Switzerland: EPFL Lausanne; 2007, 195–200.
[105] NG N, COLLINS R E,SO L. Characterization of the thermal insulating properties of vacuum glazing[J]. Materials Science and Engineering (B),2007,138 (2):128-134 .
[106] NG N, COLLINS R E,SO L. Thermal conductance measurement on vacuum glazing[J].International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2006,49,49(25, 26):4877-4885.
[107] WANG J, EAMWS P C,ZHAO J F, et al. Stresses in vacuum glazing fabricated at low temperature[J].Solar Energy Materi-als and Solar Cells,2007,91,91(4):290-303.
[108] H. Miao; R.H.Zhang; J.H.Gao. Study on the Mechanism of conductive and convective Heat transfer in vacuum [J]. Glass, 2007,02:158-164.
[109] A. C. FISCHER-CRIPPS,R. E. COLLINS,G. M. TURNER,E. BEZZEL. Stresses and Fracture Probability in Evacuated Glazing[J]. Building and Environment,1995,30(1):41-59.
[110]张瑞宏,顾乡,张华.真空玻璃应力支撑实验研究[J].真空科学与技术学报,2006,26(2)455-458.
[111]刘小根,包亦望,宋一乐,庞世红,邱岩.真空玻璃真空度在线检测技术与应用[J].郑州大学学报,2009, 30(01):101-104.
[112]高兑现,晏兴威,张应翠.均布荷载作用下四点支承矩形平板的差分解[J].西安科技学院学报,2000,24(4):307-310.
[113] JOHNSON K.L, Contact Mechanics[M]. Cambridge University, London, UK, 1985.
[114] TIMOSHENKO S, W-KRIEGER S. Theory of plates and shells[M]. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co,1977.
[115] LAWN B.R, Fracture of Brittle Solid(second ed[M]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1993.
[116] FISCHER-CRIPPS A. C, COLLINS R. E. The probability of hertzian fracture[J]. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE,1994,29:2216-2230.
[117] ] BAO Y, JI.Z. Size effect of strength and amean -strength criterion[J]. Fatigue&me&Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structure1,1993,16(8) :829– 835.
[118] BAO Y.W, GAO S.J. Local strength evaluation and proof test of glass components via spherical indentation [J]. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. 2008, 354: 1378–1381.
[119] B.R. Lawn, Fracture of Brittle Solid, second ed. [M], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1993.
[120] A. C. Fischer-Cripps , R. E. Collins, Architectural glazings: design standards and failure models [J].Building and Environment ,1995,30:29-40.
[121] W. L. Beason, A failure prediction model for window glass, Institute for Disaster Research [M]. Texas Tech. University, Lubbock, TX,,1980.
[122]刘向阳,刘锡良,陈志华.玻璃材料与新型建筑[J]天津大学学报,2001,34 (1):77-80.
[123] Eduard Ventsel, Theodor Krauthammer. Thin plates and shells-theory analysis and applications [M].New York:Marcel Dekker,2001.57-58.
[124] P.K.Rastogi. Photomechanics[M].springer,1996.
[2]张芹.新编建筑幕墙技术手册[M].山东科学技术出版社,2004.
[3]马眷荣,罗艺,刘忠伟.建筑玻璃应用技术[M].化学工业出版社,2004.
[4] Ozlem E.. Glass Facades on steel structures[M].Glass processing days. Finland, 2001.
[5] Riek Quirouette. Glass and Aluminum curtain wall[J] journal of structural engineering.2002(8):1374-1382.
[6]刘正权,刘海波.门窗幕墙及其材料检测技术[M].中国计量出版社, 2008.
[7]宋秋芝,刘志海.我国玻璃幕墙发展现状及趋势[J].玻璃,2009,209(2):29-31.
[8]陆震龙,张云龙.建筑幕墙检测中的常见问题及分析[J].江苏建筑.2004(4):42-47.
[9] JGJ/139-2001.玻璃幕墙工程质量检验标准[S]. 2001.
[10]陆津龙.既有玻璃幕墙安全性能检测评估[J].上海建材,2006,05:19-20.
[11]张元发,陆津龙.玻璃幕墙安全性能现场检测评估技术探讨[J].新型建筑材料, 2002, 05:49~52.
[12] DG/TJ08-803-2005.玻璃幕墙安全性能检测评估技术规程(S). 2005.
[13]贾秀江,王冰.基于虚拟仪器的玻璃幕墙检测试验平台[J].机械,2007,34(6):59-61.
[14]方东平,李铭恩,毕庶涛.建筑幕墙的安全问题及评估方法[J].新型建筑材料, 2001,04:12~15.
[15]辛达帆,陆津龙.使用中的幕墙玻璃评估方法的研究[J].建筑施工, 2004, 26 (1):64-67.
[16] BAO Yiwang, LIU Lizhong, HAN Song. A NEW MECHANISM OF SPONTANEOUS BREAKAGE OF TEMPERED GLASS—MONOLITHIC[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2007,35(9):1273-1277.
[17]万德田,包亦望,刘小根.门窗幕墙用钢化玻璃中杂质和缺陷的在线检测技术浅析[J].门窗,2009,01:2-6.
[18]包亦望,万德田,刘立忠,韩松石,新勇.钢化玻璃自爆源和自爆机理分析[J].建筑玻璃与工业玻璃,2007,11:10-14.
[19] Sakai C.,Kikuta M.. Adapted heat treatment for phase transformation of NiS inclusion in the heat strengthened and tempered glass[C],Proceeding on Glass Processing Days,1999,(13-16),76-78.
[20] Jung-ming wu,Dennis C Jeffreys. A Large Distributed data acquisition system[J].Journal of Arehitetural Engineering.1983(4):435-44.
[21] Pantelides. Dynamic in-plane racking tests of curtain wall glass elements [J]. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamies.1994(23):211-228.
[22] The Rain Sereen Principle and Pressure Equalized Wall Design[S] AAMA book store web site on Curtain and storefronts.2005(6):212-22.
[23] ASTME-283-91. Standard Test Method for Determing the Rate of Air Leakage Through Exterior windows,Curtain wa11 and Doors Under Specified Pressure Differences Across the Specimen [M]. The Book of ASTMS standards.2004(7).
[24] ASTME-331-93. Standard Test Method for Water penetration of Exterior Windows, Curtain wall and doors Uniform Static Air Pressure Difference[M] .the Book of ASTMS standards.2002,7(4).
[25] ASTME-330-90. Standard Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior Windows,Curtain wall and Doors by Uniform Static Pressure Difference[M].The Book of ASTM Standards.2003,5(3).
[26] Belarbi,Culp. Dynamic racking tests of curtain Wall glass elements with in-plane and outer-of-plane motions[J]. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics.1995,24(l):l-14.
[27] Brueqqeman JamieL,Behr Richard A. Dynamic Racking Performance of an Earthquake-Isolated Curtain Wall System [J]. Earthquake SPectra.2001 ,16(4):735-75.
[28] Memari Ali M,Kreme,Behr Richard A. Architectural glass Panels with rounded corners to mitigate earthquake damage[J] earthquake spectra,2006,22(1):129-150.
[29] Weggel David,Zapata Brian Kiefer Miehael J. Properties and dynamic behavior of glass curtain walls with split screw spline mullions[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering. 2007,133 (10):1415-1425.
[30]刘海波,刘正权,董人文.建筑幕墙玻璃失效模式分析与检测技术[J]. 2006年中国玻璃行业年会论文集.广州:2006.
[31]刘正权.建筑幕墙失效模式及影响分析[J].第八届全国建筑物鉴定与加固改造学术交流会论文集.哈尔滨:2006.
[32]沃德·海伦,斯蒂芬·拉门兹,波尔·萨斯.模态分析理论与试验[M].北京:北京工大学出版社,2001.
[33]傅志方.振动模态分析与参数辨识[M] .北京:机械工业出版社,1990.
[34]俞云书.结构模态试验分析[ M ] .北京:宇航出版社,2000.
[35]宗周红,任伟新,阮毅.土木工程结构损伤诊断研究进展.土木工程学报,2003,3(5):105-110
[36] Y. Xia, H. Hao, Measurement selection for vibration-based structural damage identification[J]. Journal of Sound and Vibration 236 (1) (2000) 89–104.
[37] Salawu OS. Detection of structural damage through changes in frequency: a review[J]. Eng Struct 1997;19(9):718–723.
[38] Yu D.J.,Ren W.X.EMD-Based Stochastic Subspace Identification of Structures from Operational Vibration Measurements[J].Engineering Structures.2005,27(12): 1741-1751.
[39] Eduard Ventsel, Theodor Krauthammer. Thin plates and shells-theory analysis and applications [M].New York:Marcel Dekker, 2001.
[40] S Timoshenko, S W-Krieger. Theory of plates and shells[M]. New York:McGraw -Hill Book Co,1977.
[41]徐芝纶.弹性力学(第二版)[M].北京:人民教育出版社,1982.
[42]杜庆华,杨锡安等.工程力学手册[M].北京:高等教育出社,1994.
[43]傅志方,华宏星.模态分析理论与应用[M].上海:上海交通大学出版社,2000.
[44] X. Wang, N. Hu, Hisao Fukunaga, Z.H. Yao. Structural damage identification using static test data and changes in frequencies[J]. Engineering Structures, 2001,23 :610–621.
[45] Yong Xia, Hong Hao. Statistical damage identification of structures with frequency Changes[J]. Journal of Sound and Vibration ,2003,263 : 853–870.
[46] O. S. Salawu .Detection of structural damage through changes in frequency: aReview[J]. Engineering Structures, 1997,19(9): 718-723.
[47] P.A.A. Laura, et al, A note on the determination of the fundamental frequency of vibration of thin rectangular plates with edges prossessing different rotational flexibility coefficients[J] Sound and Vibration,1977,5:327-333.
[48] P.A.A. Laura, et al. Transverse vibration of a rectangular plate elastically restrained against rotation along three edges and free on the fourth edge[J] Sound and Vibration,1978,59:355-368.
[49] P.A.A. Laura, et al.Transverse vibrations of rectangular plates with edges elastically restrained against translation and rotation[J].Sound and Vibration, 1981, 75:101-108.
[50] P.A.A. Laura, et al. On the effect of different edge flexibility coefficients on transverse vibration of thin rectangular plates[J]. Sound and Vibration, 1978, 57: 330-340.
[51] G.B. Warburton, et al, Vibrations of rectangular plates with elastically restrained edges[J] Sound and Vibration,1984,95:537-552.
[52] M. Mukhopadhyay. Free vibrations of rectangular plates with edges having different degrees of rotational restraint[J]. Sound and Vibration,1979,67:459-468.
[53] M. Mukhopadhyay. A semi-analytic solution for free vibration of rectangular plates[J]. Sound and Vibration,1978,60:71-85.
[54] Anthony C. Fischer-cripps, Richard E. Collins. Architectural Glazings: Design Standards and Failure Models [M].1995, 30:29-40.
[55] American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM). Standard Practice for Determining Load Resistance of Glass in Buildings, E1300, ASTM, Conshohocken, PA 2003.
[56] Y. W. Bao, X. X. Bu, Evaluating mechanical properties of ceramics by relative methods[J]. Key Engineering material.2007,336:2406-2410.
[57]董聪.现代结构系统可靠性理论及其应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2001.
[58] GB 50153-92,工程结构可靠度设计统一标准[S].北京:中国计划出版社,1992.
[59] ALFREDO H.S Ang, Wilson H Tang. Probability concepts in engineering planning and design[M], New York: John wiley and sons,1984.
[60]刘西拉,左勇志.基于Bayes方法的结构可靠性评估和预测[J].上海交通大学学报, 2006, 40(12):2137-2141.
[61]玻璃幕墙工程技术规范[S]. JGJ102-2003.中国建筑工业出版社.2003.
[62]建筑用硅酮结构密封胶[S].GB16776-97.中国标准出版社.1997.
[63]孟小平.为玻璃幕墙工程把好结构胶质量关[J].工程质量,2000,06:6-7.
[64]张芹.玻璃幕墙工程技术规范理解与应用[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2004.
[65] W. Laufs,A. Luible. Introduction on use of glass in modern bulldings [J] Engineering Structure.2003, 2:145-150.
[66] Franeois de Buyl. Silicone sealants and structural adhesives [J] .Beigiumlntematio - nal Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives.2001,21:411-422.
[67]邵楠.铝合金隐框玻璃幕墙的隐患及防范[J].青海大学学报(自然科学版).2006,1: 24-28.
[68]徐波.加强硅酮结构胶使用管理提高玻璃幕墙工程质量[J].工程质量, 2000,06:4-6.
[69]陈振宇,骆英,顾建祖.一种基于FFT功率谱的全隐框玻璃幕墙结构胶脱粘长度检测方法[J].四川建筑科学研究,2009,02:104-107.
[70] Standard Guide for Evaluating Failure of Structural Sealant Glazing[S].ASTM C 1392-2000.2005.
[71] Standard Guide for Evaluating Failure of Structural Sealant Glazing[S]. ASTM C 1392– 98.
[72]曹树谦,张文德,萧龙翔.振动结构模态分析—理论、实验与应用[M].天津:天津大学出版社,2002.
[73] Y.W. Bao, Y.C. Zhou, Simple Methods for Measuring Band Strength and for Determining Elastic Modulus and Strength of Coating, Surface Engineering, Characterization and Application, MRS Press, 2002, 47-52.
[74]张兆德,王德禹.基于模态参数的海洋平台损伤检测[J].振动与冲击,2004,23(3):5~9.
[75]曾兵,,滕晓敏,刘盈.硅酮结构密封胶老化性能的研究[J].工程质量, 2008,693(11):52-54.
[76]赵滨辉.隐型玻璃幕墙结构胶接口设计与施工[J].林业科技情报,1998,04: 48-50.
[77]文忠.中空玻璃发展现状及质量控制[J].中国建筑金属构,2006,08:31-33.
[78]陈超,渡边俊行.日本的建筑节能概念与政策[J].暖通空调,2002,32(6):40-42.
[79] M.Taheri,S.Shafie.A case study on the reduction of energy use for the heating of buildings[J].Renewable Energy.1995,6(7):673-678.
[80] Ann McNicholl,J.Owen Lewis.Energy efficiency and solar energy in European office buildings:a mid-career education initiative[J].Energy and Buildings 33 (2001):213-217.
[81]涂逢祥,邸占英,张振宁.英、法、德三国建筑节能标准近期进展[J].建筑节能(37),北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002:131-138.
[82]徐桂芝,张佰恒.我国中空玻璃加工业的回顾与展望.中空玻璃专业委员会,2008.
[83]朗四维.我国建筑节能设计标准的现状与进展[J].制冷空调与电力机械. 2002,23(3):1-6.
[84]江亿.我国建筑耗能状况和有效的节能途径[J].暖通空调,2005,35(5):30 -40.
[85]刘海波,刘正权,董人文.建筑幕墙玻璃失效模式分析与检测技术[J]. 2006年中国玻璃行业年会论文集.广州:2006.
[86]殷永炜,张其林,黄庆文.点支式中空和夹层玻璃承载性能的试验研究[J ].建筑结构学报,2004,25 (1):93-98.
[87]童丽萍,赵湘育,李明.玻璃幕墙结构中中空玻璃的非线性力学分析[J ].工程力学,1998,(增刊):714- 717.
[88]Vallabhan C V G, CHOU G D. Interactive Nonlinear Analysis of Insulating Glass Units [J]. Structural Engineering, 1986,112 (6): 1313-1326.
[89]马赢,石永久,王元清.点支式中空玻璃承载性能的有限元分析[J].应用力学学报, 2006, 01(23): 115-119.
[90]马赢,石永久,王元清.点支式中空玻璃板承载性能的有限差分法分析[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版), 2006, 03(46) 305-308.
[91] Aydin O. Determination of optimum air-layer thickness in double-pane windows [J].Energy and Buildings 2000,32:303-308.
[92] Aydin O. Conjugate heat transfer analysis of double pane windows[J].Energy and Buildings, 2006,41:109-116.
[93]张克姝,程建峰.青藏客车用车窗玻璃低压问题研究[J].铁道车辆,2008,46(2):4-10.
[94]江亿,杨秀.我国建筑能耗状况及建筑节能工作中的问题[J].中华建设,2006,13(2):12-18.
[95]李华云.建筑节能的紧迫性与应对之策[J].住宅产业,2006(06):110-112.
[96]张轶.中外建筑节能情况对比[J].节能与环保,2005(04):12-14.
[97]唐键正.真空玻璃产业化及发展前景[J].玻璃,2008,203(8):26-36.
[98]龙文志.新型节能幕墙:真空玻璃幕墙[J].建设科技,2005,20(5):8-10.
[99]张瑞宏,马承伟,张俊芳.真空玻璃技术在温室工程中的应用分析[J].农机化研究, 2005,03:187-191.
[100] L. Wullschleger, H. Manz, K. Ghazi Wakili. Finite element analysis of temperature-induced deflection of vacuum glazing [J].Construction and Building Materials, 2009,23 :1378–1388.
[101] H Manz, S Brunner, L Wullschleger. Triple vacuum glazing: heat transfer and basic mechanical design constraints[J]. Solar Energy, 2006,80:1632–1642.
[102] H Weinlaeder, HP Ebert, J Fricke. VIG– vacuum insulation glass[J]. Proceedings of seventh international vacuum insulation symposium.Switzerland,2005, 197–204.
[103] So L, Ng N, Bilek M. Analysis of the internal glass surfaces of vacuum glazing[J]. Mater Sci Eng B ,2007,138:135–138.
[104] Wang J, Zhao JF, Hyde T, Fang Y, Eames PC. Stresses in vacuum glazing due to the combined effects of atmospheric pressure and temperature differentials[J]. Proceedings of CISBAT 2007 international scientific conference. Switzerland: EPFL Lausanne; 2007, 195–200.
[105] NG N, COLLINS R E,SO L. Characterization of the thermal insulating properties of vacuum glazing[J]. Materials Science and Engineering (B),2007,138 (2):128-134 .
[106] NG N, COLLINS R E,SO L. Thermal conductance measurement on vacuum glazing[J].International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2006,49,49(25, 26):4877-4885.
[107] WANG J, EAMWS P C,ZHAO J F, et al. Stresses in vacuum glazing fabricated at low temperature[J].Solar Energy Materi-als and Solar Cells,2007,91,91(4):290-303.
[108] H. Miao; R.H.Zhang; J.H.Gao. Study on the Mechanism of conductive and convective Heat transfer in vacuum [J]. Glass, 2007,02:158-164.
[109] A. C. FISCHER-CRIPPS,R. E. COLLINS,G. M. TURNER,E. BEZZEL. Stresses and Fracture Probability in Evacuated Glazing[J]. Building and Environment,1995,30(1):41-59.
[110]张瑞宏,顾乡,张华.真空玻璃应力支撑实验研究[J].真空科学与技术学报,2006,26(2)455-458.
[111]刘小根,包亦望,宋一乐,庞世红,邱岩.真空玻璃真空度在线检测技术与应用[J].郑州大学学报,2009, 30(01):101-104.
[112]高兑现,晏兴威,张应翠.均布荷载作用下四点支承矩形平板的差分解[J].西安科技学院学报,2000,24(4):307-310.
[113] JOHNSON K.L, Contact Mechanics[M]. Cambridge University, London, UK, 1985.
[114] TIMOSHENKO S, W-KRIEGER S. Theory of plates and shells[M]. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co,1977.
[115] LAWN B.R, Fracture of Brittle Solid(second ed[M]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1993.
[116] FISCHER-CRIPPS A. C, COLLINS R. E. The probability of hertzian fracture[J]. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE,1994,29:2216-2230.
[117] ] BAO Y, JI.Z. Size effect of strength and amean -strength criterion[J]. Fatigue&me&Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structure1,1993,16(8) :829– 835.
[118] BAO Y.W, GAO S.J. Local strength evaluation and proof test of glass components via spherical indentation [J]. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. 2008, 354: 1378–1381.
[119] B.R. Lawn, Fracture of Brittle Solid, second ed. [M], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1993.
[120] A. C. Fischer-Cripps , R. E. Collins, Architectural glazings: design standards and failure models [J].Building and Environment ,1995,30:29-40.
[121] W. L. Beason, A failure prediction model for window glass, Institute for Disaster Research [M]. Texas Tech. University, Lubbock, TX,,1980.
[122]刘向阳,刘锡良,陈志华.玻璃材料与新型建筑[J]天津大学学报,2001,34 (1):77-80.
[123] Eduard Ventsel, Theodor Krauthammer. Thin plates and shells-theory analysis and applications [M].New York:Marcel Dekker,2001.57-58.
[124] P.K.Rastogi. Photomechanics[M].springer,1996.