混合动力汽车汽油机起动工况瞬态燃烧和排放特性研究
|
摘要
怠速停机是混合动力汽车一个重要的节油方式,因此混合动力汽车在运行中会频繁起动/停机。由于进气道喷射式汽油机起动过程固有的瞬态特征,汽油机起动时燃烧和排放恶化。对于混合动力汽车发动机,起动过程是先快速拖动到怠速转速或高于怠速转速然后点火起动,因此起动过程瞬态特性更加突出,从而不利于燃烧排放控制,频繁起/停对混合动力汽车排放控制提出了新的研究课题。本文结合混合动力汽车关键技术开发项目,根据混合动力发动机测试需求设计搭建了模拟起动发电一体化电机(ISG)混合动力汽车发动机快速起动瞬态测试平台。设计了高速数据采集系统,开发了基于循环控制的发动机并行控制系统,在不影响原机ECU正常工作的前提下对喷油和点火进行并行控制。在所搭建的系统平台上对混合动力发动机起动工况瞬态燃烧和排放特性以及催化器动态特性进行了研究。
基于循环的瞬态燃烧测试手段和Cambustion瞬态排放仪对发动机在提高拖动转速条件下起动时的瞬态燃烧排放特性进行了研究,并结合发动机控制策略进行了分析。结果发现提高拖动转速造成起动过程进气压力变化率升高,使得精确控制缸内混合气浓度更加困难,导致燃烧和排放恶化。由于原始标定参数不匹配,在室温冷起动时,提高拖动转速导致第一循环失火,而热机起动时,导致第3~8循环发生不同程度的部分燃烧甚至失火,使碳氢排放恶化。碳氢排放恶化的程度随拖动转速升高而增加。起动过程中只有第1~2循环会产生较多的氮氧化物,整个起动过程氮氧化物都较低,氮氧化物浓度随拖动转速升高而降低。利用瞬态碳氢测试仪对停机时碳氢排放进行了研究,当采用断点火停机时,最后一次喷油不能点燃,导致产生较高碳氢排放。当采用断油停机时,碳氢排放最多可比断点火停机时减少50%左右。断点火停机会在进气道壁面残留较多的油膜,这些额外的油膜在发动机重新起动时可能只对第一循环的燃烧造成较大影响。
研究了不同边界条件对发动机起动首循环燃烧和排放的影响。混合动力模式起动时,首循环进气量比传统模式减少10%左右。混合动力起动模式下首循环缸内混合气浓度在冷起动时比传统模式稀,在热起动时与传统模式基本一致。在不同实验条件下,首循环燃烧的缸压峰值、指示平均有效压力、累积放热量、碳氢排放和氮氧化物排放都随着过量空气系数的改变而呈“窗口区域”变化规律。拖动转速、冷却水温度、进气道油膜残留和点火时刻等燃烧边界条件都对“窗口区域”造成影响。提高拖动转速后首循环燃烧的混合气稀限往浓区偏移,当水温分别为25oC、60oC、85oC时,对本文采用的发动机在混合动力起动模式下首循环燃烧稀限比传统模式分别要浓1.49倍、1.31倍和1.05倍。当混合气浓度适宜时,推迟点火时刻虽然导致放热时刻推迟、放热速度减慢,但是对最终的累积放热量影响不大。从获得较高指示平均有效压力角度来看,传统起动模式下首循环燃烧的最优点火时刻在上止点后5oCA左右,而混合动力起动模式下在上止点前5oCA左右。当点火时刻在上止点前10oCA和上止点后10oCA之间变化时,首循环燃烧排放特性的“窗口区域”的边界变化不大。但混合动力模式下提前点火时刻具有一定的扩展稀限边界的潜力。
对混合动力起动过程缸内混合气形成特性进行了分析,并采用基于循环的喷油控制策略对混合动力起动过程的碳氢排放进行了优化。在发动机冷起动的瞬态过程中,缸内混合气浓度波动较小;而热起动时,第4~5循环缸内混合气过浓,然后随循环数增加而逐渐变稀,到第10循环与冷起动基本相当。在原始参数标定的基础上对起动初始的5个循环喷油量进行了调整,发现需要适当增加第一循环喷油量才能使首循环具有最高平均有效压力;而第2~5循环需要适当减少喷油量才能获得最高平均有效压力。由于进气道黏附的影响,在第4~5循环,即使不喷油仍能获得较高平均有效压力和较低碳氢排放。对起动过程前5个循环的喷油量进行优化后,使起动过程的碳氢排放大幅下降。
结合混合动力汽车发动机的冷起动标定工作,对催化器在起动过程中动态特性做了研究。通过修改拖动期喷油量获得不同的空燃比变化曲线,发现在冷起动时原机标定的拖动喷油量可以获得最低的碳氢排放,热机起动时在拖转喷油量为60%于原脊标定时可以获得最低的碳氢排放。发动机停机后催化器入口温度在2分钟以内从450oC降低到250oC;催化器载体温度在15分钟以后才从450oC降低到250oC。催化器对起动初期的排放有一定的吸释能力,在催化器温度较低和碳氢排放过浓时,往往会使一定时间内催化器后测得排放高于催化器前排放。对本研究采用的发动机,要想使催化器在起动工况即时起燃(转化效率>50%),催化器载体温度要在停机时保持在至少300oC以上,同时应优化拖动起动阶段空燃比控制策略以降低发动机燃烧产生的碳氢排放。
Idle stoping is one of important fuel saving methods for hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), therefore, the engine of HEV will start and stop frequently according to road condition. Due to the inherent transient behaviors during start process of port-fuel-injected (PFI) gasoline engine, combustion and emission deteriorate significantly. Moreover, as the engine was cranked to idle speed quickly when it starts in HEV, the trasneints are more dramatically than that in traditional vehicle, which are disbenefit to combustion and emission performance. Therefore, frequent start and stop operations bring new issue for optimization of emission performance in HEV. In this thesis, together with the progress of HEV key technology development project, a transient performance test system was established to simulate the engine quick start process in integrated starter and generator (ISG) HEV systems. In order to conduct cycle-by-cycle analysis and implement the control strategy optimization, a data acquisition system and a parallel control unit were designed based on cycle-by-cycle control strategy, without disturbing normal operation of the original ECU. Based on the test system, the transient characteristics of combustion and emissions during eninge quick start were investigated, as well as the dynamic performance of three way catalyst (TWC) was studied.
By means of transient combustion measurement methods and Cambustion transient emission equipments based on cycle-by-cycle, the transient combustion and emission characteristics and the controls strategies during engine start process with various cranking speed were investigated. When cranking speed increased, the drop rate of intake manifold absolute pressure (MAP) is enhanced, resulting in poor control of in-cylinder mixture, therefore, the combustion and emission deteriorate significantly. Because the original calibration can not match well with quickly start condition, misfire and partial combustion occur. For cold start, misfire always occurs at first cycle. But for hot start, misfire and partial combustion always occur form the 3rd cycle to 8th cycle. During these cycles, hydrocarbon (HC) emissions deteriorate significantly, and the HC concentration increases with the rising of cranking speed. During start process, only the initial 2 cycles produce relative high level nitrogen oxide (NO) emission, and the NO concentration decreases with the rising of cranking speed. When the engine shut down by cutting off the ignition, the last injection can not be burned and leads to increase of HC emissions. Up to 50% HC can be reduced if engine was shutted down by fuel cut off. The fuel film deposit in intake port at previous stop may influence the first cycle more significantly when engine restart.
The influence of various boundary conditions on the combustion and emission at first cycle was investigated. At HEV start mode, the intake air mass of first cycle will reduce about 10% compared to that at traditional mode. The fuel delivery efficiency decreases when cranking speed increased, especially at cold condition. The peak cylinder pressure, indicate mean effective pressure (IMEP), cumulative heat release, HC and NO emissions all change with the injection excess air coefficient, and exist boundary limit. The coolant temperature, intake port deposit, cranking speed and ignition timing all influence the limit with various mechanisms. For the test under coolant temperature of 25 oC, 60 oC and 85 oC, the lean limit of first cycle for HEV quick start should be enriched to 1.49, 1.31, 1.05 times than that for traditional start. When the mixture is fit to combustion, although the retardation of ignition timing could delay the combustion phase and slow combustion velocity, the cumulative heat release has little change. On the view of obtain maximum IMEP, the optimal first cycle ignition timing is at around 5oCA ATDC under traditional start mode, and around 5oCA BTDC under HEV start mode. With the ignition timing retarded from 10oCA BTDC to 10oCA ATDC, the combustion limit has no significant change. But advanced ignition timing show possibility of expanding the lean limit under HEV mode.
After the analysis of mixture preparation during start process, the HC emissions during engine quick start were optimized by means of cycle-by-cycle fuel injection control. The in-cylinder mixture concentration during start transient process fluctuates more dramatically under hot start condition. Typically, the mixture at 4th and 5th cycle is over-riched at hot start. Based on the original engine calibration, the fuel injection at the initial 5 cycles was changed respectively. It is found that the first cycle need to increase fuel injection, while the 2nd to 5th cycle need to reduce fuel injection, so that maximum IMEP can be obtained for all of the initial 5 cycles. For the 4th and 5th cycle, it can still produce fairly high IMEP even there’s no fuel injection in these two cycles. By means of cycle-by-cycle fuel injection control, the HC emissions during engine quick start can be reduced significantly.
Together with the calibration of HEV engine, the dynamic characteristics of TWC during engine start process were studied. The air fuel ratio (AFR) curve during cranking and starup can be changed by modifying the calibration of‘crank fuel base’. For cold start, the original calibration can obtain minimum HC concentration, for hot start, the crank fuel should be reduced to 60% of original calibration. After engine shutting down, the TWC entrance temperature decreases from 450oC to 250oC in 2 minutes, but the substrate temperature needs 15 minutes for cooling down to 250oC. The TWC have capability of absorb and release emissions during engine startup process. Under the condition that the TWC temperature is low and the emission level is very high, the emission concentration after catalyst will higher than before the catalyst. In order to guarantee the catalyst light off immediately at start, the substrate temperature should be maintained at least 300oC, as well as the AFR control strategy during startup should be optimized.
基于循环的瞬态燃烧测试手段和Cambustion瞬态排放仪对发动机在提高拖动转速条件下起动时的瞬态燃烧排放特性进行了研究,并结合发动机控制策略进行了分析。结果发现提高拖动转速造成起动过程进气压力变化率升高,使得精确控制缸内混合气浓度更加困难,导致燃烧和排放恶化。由于原始标定参数不匹配,在室温冷起动时,提高拖动转速导致第一循环失火,而热机起动时,导致第3~8循环发生不同程度的部分燃烧甚至失火,使碳氢排放恶化。碳氢排放恶化的程度随拖动转速升高而增加。起动过程中只有第1~2循环会产生较多的氮氧化物,整个起动过程氮氧化物都较低,氮氧化物浓度随拖动转速升高而降低。利用瞬态碳氢测试仪对停机时碳氢排放进行了研究,当采用断点火停机时,最后一次喷油不能点燃,导致产生较高碳氢排放。当采用断油停机时,碳氢排放最多可比断点火停机时减少50%左右。断点火停机会在进气道壁面残留较多的油膜,这些额外的油膜在发动机重新起动时可能只对第一循环的燃烧造成较大影响。
研究了不同边界条件对发动机起动首循环燃烧和排放的影响。混合动力模式起动时,首循环进气量比传统模式减少10%左右。混合动力起动模式下首循环缸内混合气浓度在冷起动时比传统模式稀,在热起动时与传统模式基本一致。在不同实验条件下,首循环燃烧的缸压峰值、指示平均有效压力、累积放热量、碳氢排放和氮氧化物排放都随着过量空气系数的改变而呈“窗口区域”变化规律。拖动转速、冷却水温度、进气道油膜残留和点火时刻等燃烧边界条件都对“窗口区域”造成影响。提高拖动转速后首循环燃烧的混合气稀限往浓区偏移,当水温分别为25oC、60oC、85oC时,对本文采用的发动机在混合动力起动模式下首循环燃烧稀限比传统模式分别要浓1.49倍、1.31倍和1.05倍。当混合气浓度适宜时,推迟点火时刻虽然导致放热时刻推迟、放热速度减慢,但是对最终的累积放热量影响不大。从获得较高指示平均有效压力角度来看,传统起动模式下首循环燃烧的最优点火时刻在上止点后5oCA左右,而混合动力起动模式下在上止点前5oCA左右。当点火时刻在上止点前10oCA和上止点后10oCA之间变化时,首循环燃烧排放特性的“窗口区域”的边界变化不大。但混合动力模式下提前点火时刻具有一定的扩展稀限边界的潜力。
对混合动力起动过程缸内混合气形成特性进行了分析,并采用基于循环的喷油控制策略对混合动力起动过程的碳氢排放进行了优化。在发动机冷起动的瞬态过程中,缸内混合气浓度波动较小;而热起动时,第4~5循环缸内混合气过浓,然后随循环数增加而逐渐变稀,到第10循环与冷起动基本相当。在原始参数标定的基础上对起动初始的5个循环喷油量进行了调整,发现需要适当增加第一循环喷油量才能使首循环具有最高平均有效压力;而第2~5循环需要适当减少喷油量才能获得最高平均有效压力。由于进气道黏附的影响,在第4~5循环,即使不喷油仍能获得较高平均有效压力和较低碳氢排放。对起动过程前5个循环的喷油量进行优化后,使起动过程的碳氢排放大幅下降。
结合混合动力汽车发动机的冷起动标定工作,对催化器在起动过程中动态特性做了研究。通过修改拖动期喷油量获得不同的空燃比变化曲线,发现在冷起动时原机标定的拖动喷油量可以获得最低的碳氢排放,热机起动时在拖转喷油量为60%于原脊标定时可以获得最低的碳氢排放。发动机停机后催化器入口温度在2分钟以内从450oC降低到250oC;催化器载体温度在15分钟以后才从450oC降低到250oC。催化器对起动初期的排放有一定的吸释能力,在催化器温度较低和碳氢排放过浓时,往往会使一定时间内催化器后测得排放高于催化器前排放。对本研究采用的发动机,要想使催化器在起动工况即时起燃(转化效率>50%),催化器载体温度要在停机时保持在至少300oC以上,同时应优化拖动起动阶段空燃比控制策略以降低发动机燃烧产生的碳氢排放。
Idle stoping is one of important fuel saving methods for hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), therefore, the engine of HEV will start and stop frequently according to road condition. Due to the inherent transient behaviors during start process of port-fuel-injected (PFI) gasoline engine, combustion and emission deteriorate significantly. Moreover, as the engine was cranked to idle speed quickly when it starts in HEV, the trasneints are more dramatically than that in traditional vehicle, which are disbenefit to combustion and emission performance. Therefore, frequent start and stop operations bring new issue for optimization of emission performance in HEV. In this thesis, together with the progress of HEV key technology development project, a transient performance test system was established to simulate the engine quick start process in integrated starter and generator (ISG) HEV systems. In order to conduct cycle-by-cycle analysis and implement the control strategy optimization, a data acquisition system and a parallel control unit were designed based on cycle-by-cycle control strategy, without disturbing normal operation of the original ECU. Based on the test system, the transient characteristics of combustion and emissions during eninge quick start were investigated, as well as the dynamic performance of three way catalyst (TWC) was studied.
By means of transient combustion measurement methods and Cambustion transient emission equipments based on cycle-by-cycle, the transient combustion and emission characteristics and the controls strategies during engine start process with various cranking speed were investigated. When cranking speed increased, the drop rate of intake manifold absolute pressure (MAP) is enhanced, resulting in poor control of in-cylinder mixture, therefore, the combustion and emission deteriorate significantly. Because the original calibration can not match well with quickly start condition, misfire and partial combustion occur. For cold start, misfire always occurs at first cycle. But for hot start, misfire and partial combustion always occur form the 3rd cycle to 8th cycle. During these cycles, hydrocarbon (HC) emissions deteriorate significantly, and the HC concentration increases with the rising of cranking speed. During start process, only the initial 2 cycles produce relative high level nitrogen oxide (NO) emission, and the NO concentration decreases with the rising of cranking speed. When the engine shut down by cutting off the ignition, the last injection can not be burned and leads to increase of HC emissions. Up to 50% HC can be reduced if engine was shutted down by fuel cut off. The fuel film deposit in intake port at previous stop may influence the first cycle more significantly when engine restart.
The influence of various boundary conditions on the combustion and emission at first cycle was investigated. At HEV start mode, the intake air mass of first cycle will reduce about 10% compared to that at traditional mode. The fuel delivery efficiency decreases when cranking speed increased, especially at cold condition. The peak cylinder pressure, indicate mean effective pressure (IMEP), cumulative heat release, HC and NO emissions all change with the injection excess air coefficient, and exist boundary limit. The coolant temperature, intake port deposit, cranking speed and ignition timing all influence the limit with various mechanisms. For the test under coolant temperature of 25 oC, 60 oC and 85 oC, the lean limit of first cycle for HEV quick start should be enriched to 1.49, 1.31, 1.05 times than that for traditional start. When the mixture is fit to combustion, although the retardation of ignition timing could delay the combustion phase and slow combustion velocity, the cumulative heat release has little change. On the view of obtain maximum IMEP, the optimal first cycle ignition timing is at around 5oCA ATDC under traditional start mode, and around 5oCA BTDC under HEV start mode. With the ignition timing retarded from 10oCA BTDC to 10oCA ATDC, the combustion limit has no significant change. But advanced ignition timing show possibility of expanding the lean limit under HEV mode.
After the analysis of mixture preparation during start process, the HC emissions during engine quick start were optimized by means of cycle-by-cycle fuel injection control. The in-cylinder mixture concentration during start transient process fluctuates more dramatically under hot start condition. Typically, the mixture at 4th and 5th cycle is over-riched at hot start. Based on the original engine calibration, the fuel injection at the initial 5 cycles was changed respectively. It is found that the first cycle need to increase fuel injection, while the 2nd to 5th cycle need to reduce fuel injection, so that maximum IMEP can be obtained for all of the initial 5 cycles. For the 4th and 5th cycle, it can still produce fairly high IMEP even there’s no fuel injection in these two cycles. By means of cycle-by-cycle fuel injection control, the HC emissions during engine quick start can be reduced significantly.
Together with the calibration of HEV engine, the dynamic characteristics of TWC during engine start process were studied. The air fuel ratio (AFR) curve during cranking and starup can be changed by modifying the calibration of‘crank fuel base’. For cold start, the original calibration can obtain minimum HC concentration, for hot start, the crank fuel should be reduced to 60% of original calibration. After engine shutting down, the TWC entrance temperature decreases from 450oC to 250oC in 2 minutes, but the substrate temperature needs 15 minutes for cooling down to 250oC. The TWC have capability of absorb and release emissions during engine startup process. Under the condition that the TWC temperature is low and the emission level is very high, the emission concentration after catalyst will higher than before the catalyst. In order to guarantee the catalyst light off immediately at start, the substrate temperature should be maintained at least 300oC, as well as the AFR control strategy during startup should be optimized.
引文
[1] Koichi Fukuo, Akira Fujimura, Masaaki Saito, Development of the Ultra-low-fuel-consumption hybrid car - INSIGHT, JSAE Review 2001(22) 95-103.
[2] Katsuhiko Hirose, Tatehito Ueda, Toshifumi Takaoka and Yukio Kobayashi, The High-Expansion-Ratio Gasoline Engine for the Hybrid Passenger Car, JSAE Review 20 (1999) 13-21.
[3]刘明辉.北京城市公交客车循环工况开发,汽车工程,2005(6)
[4] Naeim A. Henein, Dinu Taraza, Nabil Chalhoub and Ming-Chia Lai, Exploration of the Contribution of the Start/Stop Transients in HEV Operation and Emissions, SAE Paper, No.2000-01-3086.
[5] Moritaka Matsuura, Koji Korematsu and Junya Tanaka, Fuel Consumption Improvement of Vehicles by Idling Stop, SAE Paper, No.2004-01-1896.
[6] Ming L. Kuang, An Investigation of Engine Start-Stop NVH in A Power Split Powertrain Hybrid Electric Vehicle, SAE Paper, No.2006-01-1500.
[7] Takayoshi Yoshioka and Hiroshi Sugita, Noise and Vibration Reduction Technology in Hybrid Vehicle Development, SAE Paper, No.2001-01-1415
[8] Kenji Kataoka, Crankshaft Positioning Utilizing Compression Force and Fast Starting With Combustion Assist for Indirect Injection Engine, SAE Paper, No.2005-01-1166.
[9] Henry K. Ng, John A. Anderson, Michael J. Duoba and Robert P. Larsen,“Engine Start Characteristics of Two Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) - Honda Insight and Toyota Prius”, SAE Paper, No.2001-01-2492.
[10] Michael Duoba, Henry Ng and Robert Larsen,In-Situ Mapping and Analysis of the Toyota Prius HEV Engine,SAE Paper, No.2000-01-3096
[11] Halim Santoso, Wai K. Cheng, Mixture Preparation and Hydrocarbon Emissions Behaviors in the First Cycle of SI Engine Cranking, SAE Paper, No.2002-01-2805
[12] N.A.Henein, M.K. Tagomori, M.K.Yassine, T.W.Asmus, C.P.Thomas, P.G.Hartman, Cycle-by-cycle Analysis of HC Emissions During Cold Start of Gasoline Engines, SAE Paper, No.952402
[13] C.J. Dasch, N.D.Brinkman, D.H.Hopper, Cold Starts Using M-85 (85% Methanol):Coping with Low Fuel Volatility and Spark Plug Wetting, SAE Paper, No.910865
[14] Ahmed Soliman, Giorgio Rizzoni, Vasanth Krishnaswami, The Effect of Engine Misfire on Exhaust Emission Levels in Spark Ignition Engiens, SAE Paper, No.950480
[15] Wai K. Cheng, Douglas Hamrin, John B. Heywood, Simone Hochgreb, Kyoungdoug Min, and Michael Norris,An Overview of Hydrocarbon Emissions Mechanisms in Spark-Ignition Engines,SAE Paper, No. 932708
[16] Kuroda H, Nakajima Y, Sugihara K, Takagi Y, Muranaka S. The Fast Burn With Heavy Egr, New Approach for Low NoDx and Improved Fuel Economy, SAE Paper, No.780006
[17] N. A. Henein,M. K. Tagomori,M. K. Yassine,T. W. Asmus,C. P. Thomas,P. G. Hartman,Cycle-by-cycle analysis of HC emissions during cold start of gasoline engines,SAE Paper, No. 952402
[18] Michael J. Sampson, John B. Heywood,Analysis of fuel behavior in the spark-ignition engine start- up process,SAE Paper, No.950678
[19] Keiso Takeda , Takehisa Yaegashi, Kiyonori Sekiquchi, Kimitaka Saito, Nobuo Imatake, Mixture Preparation and HC Emissions of a 4-Valve Engine with Port Fuel Injection During Cold Starting and Warm-up, SAE Paper, No.950074
[20] Rudolf H. Stanglmaier, Matthew J. Hall, Ronald D. Matthews, In-cylinder fuel transport during the first cranking cycles in a port-injected 4-valve engine, SAE Paper, No.970043
[21] Neil D. Thompson, James S. Wallace, Effect of engine operating variables and piston and ring parameters on crevice hydrocarbon emissions, SAE Paper, No. 940480
[22] Kyoungdoug Min, Wai K. Cheng, John B. Heywood, The effects of crevices on the engine-out hydrocarbon emissions in SI engines, SAE Paper, No.940306
[23] E. Bignion, U. Spicher, Investigation of the influence of top land crevice geometry on hydrocarbon emissions from SI engines, SAE Paper, No.982560
[24] V.K. Rao, D.P. Gardiner, M.F. Bardon, Effects of gas leakage and crevices on cold starting of engines, SAE Paper, No. 940078
[25] A.C. Alkidas, R.J. Drews, W.F. Miller, Effects of piston crevice geometry of the steady-state engine- out hydrocarbons emissions of a S.I. engine, SAE Paper, No.952537
[26] F.H. Trinker, R.W. Anderson, Y.I. Henig, W.O. Siegl,E.W. Kaiser, The Effect of Fuel-Oil Solubility on Exhaust HC Emissions, SAE Paper, No. 912349
[27] Kimitaka Saito, Kiyonori Sekiguchi, Nobuo Imatake, Keiso Takeda, Takehisa Yaegashi, A new method to analyze fuel behavior in a spark ignition engine, SAE Paper, No. 950044
[28] Lorusso J A, Kaiser E W, Lavoie G A, In-Cylinder Measurements of Wall Layer Hydrocarbons in a Spark Ignited Engine, Combustion Science and Technology, 1983, 33(4): 75-112
[29] Henein N A, Tagomori M K, Cold Start Hydrocarbon Emissions in Port-injected Gasoline Engines, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 1999, 25(6): 563-593
[30] Edward W. Kaiser, Walter O. Siegl, Frederick H. Trinker, David F. Cotton, Wai K. Cheng, Kristine Drobot, Effect of engine operating parameters on hydrocarbon oxidation in the exhaust port and runner of a spark-ignited engine, SAE Paper, No. 950159
[31] Paul R. Meernik, Alex C. Alkidas, Impact on exhaust valve leakage on engine-out hydrocarbons, SAE Paper, No. 932752
[32] John Hoard, Peter Moilanen, Exhaust valve seat leakage, SAE Paper, No. 971638
[33]刘志敏,李理光,邓保清,基于首次着火循环的低温冷起动特性,燃烧科学与技术,2005,11(4):373-374
[34]李理光,王振锁,基于可控循环着火的电控汽油机冷起动性能研究,汽车工程,2004,26(4):417-422
[35] Liguang Li, Zhensuo Wang, Changming Gong, Investigation of Cold Start Based on Cycle-by-Cycle Control Strategy in a EFI LPG Engine, SAE Paper, No. 2004-01-3059
[36] Igor I. Neyachenko, Method of A/F control during SI engine cold start,SAEPaper, No. 982521
[37] Kaoru Horie, Hitoshi Takahashi, Shusuke Akazaki, Emissions reduction during warm-up period by incorporating a wall-wetting-fuel model on the fuel injection strategy during engine starting, SAE Paper, No. 952478
[38] Kashiwaya M., Kasuge T., Muramatsu M., Makimura T., Ohashi M., The Effect ofAtomization of Fuel Injection, SAE Paper, No. 900261
[39] S. D. Jackson, P. A. Williams, T. Ma, Development of a fuelling system to reduce cold-start hydrocarbon emissions in an SI engine, SAE Paper, No. 961119
[40] Frank Zimmermann, John Bright, Wei-Min Ren, Bill Imoehl, An internally heated tip injector to reduce HC emissions during cold start, SAE Paper, No. 1999-01-0792
[41] Wolfgang Samenfink, Hartmut Albrodt, Michael Frank, Markus Gesk, Anja Melsheimer, Jens Thurso, Martin Matt, Strategies to Reduce Hc Emissions During the Cold Starting of a Port-Fuel-Injected Gasoline Engine, SAE Paper, No. 2003-01-0627
[42] Robert Meyer, Prof John B Heywood, Liquid Fuel Transport Mechanisms Into the Cylinder of a Firing Port-Injected SI Engine During Start Up, SAE Paper, No. 970865
[43] Henning C. Fischer, Giles J. Brereton, Fuel injection strategies to minimize cold-start HC emissions, SAE Paper, No. 970040
[44] J.T. Wentworth, The Piston Crevice Volume Effect on Exhaust Hydrocarbon Emissions, Combustion and Science Technology, 1971, Vol.4, 97-100
[45] Boam D.J., Finlay I.C., Biddulph T.W., Lee R., Richardson S.H., Bloomfield J., Green J.A., Wallace S. Wood W.A., Brown P., The Source of Unburned Hydrocarbon Emissions from Spark Ignition Engines During Cold Starting and Warm-up, Combustion in Engines Technology, Application and the Enviroment. IMechE Paper c448/064, 1992, 57-72
[46] Kyoungdoug Min, Wai K. Cheng, John B. Heywood, The effects of crevices on the engine-out hydrocarbon emissions in SI engines, SAE Paper, No.940306
[47] Li Liguang, Li Gong, Qiu Dongping, Liu Zhimin, Effect of Piston Crevice on Transient HC Emissions of First Firing Cycle at Cold Start on LPG SI Engine, SAE 2007-01-4015
[48] Denis J. Boam, Thomas A. Clark, Kenneth E. Hobbs, The influence of fuel management on unburnt hydrocarbon emissions during the ECE 15 and US FTP drive cycles, SAE Paper, No. 950930
[49] Yunfei Luan, Naeim A. Henein, Contribution of cold- and hot-start transients in engine-out HC emissions, SAE Paper, No.982645
[50] Brigitte M. Castaing, Jim S. Cowart , Wai K. Cheng, Fuel Metering Effects on Hydrocarbon Emissions and Engine Stability During Cranking and Start-up in a Port Fuel Injected Spark Ignition Engine, SAE Paper, No.2000-01-2836
[51] Halim Santoso, Wai K. Cheng, Mixture Preparation and Hydrocarbon Emissions Behaviors in the First Cycle of SI Engine Cranking, SAE Paper, No. 2002-01-2805
[52] Yunfei Luan, Naeim A. Henein and Mauro K. Tagomori, Port-Fuel-Injection Gasoline Engine Cold Start Fuel Calibration, SAE Paper, No.2006-01-1052
[53] Ather A. Quader, Richard F. Majkowski, Cycle-By-Cycle Mixture Strength and Residual-Gas Measurements During Cold Starting, SAE Paper, No. 1999-01-1107
[54] Kuo Chiang Chen, Wai K. Cheng, Doren Jane M. Van, James P. Murphy, Matthew D. Hargus, Sarah A. McSweeney, Time-resolved, speciated emissions from an SI engine during starting and warm-up, SAE Paper, No. 961955
[55] Tagomori, M. K. Cold Start Emissions in Gasoline Engines. Ph.D. Dissertation. 1996. Wayne State University. Detroit .US
[56] Jim Cowart, Air-Fuel Ratio Measurement Diagnostics During Cranking and Startup in a Port-Fuel-Injected Spark-Ignition Engine, SAE Paper, No. 2004-01-1915
[57] Kevin R. Lang, Wai K. Cheng, Effect of Fuel Properties on First Cycle Fuel Delivery in a SI Engine, SAE Paper, No. 2004-01-3057
[58] Wai K. Cheng, Kevin Lang , Mark S. Borland, Christopher P. Thomas, Fuquan Zhao, Effect of Intake Cam Phasing on First Cycle Fuel Delivery and Hc Emissions in An SI Engine, SAE Paper, No. 2004-01-1852
[59] L. J. Hamilton, J. S. Cowart, Cranking-Startup Intake Port and In-Cylinder Mixture Preparation Behavior in a CFR Gasoline Engine, SAE Paper, No. 2007-01-1833
[60] Liguang Li, Zhensuo Wang, Changming Gong, Baoqing Deng, Zongcheng Xiao, Huiping Wang, Investigation of Cold-Start Based on Cycle-By-Cycle Control Strategy in An Efi LPG Engine, SAE Paper, No. 2004-01-3059
[61] Liguang Li, The Characteristic of Transient HC Emissions of the First Firing Cycle During Cold Start on an LPG SI Engine, SAE Paper, No. 2006-01-3403
[62] Liguang Li, Gong Li, Zhimin Liu, Zhi Li, Dongping Qiu, Characteristics of Transient NO Emissions Based on the First Firing Cycle Analysis of Cold-Start, SAE Paper, No. 2006-01-1050
[63] Liguang Li, Gong Li, Dongping Qiu, Mechanism of HC Emissions from Crevice Based on Model Simulation and Transient HC Measurements, SAE Paper, No. 2008-01-1652
[64]栗工,李理光,邱冬平,刘志敏,冷起动首循环瞬态HC排放与进气道燃料输运特性的关系,燃烧科学与技术,2008,14(1):73-78
[65]栗工,李理光,邱冬平,刘志敏,冷起动首循环瞬态HC排放特性试验研究,内燃机学报,2007,25(2):119-124
[66]栗工,乔信起,李理光,邱冬平,肖广飞,LPG点燃式发动机冷起动首循环进气富氧试验研究,内燃机学报,2007,25(1):53-59
[67]栗工,李理光,刘志敏,邱冬平,李志龙,基于循环控制的LPG点燃式发动机冷起动首循环NO瞬态排放特性研究,内燃机学报,2006,24(5):408-413
[68] Gong Li, Liguang Li, Zhimin Liu, Zhilong Li, Dongping Qiu, Real Time NO Emissions Measurement During Cold Start in LPG SI Engine, Energy Conversion and Management, 2007, 48:2508-2516
[69] Zhimin Liu, Liguang Li, Baoqing Deng, Cold Start Characteristics at Low Temperatures Based on the First Firing Cycle in an LPG Engine, Energy Conversion and Management, 2007, 48:395-404
[70]张彤,朱磊,袁银南,陈笃红,王存磊,并联混合动力轿车系统开发与试验匹配研究,汽车工程,2008,30(2):102-105
[71] Piotr Bielaczyc, Jerzy Merkisz, Euro III/Euro IV emissions study of cold-start and warm-up phases with a SI (spark ignition) engine,SAE Paper,No. 1999-01-1073
[72] S H Chan, A Practical Approach for Rapid Catalyst Light-off by Means of Strategic Engine Control, Journal of Automobile Engineering, 2001, 215 (5): 545-555
[73] Chan S. H. and Zhu J., The Significance of High Value of Ignition Retard Control on the Catalyst Light-off. SAE paper, No. 962077
[74] Yong-Seok Cho, Deuk-Sang Kim, Inyong Y. Ohm, An Alternative Method for Fast Light-Off of Catalysts-Cranking Exhaust Gas Ignition, SAE Paper, No. 2002-01-1678
[75] DukSang Kim, Bong Gyun Kang, Yong-Seok Cho, Development of the Unburned Exhaust Gas Ignition (Uegi) Technology to Achieve Fast Light-Off of Catalysts and Emissions Reduction, SAE Paper, No. 2002-01-2899
[76] Alexander Schenck zu Schweinsberg, Martin Klenk, Alf Degen, Engine-Independent Exhaust Gas Aftertreatment Using a Burner Heated Catalyst, SAE Paper, No. 2006-01-3401
[77] Sendilvelan Subramanian, K. Jeyachandran, K. Bhaskar, Experimental Investigation of Emission Control From Spark-Ignition Engine Using Electrically Heated Catalyst, SAE Paper, No. 2001-01-2000
[78] J. Wei, Catalysis for Motor Vehicle Emissions, Advances in Catalysis, 1975, 24: 57-129
[79] Magnus Skoglundh, Peter ThormaK hlen, Erik Fridell, Faegheh Hajbolouri, Edward Jobson, Improved light-off performance by using transient gas compositions in the catalytic treatment of car exhausts,Chemical Engineering Science, 1999, 54:4559-4566
[80] Per-Anders Carlsson, Magnus Skoglundh, Erik Fridell, Edward Jobson, Bengt Andersson, Induced low temperature catalytic ignition by transient changes in the gas composition, Catalysis Today, 2002, 73: 307-313
[81]李俊,王建昕,肖建华,庄人隽,杨伟东,闭环控制系统空燃比波动对三效催化器活性的影响。汽车工程,2000,22(2):134-138
[82] Sergio Tagliaferri, Rene A. Koppel, Alfons Baiker, Influence of Rhodium- and Ceria-promotion of Automotive Palladium Catalyst on its Catalytic Behavior under Steady-state and Dynamic operation, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental , 1998, 15 :159-177
[83] Yuetao Zhang, Experimental and Numerical Study of the Behavior of Three-way Catalystic Converters under Different Engine Operation Conditions, Ph.D. Dissertation, MIT, US, 2005
[84] R.K.Herz, Dynamic Behavior of Automotive Catalysis. 1. Catalyst Oxidation and Reduction, Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 1981,20: 451-457
[85] Tarig Shamim, Huixian Shen, Subrata Sengupta, Comparison of Chemical Kinetic Mechanisms in Simulating the Emission Characteristics of Catalytic Converters, SAE Paper, No. 2000-01-1953
[86] G.C. Koltsakis, Modeling Dynamic Phenomena in three-way Catalytic Converters, Chemical Engineering Science, 1999, 54: 4567-4578
[87] Padeste L., Baiker A., Three-way Catalysts in a Hybrid Drive System.I.Experimental Study of Dynamic Behavior. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 1994, 33 :1113-1119
[88]李红朋,秦大同,杨阳,徐佳曙,汽车发动机起动过程的动力学仿真,重庆大学学报(自然科学版),2005.6
[89] Wai K. Cheng, Tim Summers and Nick Collings, The Fast-Response Flame Ionization Detector, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 1998, 24:89-124
[90] HFR500 Fast Response FID Hydrocarbon Measurement System User Manual, Version 2.8, Cambustion Limited, 2004
[91] CLD 500 Fast NOx Measurement System User Manual, Version 2.1, Cambustion Limited, 2007
[92] Michael Mladek and Christopher H. Onder. A Model for the Estimation of Inducted Air Mass and the Residual Gas Fraction using Cylinder Pressure Measurements, SAE Paper 2000-01-0958
[93] Myung Yoon Kim, Dae Sik Kim, and Chang Sik Lee, Effect of Residual Gas Fraction on the Combustion Characteristics of Butane—Air Mixtures in the Constant-Volume Chamber. Energy and Fuels, 2003, 17(3): 755-761
[94]栗工,基于循环控制的LPG点燃式发动机冷起动瞬态排放特性研究,上海交通大学博士学位论文,2007,上海
[95] Daniel Klein, Wai K. Cheng, Spark Ignition Engine Hydrocarbon Emissions Behaviors in Stopping and Restarting, SAE Paper, No. 2002-01-2804
[96]黄开胜,金振华,张云龙,并联式混合动力车汽油发动机的起动和暖机过程研究,内燃机工程,2007,28(2):6-9
[97]刘志敏,电控喷射LPG摩托车燃烧与排放控制策略研究,上海交通大学博士学位论文,2006,上海
[98] Paul Davis, Mark S. Peckham, Measurement of Cycle-by-Cycle AFR Using a Fast Response NDIR Analyzer for Cold Start Fuelling Calibration Applications, SAE Paper, No. 2006-01-1515
[99]胡玉才,铈锆镨氧化物固溶体在三效催化器中的应用,稀有金属材料与工程,2005,34(8):1299-1301
[100]冯长根,樊国栋,刘霞,三效催化器中促进氧化铈的作用研究进展,化工进展,2005,24(3):227-230
[2] Katsuhiko Hirose, Tatehito Ueda, Toshifumi Takaoka and Yukio Kobayashi, The High-Expansion-Ratio Gasoline Engine for the Hybrid Passenger Car, JSAE Review 20 (1999) 13-21.
[3]刘明辉.北京城市公交客车循环工况开发,汽车工程,2005(6)
[4] Naeim A. Henein, Dinu Taraza, Nabil Chalhoub and Ming-Chia Lai, Exploration of the Contribution of the Start/Stop Transients in HEV Operation and Emissions, SAE Paper, No.2000-01-3086.
[5] Moritaka Matsuura, Koji Korematsu and Junya Tanaka, Fuel Consumption Improvement of Vehicles by Idling Stop, SAE Paper, No.2004-01-1896.
[6] Ming L. Kuang, An Investigation of Engine Start-Stop NVH in A Power Split Powertrain Hybrid Electric Vehicle, SAE Paper, No.2006-01-1500.
[7] Takayoshi Yoshioka and Hiroshi Sugita, Noise and Vibration Reduction Technology in Hybrid Vehicle Development, SAE Paper, No.2001-01-1415
[8] Kenji Kataoka, Crankshaft Positioning Utilizing Compression Force and Fast Starting With Combustion Assist for Indirect Injection Engine, SAE Paper, No.2005-01-1166.
[9] Henry K. Ng, John A. Anderson, Michael J. Duoba and Robert P. Larsen,“Engine Start Characteristics of Two Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) - Honda Insight and Toyota Prius”, SAE Paper, No.2001-01-2492.
[10] Michael Duoba, Henry Ng and Robert Larsen,In-Situ Mapping and Analysis of the Toyota Prius HEV Engine,SAE Paper, No.2000-01-3096
[11] Halim Santoso, Wai K. Cheng, Mixture Preparation and Hydrocarbon Emissions Behaviors in the First Cycle of SI Engine Cranking, SAE Paper, No.2002-01-2805
[12] N.A.Henein, M.K. Tagomori, M.K.Yassine, T.W.Asmus, C.P.Thomas, P.G.Hartman, Cycle-by-cycle Analysis of HC Emissions During Cold Start of Gasoline Engines, SAE Paper, No.952402
[13] C.J. Dasch, N.D.Brinkman, D.H.Hopper, Cold Starts Using M-85 (85% Methanol):Coping with Low Fuel Volatility and Spark Plug Wetting, SAE Paper, No.910865
[14] Ahmed Soliman, Giorgio Rizzoni, Vasanth Krishnaswami, The Effect of Engine Misfire on Exhaust Emission Levels in Spark Ignition Engiens, SAE Paper, No.950480
[15] Wai K. Cheng, Douglas Hamrin, John B. Heywood, Simone Hochgreb, Kyoungdoug Min, and Michael Norris,An Overview of Hydrocarbon Emissions Mechanisms in Spark-Ignition Engines,SAE Paper, No. 932708
[16] Kuroda H, Nakajima Y, Sugihara K, Takagi Y, Muranaka S. The Fast Burn With Heavy Egr, New Approach for Low NoDx and Improved Fuel Economy, SAE Paper, No.780006
[17] N. A. Henein,M. K. Tagomori,M. K. Yassine,T. W. Asmus,C. P. Thomas,P. G. Hartman,Cycle-by-cycle analysis of HC emissions during cold start of gasoline engines,SAE Paper, No. 952402
[18] Michael J. Sampson, John B. Heywood,Analysis of fuel behavior in the spark-ignition engine start- up process,SAE Paper, No.950678
[19] Keiso Takeda , Takehisa Yaegashi, Kiyonori Sekiquchi, Kimitaka Saito, Nobuo Imatake, Mixture Preparation and HC Emissions of a 4-Valve Engine with Port Fuel Injection During Cold Starting and Warm-up, SAE Paper, No.950074
[20] Rudolf H. Stanglmaier, Matthew J. Hall, Ronald D. Matthews, In-cylinder fuel transport during the first cranking cycles in a port-injected 4-valve engine, SAE Paper, No.970043
[21] Neil D. Thompson, James S. Wallace, Effect of engine operating variables and piston and ring parameters on crevice hydrocarbon emissions, SAE Paper, No. 940480
[22] Kyoungdoug Min, Wai K. Cheng, John B. Heywood, The effects of crevices on the engine-out hydrocarbon emissions in SI engines, SAE Paper, No.940306
[23] E. Bignion, U. Spicher, Investigation of the influence of top land crevice geometry on hydrocarbon emissions from SI engines, SAE Paper, No.982560
[24] V.K. Rao, D.P. Gardiner, M.F. Bardon, Effects of gas leakage and crevices on cold starting of engines, SAE Paper, No. 940078
[25] A.C. Alkidas, R.J. Drews, W.F. Miller, Effects of piston crevice geometry of the steady-state engine- out hydrocarbons emissions of a S.I. engine, SAE Paper, No.952537
[26] F.H. Trinker, R.W. Anderson, Y.I. Henig, W.O. Siegl,E.W. Kaiser, The Effect of Fuel-Oil Solubility on Exhaust HC Emissions, SAE Paper, No. 912349
[27] Kimitaka Saito, Kiyonori Sekiguchi, Nobuo Imatake, Keiso Takeda, Takehisa Yaegashi, A new method to analyze fuel behavior in a spark ignition engine, SAE Paper, No. 950044
[28] Lorusso J A, Kaiser E W, Lavoie G A, In-Cylinder Measurements of Wall Layer Hydrocarbons in a Spark Ignited Engine, Combustion Science and Technology, 1983, 33(4): 75-112
[29] Henein N A, Tagomori M K, Cold Start Hydrocarbon Emissions in Port-injected Gasoline Engines, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 1999, 25(6): 563-593
[30] Edward W. Kaiser, Walter O. Siegl, Frederick H. Trinker, David F. Cotton, Wai K. Cheng, Kristine Drobot, Effect of engine operating parameters on hydrocarbon oxidation in the exhaust port and runner of a spark-ignited engine, SAE Paper, No. 950159
[31] Paul R. Meernik, Alex C. Alkidas, Impact on exhaust valve leakage on engine-out hydrocarbons, SAE Paper, No. 932752
[32] John Hoard, Peter Moilanen, Exhaust valve seat leakage, SAE Paper, No. 971638
[33]刘志敏,李理光,邓保清,基于首次着火循环的低温冷起动特性,燃烧科学与技术,2005,11(4):373-374
[34]李理光,王振锁,基于可控循环着火的电控汽油机冷起动性能研究,汽车工程,2004,26(4):417-422
[35] Liguang Li, Zhensuo Wang, Changming Gong, Investigation of Cold Start Based on Cycle-by-Cycle Control Strategy in a EFI LPG Engine, SAE Paper, No. 2004-01-3059
[36] Igor I. Neyachenko, Method of A/F control during SI engine cold start,SAEPaper, No. 982521
[37] Kaoru Horie, Hitoshi Takahashi, Shusuke Akazaki, Emissions reduction during warm-up period by incorporating a wall-wetting-fuel model on the fuel injection strategy during engine starting, SAE Paper, No. 952478
[38] Kashiwaya M., Kasuge T., Muramatsu M., Makimura T., Ohashi M., The Effect ofAtomization of Fuel Injection, SAE Paper, No. 900261
[39] S. D. Jackson, P. A. Williams, T. Ma, Development of a fuelling system to reduce cold-start hydrocarbon emissions in an SI engine, SAE Paper, No. 961119
[40] Frank Zimmermann, John Bright, Wei-Min Ren, Bill Imoehl, An internally heated tip injector to reduce HC emissions during cold start, SAE Paper, No. 1999-01-0792
[41] Wolfgang Samenfink, Hartmut Albrodt, Michael Frank, Markus Gesk, Anja Melsheimer, Jens Thurso, Martin Matt, Strategies to Reduce Hc Emissions During the Cold Starting of a Port-Fuel-Injected Gasoline Engine, SAE Paper, No. 2003-01-0627
[42] Robert Meyer, Prof John B Heywood, Liquid Fuel Transport Mechanisms Into the Cylinder of a Firing Port-Injected SI Engine During Start Up, SAE Paper, No. 970865
[43] Henning C. Fischer, Giles J. Brereton, Fuel injection strategies to minimize cold-start HC emissions, SAE Paper, No. 970040
[44] J.T. Wentworth, The Piston Crevice Volume Effect on Exhaust Hydrocarbon Emissions, Combustion and Science Technology, 1971, Vol.4, 97-100
[45] Boam D.J., Finlay I.C., Biddulph T.W., Lee R., Richardson S.H., Bloomfield J., Green J.A., Wallace S. Wood W.A., Brown P., The Source of Unburned Hydrocarbon Emissions from Spark Ignition Engines During Cold Starting and Warm-up, Combustion in Engines Technology, Application and the Enviroment. IMechE Paper c448/064, 1992, 57-72
[46] Kyoungdoug Min, Wai K. Cheng, John B. Heywood, The effects of crevices on the engine-out hydrocarbon emissions in SI engines, SAE Paper, No.940306
[47] Li Liguang, Li Gong, Qiu Dongping, Liu Zhimin, Effect of Piston Crevice on Transient HC Emissions of First Firing Cycle at Cold Start on LPG SI Engine, SAE 2007-01-4015
[48] Denis J. Boam, Thomas A. Clark, Kenneth E. Hobbs, The influence of fuel management on unburnt hydrocarbon emissions during the ECE 15 and US FTP drive cycles, SAE Paper, No. 950930
[49] Yunfei Luan, Naeim A. Henein, Contribution of cold- and hot-start transients in engine-out HC emissions, SAE Paper, No.982645
[50] Brigitte M. Castaing, Jim S. Cowart , Wai K. Cheng, Fuel Metering Effects on Hydrocarbon Emissions and Engine Stability During Cranking and Start-up in a Port Fuel Injected Spark Ignition Engine, SAE Paper, No.2000-01-2836
[51] Halim Santoso, Wai K. Cheng, Mixture Preparation and Hydrocarbon Emissions Behaviors in the First Cycle of SI Engine Cranking, SAE Paper, No. 2002-01-2805
[52] Yunfei Luan, Naeim A. Henein and Mauro K. Tagomori, Port-Fuel-Injection Gasoline Engine Cold Start Fuel Calibration, SAE Paper, No.2006-01-1052
[53] Ather A. Quader, Richard F. Majkowski, Cycle-By-Cycle Mixture Strength and Residual-Gas Measurements During Cold Starting, SAE Paper, No. 1999-01-1107
[54] Kuo Chiang Chen, Wai K. Cheng, Doren Jane M. Van, James P. Murphy, Matthew D. Hargus, Sarah A. McSweeney, Time-resolved, speciated emissions from an SI engine during starting and warm-up, SAE Paper, No. 961955
[55] Tagomori, M. K. Cold Start Emissions in Gasoline Engines. Ph.D. Dissertation. 1996. Wayne State University. Detroit .US
[56] Jim Cowart, Air-Fuel Ratio Measurement Diagnostics During Cranking and Startup in a Port-Fuel-Injected Spark-Ignition Engine, SAE Paper, No. 2004-01-1915
[57] Kevin R. Lang, Wai K. Cheng, Effect of Fuel Properties on First Cycle Fuel Delivery in a SI Engine, SAE Paper, No. 2004-01-3057
[58] Wai K. Cheng, Kevin Lang , Mark S. Borland, Christopher P. Thomas, Fuquan Zhao, Effect of Intake Cam Phasing on First Cycle Fuel Delivery and Hc Emissions in An SI Engine, SAE Paper, No. 2004-01-1852
[59] L. J. Hamilton, J. S. Cowart, Cranking-Startup Intake Port and In-Cylinder Mixture Preparation Behavior in a CFR Gasoline Engine, SAE Paper, No. 2007-01-1833
[60] Liguang Li, Zhensuo Wang, Changming Gong, Baoqing Deng, Zongcheng Xiao, Huiping Wang, Investigation of Cold-Start Based on Cycle-By-Cycle Control Strategy in An Efi LPG Engine, SAE Paper, No. 2004-01-3059
[61] Liguang Li, The Characteristic of Transient HC Emissions of the First Firing Cycle During Cold Start on an LPG SI Engine, SAE Paper, No. 2006-01-3403
[62] Liguang Li, Gong Li, Zhimin Liu, Zhi Li, Dongping Qiu, Characteristics of Transient NO Emissions Based on the First Firing Cycle Analysis of Cold-Start, SAE Paper, No. 2006-01-1050
[63] Liguang Li, Gong Li, Dongping Qiu, Mechanism of HC Emissions from Crevice Based on Model Simulation and Transient HC Measurements, SAE Paper, No. 2008-01-1652
[64]栗工,李理光,邱冬平,刘志敏,冷起动首循环瞬态HC排放与进气道燃料输运特性的关系,燃烧科学与技术,2008,14(1):73-78
[65]栗工,李理光,邱冬平,刘志敏,冷起动首循环瞬态HC排放特性试验研究,内燃机学报,2007,25(2):119-124
[66]栗工,乔信起,李理光,邱冬平,肖广飞,LPG点燃式发动机冷起动首循环进气富氧试验研究,内燃机学报,2007,25(1):53-59
[67]栗工,李理光,刘志敏,邱冬平,李志龙,基于循环控制的LPG点燃式发动机冷起动首循环NO瞬态排放特性研究,内燃机学报,2006,24(5):408-413
[68] Gong Li, Liguang Li, Zhimin Liu, Zhilong Li, Dongping Qiu, Real Time NO Emissions Measurement During Cold Start in LPG SI Engine, Energy Conversion and Management, 2007, 48:2508-2516
[69] Zhimin Liu, Liguang Li, Baoqing Deng, Cold Start Characteristics at Low Temperatures Based on the First Firing Cycle in an LPG Engine, Energy Conversion and Management, 2007, 48:395-404
[70]张彤,朱磊,袁银南,陈笃红,王存磊,并联混合动力轿车系统开发与试验匹配研究,汽车工程,2008,30(2):102-105
[71] Piotr Bielaczyc, Jerzy Merkisz, Euro III/Euro IV emissions study of cold-start and warm-up phases with a SI (spark ignition) engine,SAE Paper,No. 1999-01-1073
[72] S H Chan, A Practical Approach for Rapid Catalyst Light-off by Means of Strategic Engine Control, Journal of Automobile Engineering, 2001, 215 (5): 545-555
[73] Chan S. H. and Zhu J., The Significance of High Value of Ignition Retard Control on the Catalyst Light-off. SAE paper, No. 962077
[74] Yong-Seok Cho, Deuk-Sang Kim, Inyong Y. Ohm, An Alternative Method for Fast Light-Off of Catalysts-Cranking Exhaust Gas Ignition, SAE Paper, No. 2002-01-1678
[75] DukSang Kim, Bong Gyun Kang, Yong-Seok Cho, Development of the Unburned Exhaust Gas Ignition (Uegi) Technology to Achieve Fast Light-Off of Catalysts and Emissions Reduction, SAE Paper, No. 2002-01-2899
[76] Alexander Schenck zu Schweinsberg, Martin Klenk, Alf Degen, Engine-Independent Exhaust Gas Aftertreatment Using a Burner Heated Catalyst, SAE Paper, No. 2006-01-3401
[77] Sendilvelan Subramanian, K. Jeyachandran, K. Bhaskar, Experimental Investigation of Emission Control From Spark-Ignition Engine Using Electrically Heated Catalyst, SAE Paper, No. 2001-01-2000
[78] J. Wei, Catalysis for Motor Vehicle Emissions, Advances in Catalysis, 1975, 24: 57-129
[79] Magnus Skoglundh, Peter ThormaK hlen, Erik Fridell, Faegheh Hajbolouri, Edward Jobson, Improved light-off performance by using transient gas compositions in the catalytic treatment of car exhausts,Chemical Engineering Science, 1999, 54:4559-4566
[80] Per-Anders Carlsson, Magnus Skoglundh, Erik Fridell, Edward Jobson, Bengt Andersson, Induced low temperature catalytic ignition by transient changes in the gas composition, Catalysis Today, 2002, 73: 307-313
[81]李俊,王建昕,肖建华,庄人隽,杨伟东,闭环控制系统空燃比波动对三效催化器活性的影响。汽车工程,2000,22(2):134-138
[82] Sergio Tagliaferri, Rene A. Koppel, Alfons Baiker, Influence of Rhodium- and Ceria-promotion of Automotive Palladium Catalyst on its Catalytic Behavior under Steady-state and Dynamic operation, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental , 1998, 15 :159-177
[83] Yuetao Zhang, Experimental and Numerical Study of the Behavior of Three-way Catalystic Converters under Different Engine Operation Conditions, Ph.D. Dissertation, MIT, US, 2005
[84] R.K.Herz, Dynamic Behavior of Automotive Catalysis. 1. Catalyst Oxidation and Reduction, Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 1981,20: 451-457
[85] Tarig Shamim, Huixian Shen, Subrata Sengupta, Comparison of Chemical Kinetic Mechanisms in Simulating the Emission Characteristics of Catalytic Converters, SAE Paper, No. 2000-01-1953
[86] G.C. Koltsakis, Modeling Dynamic Phenomena in three-way Catalytic Converters, Chemical Engineering Science, 1999, 54: 4567-4578
[87] Padeste L., Baiker A., Three-way Catalysts in a Hybrid Drive System.I.Experimental Study of Dynamic Behavior. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 1994, 33 :1113-1119
[88]李红朋,秦大同,杨阳,徐佳曙,汽车发动机起动过程的动力学仿真,重庆大学学报(自然科学版),2005.6
[89] Wai K. Cheng, Tim Summers and Nick Collings, The Fast-Response Flame Ionization Detector, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 1998, 24:89-124
[90] HFR500 Fast Response FID Hydrocarbon Measurement System User Manual, Version 2.8, Cambustion Limited, 2004
[91] CLD 500 Fast NOx Measurement System User Manual, Version 2.1, Cambustion Limited, 2007
[92] Michael Mladek and Christopher H. Onder. A Model for the Estimation of Inducted Air Mass and the Residual Gas Fraction using Cylinder Pressure Measurements, SAE Paper 2000-01-0958
[93] Myung Yoon Kim, Dae Sik Kim, and Chang Sik Lee, Effect of Residual Gas Fraction on the Combustion Characteristics of Butane—Air Mixtures in the Constant-Volume Chamber. Energy and Fuels, 2003, 17(3): 755-761
[94]栗工,基于循环控制的LPG点燃式发动机冷起动瞬态排放特性研究,上海交通大学博士学位论文,2007,上海
[95] Daniel Klein, Wai K. Cheng, Spark Ignition Engine Hydrocarbon Emissions Behaviors in Stopping and Restarting, SAE Paper, No. 2002-01-2804
[96]黄开胜,金振华,张云龙,并联式混合动力车汽油发动机的起动和暖机过程研究,内燃机工程,2007,28(2):6-9
[97]刘志敏,电控喷射LPG摩托车燃烧与排放控制策略研究,上海交通大学博士学位论文,2006,上海
[98] Paul Davis, Mark S. Peckham, Measurement of Cycle-by-Cycle AFR Using a Fast Response NDIR Analyzer for Cold Start Fuelling Calibration Applications, SAE Paper, No. 2006-01-1515
[99]胡玉才,铈锆镨氧化物固溶体在三效催化器中的应用,稀有金属材料与工程,2005,34(8):1299-1301
[100]冯长根,樊国栋,刘霞,三效催化器中促进氧化铈的作用研究进展,化工进展,2005,24(3):227-230