基于盲提取的彩色图像数字水印算法研究
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摘要
随着计算机技术和网络技术的快速发展,数字产品尤其是数字彩色图像得以在Internet上大量传播,但是因其自身容易获得、易于大量复制的特点也使得其版权保护越来越困难,盗版和侵权等问题也越来越严重,因此,无论是利用数字彩色图像作为宿主图像还是用之作为水印的彩色图像数字水印技术越来越受到人们的重视,成为图像水印技术的热点之一。
本文从分析已有相关研究工作的特点及其局限性入手,以实现彩色图像数字水印盲提取为目的,分别从水印容量、鲁棒性、不可见性、算法执行效率等不同角度,利用空域、变换域、矩阵分解等技术,对彩色图像数字水印算法进行比较深入地研究,取得了一些有意义的成果。主要研究内容如下：
(1)从分析空域算法和变换域算法的优点出发,提出了一种新的在空域中实现基于DCT变换的彩色图像盲水印算法。根据DCT变换的原理,分析并利用其DC系数的形成过程,无需进行DCT变换,在空域中就可计算出每一8×8分块的DC系数,同时利用系数量化技术将二值水印重复嵌入4次获得含水印的彩色图像。盲提取水印后,根据“先选择后组合”及“少数服从多数”的原则决定所提取的二值水印。该算法既具有空域算法效率高的优点,又具有变换域算法鲁棒性强的优点。
(2)针对彩色图像水印所含信息量大且难以嵌入的特点,提出了一种新的基于整数小波变换和状态编码的双彩色图像水印算法。该算法既利用整数小波变换不存在舍入误差的特点,也利用了所提出的状态编码技术能以非二进制信息形式来表示水印像素信息的特点。通过改变分组数据状态码的方法来嵌入水印,在提取水印时可以直接利用分组数据的状态码来提取所嵌入水印信息。仿真结果表明,该算法能够保证大容量彩色水印信息的嵌入。
(3)针对如何有效地提高彩色图像水印的不可见性问题,提出了基于SVD的双彩色图像数字水印算法。通过分析SVD的特点,提出了新的矩阵优化补偿的方案。嵌入水印时,将4×4像素块进行SVD分解,并修改其U分量第二行第一列元素与第三行第
一列元素来嵌入水印；然后,通过改进的优化方法来补偿含水印的像素块,进一步提高水印的不可见性。提取水印时,直接根据含水印图像的U分量中被修改元素的关系来提取所嵌入的水印。实验结果表明,该水印算法不但克服了SVD虚警检测的错误,而且具有较好的水印不可见性。
(4)针对彩色图像水印鲁棒性较差的问题,提出了基于Schur分解的彩色图像算法。首先,研究了矩阵的Schur分解理论及图像矩阵块Schur分解后的特点；然后,通过修改系数之间的关系来嵌入水印。实验结果表明,该算法不但具有具有较好的不可见性而且具有较强的鲁棒性。
(5)针对彩色图像水印算法执行时间长的问题,提出了一种高效的基于QR分解的彩色图像盲水印算法。首先,对图像矩阵经QR分解后的嵌入水印的条件进行了分析讨论；然后,对每个选定的4×4像素块进行QR分解,通过对矩阵R的第一行第四列元素的量化来嵌入水印信息。提取水印过程中,不需要原始宿主图像和原始水印图像。仿真结果表明,该算法不但满足了水印性能的不可见性和鲁棒性要求,而且具有很高的执行效率。
With the rapid development of computer technology and network technology, the digital products, e.g., digital color image, have been widely spread on the Internet, due to the characteristics of easily get and copy, which also makes the copyright protection of digital color image become more difficult and the piracy and copyright infringement become more and more serious. Therefore, whether using the color image as host image or as watermark image, the digital color image watermarking technology has already become one of the hot research fields and has been receiving more and more attention.
By analyzing the features and limitations of some existing works, this thesis has proposed some novel blind-extraction-based watermarking methods by means of some advanced technologies of image transform and matrix decomposition, in which the watermark capacity, robustness, invisibility, and algorithm efficiency have been investigated, respectively. Moreover, a considerable of experiments have been provided to illustrate the performances of the proposed methods.
The main contribution of this thesis is as follows:
(1) By incorporating the advantages of spatial domain and transform domain, a new DCT-based blind color image watermarking algorithm in the spatial domain has been proposed. According to the generating principle and the distribution feature of Direct Current (DC) coefficient in DCT transformation, DC coefficients of each8X8block are directly calculated in spatial domain, and each watermark information bit is repeatedly embedded for four times by means of the coefficient quantization method. In this method, the watermark can be extracted from the watermarked image without the requirement of the original watermark or the original host image, and the final binary watermark is decided by the principles of first select the combination and majority vote. It has been shown from experimental results that the proposed method not only attains the higher robustness, but also has lower-computation complexity.
(2) Aiming at the problem that color watermark image has more information bits and is not easily embedded, a novel dule color image blind watermarking algorithm has been proposed by utilizing state-coding and Integer Wavelet Transform (IWT). This method not only use the feature that the IWT does not exist rounding error, but also use the proposed state coding method that using the non-binary information to represent the watermark information. When embedding watermark, the state code of data set is modified to equal the hiding watermark information. Moreover, the rules of state coding are also used to extract watermark from the watermarked image without resorting to the original watermark or original host image. The simulation results show that the algorithm can embed high-capacity color watermark information into color host image.
(3) In order to effectively enhance the invisibility of embedded color watermark, a SVD-based color image watermarking method has been proposed. When embedding watermark, the watermark bit is embedded into4×4block by modifying the second row first column and the third row first column elements of U component after SVD. Then, the embedded block is compensated by the proposed optimization operation. The embedded watermark is directly extracted from various attacked images by using the relation between the modified elements of U component without resorting to the original data. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm not only overcomes the shortcoming of false positive detection, but also attains better invisibility.
(4) Aiming at the problem that the color watermarking method has weak robust, a color image blind watermarking algorithm has been proposed, in which Schur decomposition has been utilized. Firstly, the theory of the Schur decomposition and the feature of decomposed image block are further analysized. Then, the relationship between the coefficients not only is modified to embed watermark, but also is used to blind extract watermark. Experimental results show that not only the invisibility of the proposed algorithm is ensured, but also the robustness is significantly enhanced.
(5) Considering the problem that some existing color image watermaings need more times to work, an efficient color image blind watermarking algorithm based on QR decomposition has been proposed. Firstly, the color host image is divided to4X4non-overlapping pixel blocks. Then, each selected pixel block is decomposed by adopting QR decomposition, and the first row forth column element in the matrix R is quantified for embedding the watermark information. In the extraction procedure, the watermark can be extracted from the watermarked image without the original host image and the original watermark image. The simulation results show that the algorithm not only meet the requirements of the invisibility and robustness of the watermark performance, but also has high efficiency in computation complexity.
本文从分析已有相关研究工作的特点及其局限性入手,以实现彩色图像数字水印盲提取为目的,分别从水印容量、鲁棒性、不可见性、算法执行效率等不同角度,利用空域、变换域、矩阵分解等技术,对彩色图像数字水印算法进行比较深入地研究,取得了一些有意义的成果。主要研究内容如下：
(1)从分析空域算法和变换域算法的优点出发,提出了一种新的在空域中实现基于DCT变换的彩色图像盲水印算法。根据DCT变换的原理,分析并利用其DC系数的形成过程,无需进行DCT变换,在空域中就可计算出每一8×8分块的DC系数,同时利用系数量化技术将二值水印重复嵌入4次获得含水印的彩色图像。盲提取水印后,根据“先选择后组合”及“少数服从多数”的原则决定所提取的二值水印。该算法既具有空域算法效率高的优点,又具有变换域算法鲁棒性强的优点。
(2)针对彩色图像水印所含信息量大且难以嵌入的特点,提出了一种新的基于整数小波变换和状态编码的双彩色图像水印算法。该算法既利用整数小波变换不存在舍入误差的特点,也利用了所提出的状态编码技术能以非二进制信息形式来表示水印像素信息的特点。通过改变分组数据状态码的方法来嵌入水印,在提取水印时可以直接利用分组数据的状态码来提取所嵌入水印信息。仿真结果表明,该算法能够保证大容量彩色水印信息的嵌入。
(3)针对如何有效地提高彩色图像水印的不可见性问题,提出了基于SVD的双彩色图像数字水印算法。通过分析SVD的特点,提出了新的矩阵优化补偿的方案。嵌入水印时,将4×4像素块进行SVD分解,并修改其U分量第二行第一列元素与第三行第
一列元素来嵌入水印；然后,通过改进的优化方法来补偿含水印的像素块,进一步提高水印的不可见性。提取水印时,直接根据含水印图像的U分量中被修改元素的关系来提取所嵌入的水印。实验结果表明,该水印算法不但克服了SVD虚警检测的错误,而且具有较好的水印不可见性。
(4)针对彩色图像水印鲁棒性较差的问题,提出了基于Schur分解的彩色图像算法。首先,研究了矩阵的Schur分解理论及图像矩阵块Schur分解后的特点；然后,通过修改系数之间的关系来嵌入水印。实验结果表明,该算法不但具有具有较好的不可见性而且具有较强的鲁棒性。
(5)针对彩色图像水印算法执行时间长的问题,提出了一种高效的基于QR分解的彩色图像盲水印算法。首先,对图像矩阵经QR分解后的嵌入水印的条件进行了分析讨论；然后,对每个选定的4×4像素块进行QR分解,通过对矩阵R的第一行第四列元素的量化来嵌入水印信息。提取水印过程中,不需要原始宿主图像和原始水印图像。仿真结果表明,该算法不但满足了水印性能的不可见性和鲁棒性要求,而且具有很高的执行效率。
With the rapid development of computer technology and network technology, the digital products, e.g., digital color image, have been widely spread on the Internet, due to the characteristics of easily get and copy, which also makes the copyright protection of digital color image become more difficult and the piracy and copyright infringement become more and more serious. Therefore, whether using the color image as host image or as watermark image, the digital color image watermarking technology has already become one of the hot research fields and has been receiving more and more attention.
By analyzing the features and limitations of some existing works, this thesis has proposed some novel blind-extraction-based watermarking methods by means of some advanced technologies of image transform and matrix decomposition, in which the watermark capacity, robustness, invisibility, and algorithm efficiency have been investigated, respectively. Moreover, a considerable of experiments have been provided to illustrate the performances of the proposed methods.
The main contribution of this thesis is as follows:
(1) By incorporating the advantages of spatial domain and transform domain, a new DCT-based blind color image watermarking algorithm in the spatial domain has been proposed. According to the generating principle and the distribution feature of Direct Current (DC) coefficient in DCT transformation, DC coefficients of each8X8block are directly calculated in spatial domain, and each watermark information bit is repeatedly embedded for four times by means of the coefficient quantization method. In this method, the watermark can be extracted from the watermarked image without the requirement of the original watermark or the original host image, and the final binary watermark is decided by the principles of first select the combination and majority vote. It has been shown from experimental results that the proposed method not only attains the higher robustness, but also has lower-computation complexity.
(2) Aiming at the problem that color watermark image has more information bits and is not easily embedded, a novel dule color image blind watermarking algorithm has been proposed by utilizing state-coding and Integer Wavelet Transform (IWT). This method not only use the feature that the IWT does not exist rounding error, but also use the proposed state coding method that using the non-binary information to represent the watermark information. When embedding watermark, the state code of data set is modified to equal the hiding watermark information. Moreover, the rules of state coding are also used to extract watermark from the watermarked image without resorting to the original watermark or original host image. The simulation results show that the algorithm can embed high-capacity color watermark information into color host image.
(3) In order to effectively enhance the invisibility of embedded color watermark, a SVD-based color image watermarking method has been proposed. When embedding watermark, the watermark bit is embedded into4×4block by modifying the second row first column and the third row first column elements of U component after SVD. Then, the embedded block is compensated by the proposed optimization operation. The embedded watermark is directly extracted from various attacked images by using the relation between the modified elements of U component without resorting to the original data. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm not only overcomes the shortcoming of false positive detection, but also attains better invisibility.
(4) Aiming at the problem that the color watermarking method has weak robust, a color image blind watermarking algorithm has been proposed, in which Schur decomposition has been utilized. Firstly, the theory of the Schur decomposition and the feature of decomposed image block are further analysized. Then, the relationship between the coefficients not only is modified to embed watermark, but also is used to blind extract watermark. Experimental results show that not only the invisibility of the proposed algorithm is ensured, but also the robustness is significantly enhanced.
(5) Considering the problem that some existing color image watermaings need more times to work, an efficient color image blind watermarking algorithm based on QR decomposition has been proposed. Firstly, the color host image is divided to4X4non-overlapping pixel blocks. Then, each selected pixel block is decomposed by adopting QR decomposition, and the first row forth column element in the matrix R is quantified for embedding the watermark information. In the extraction procedure, the watermark can be extracted from the watermarked image without the original host image and the original watermark image. The simulation results show that the algorithm not only meet the requirements of the invisibility and robustness of the watermark performance, but also has high efficiency in computation complexity.
引文
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