早期原发韦氏环NK/T细胞淋巴瘤调强放疗的剂量学和临床结果
|
摘要
目的：评价早期原发韦氏环NK/T细胞淋巴瘤(Natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, NKTCL)接受调强放疗的靶区涵盖度、正常组织照射剂量、治疗毒性反应和预后。
方法与材料：2005年3月至2012年8月,30例早期原发韦氏环NKTCL接受以根治性调强放疗为主的综合治疗,其中Ann Arbor分期Ⅰ期16例,Ⅱ期14例。53%的患者有鼻腔受侵,70%有B组症状。靶区勾画遵循扩大野原则,根治剂量50Gy,颈部预防照射剂量40Gy。分析剂量-体积直方图评价靶区和危及器官剂量学参数。Kaplan-Meier方法计算总生存率(OS)、无进展生存率(PFS)和局部区域控制率(LRC)。
结果：根治性放疗区(PTVso)和预防性治疗区(PTV40)的中位平均剂量分别为53.2和43.0Gy。接受<95%处方剂量的PTVso和PTV40百分比分别为1.4%和0.9%。PTVso的适形指数中位值为0.85。全组的2年OS、PFS和LRC分别为71.2%、57.4%和87.8%。鼻腔受侵和未受侵者的2年OS分别为54%和93%(P=0.017),2年PFS分别为44%和75%(P=0.023)。失败模式以远处淋巴结和/或结外脏器转移为主(11/13例,84.6%)。共有14例患者(46.7%)发生1-2级急性毒性反应,16例(53.3%)发生3-4级急性毒性反应,其中有26.7%和33.3%的患者分别发生≥3级急性吞咽困难和3级急性黏膜炎。晚期毒性反应以口干(1、2级发生率分别为68.2%和27.3%)最常见,发生2级晚期口干的患者双侧腮腺中位平均剂量显著高于0、1级晚期口干患者(31.4Gy vs.25.7Gy, P=0.018)。
结论：早期原发韦氏环NKTCL患者接受IMRT可实现良好的靶区覆盖和适形度,并取得良好的局部控制率和总生存率。毒性反应可耐受,腮腺照射剂量与晚期口干严重程度相关。
Purpose:To assess the target coverage, normal tissue sparing, toxicity, and treatment outcome of high-dose extended-field intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in patients with early-stage NK/T-cell lymphoma (NKTCL) of Waldeyer ring.
Methods and Materials:Between March2005and August2012,30patients with early-stage NKTCL of Waldeyer ring received curative IMRT with or without chemotherapy. All patients had Ann Arbor stage Ⅰ (16,53%) or Ⅱ (14,47%) disease.53%of patients had nasal invasion and70%presented with B symptoms. Target volume was contoured following the extended-field approach. The curative dose was50Gy, and the prophylactic dose was40Gy for the cervical and supraclavicular lymph nodes. The dose-volume histograms of the target volume and critical normal structures were evaluated in all patients. The overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and locoregional control (LRC) were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method.
Results:The median average dose to the PTV50and PTV40were53.2Gy and43.0Gy, respectively. The percentage of PTV50and PTV40receiving less than95%of the prescribed dose were1.4%and0.9%, respectively. The median conformity index of PTV50was0.85. The2-year OS, PFS and LRC in the whole group were71.2%,57.4%, and87.8%, respectively. The2-year OS and PFS were54%and44%for patients with nasal invasion, and93%and75%for patients without (P=0.017for OS; P=0.023for PFS). Distant nodal and/or extranodal metastasis was the primary pattern of failure (11of13patients,84.6%). Fourteen (46.7%) patients had grade1-2acute toxicities and16patients (53.3%) had grade3-4acute toxicities.23.3%and33.3%of patients had grade>3acute dysphagia and grade3acute mucositis, respectively. Grade1and grade2late xerostomia were the most common late toxicities, observed in15(68%) and6(27%) patients, respectively. The mean dose to the parotid glands was significantly higher in patients with grade2late xerostomia than in patients with grade0-1late xerostomia (31.4Gy vs.25.7Gy,P=0.018).
Conclusions:In patients with early-stage NK/T-cell lymphoma of Waldeyer ring, IMRT achieved excellent target coverage and conformity, as well as favorable overall survival and local control. Treatment-related toxicities were acceptable. The severity of late xerostomia was associated with the mean dose to the parotid glands.
方法与材料：2005年3月至2012年8月,30例早期原发韦氏环NKTCL接受以根治性调强放疗为主的综合治疗,其中Ann Arbor分期Ⅰ期16例,Ⅱ期14例。53%的患者有鼻腔受侵,70%有B组症状。靶区勾画遵循扩大野原则,根治剂量50Gy,颈部预防照射剂量40Gy。分析剂量-体积直方图评价靶区和危及器官剂量学参数。Kaplan-Meier方法计算总生存率(OS)、无进展生存率(PFS)和局部区域控制率(LRC)。
结果：根治性放疗区(PTVso)和预防性治疗区(PTV40)的中位平均剂量分别为53.2和43.0Gy。接受<95%处方剂量的PTVso和PTV40百分比分别为1.4%和0.9%。PTVso的适形指数中位值为0.85。全组的2年OS、PFS和LRC分别为71.2%、57.4%和87.8%。鼻腔受侵和未受侵者的2年OS分别为54%和93%(P=0.017),2年PFS分别为44%和75%(P=0.023)。失败模式以远处淋巴结和/或结外脏器转移为主(11/13例,84.6%)。共有14例患者(46.7%)发生1-2级急性毒性反应,16例(53.3%)发生3-4级急性毒性反应,其中有26.7%和33.3%的患者分别发生≥3级急性吞咽困难和3级急性黏膜炎。晚期毒性反应以口干(1、2级发生率分别为68.2%和27.3%)最常见,发生2级晚期口干的患者双侧腮腺中位平均剂量显著高于0、1级晚期口干患者(31.4Gy vs.25.7Gy, P=0.018)。
结论：早期原发韦氏环NKTCL患者接受IMRT可实现良好的靶区覆盖和适形度,并取得良好的局部控制率和总生存率。毒性反应可耐受,腮腺照射剂量与晚期口干严重程度相关。
Purpose:To assess the target coverage, normal tissue sparing, toxicity, and treatment outcome of high-dose extended-field intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in patients with early-stage NK/T-cell lymphoma (NKTCL) of Waldeyer ring.
Methods and Materials:Between March2005and August2012,30patients with early-stage NKTCL of Waldeyer ring received curative IMRT with or without chemotherapy. All patients had Ann Arbor stage Ⅰ (16,53%) or Ⅱ (14,47%) disease.53%of patients had nasal invasion and70%presented with B symptoms. Target volume was contoured following the extended-field approach. The curative dose was50Gy, and the prophylactic dose was40Gy for the cervical and supraclavicular lymph nodes. The dose-volume histograms of the target volume and critical normal structures were evaluated in all patients. The overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and locoregional control (LRC) were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method.
Results:The median average dose to the PTV50and PTV40were53.2Gy and43.0Gy, respectively. The percentage of PTV50and PTV40receiving less than95%of the prescribed dose were1.4%and0.9%, respectively. The median conformity index of PTV50was0.85. The2-year OS, PFS and LRC in the whole group were71.2%,57.4%, and87.8%, respectively. The2-year OS and PFS were54%and44%for patients with nasal invasion, and93%and75%for patients without (P=0.017for OS; P=0.023for PFS). Distant nodal and/or extranodal metastasis was the primary pattern of failure (11of13patients,84.6%). Fourteen (46.7%) patients had grade1-2acute toxicities and16patients (53.3%) had grade3-4acute toxicities.23.3%and33.3%of patients had grade>3acute dysphagia and grade3acute mucositis, respectively. Grade1and grade2late xerostomia were the most common late toxicities, observed in15(68%) and6(27%) patients, respectively. The mean dose to the parotid glands was significantly higher in patients with grade2late xerostomia than in patients with grade0-1late xerostomia (31.4Gy vs.25.7Gy,P=0.018).
Conclusions:In patients with early-stage NK/T-cell lymphoma of Waldeyer ring, IMRT achieved excellent target coverage and conformity, as well as favorable overall survival and local control. Treatment-related toxicities were acceptable. The severity of late xerostomia was associated with the mean dose to the parotid glands.
引文
1. Chan JK, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Ferry J, et al. Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type [A]. In Swerdlow S, Campo E, Harris N et al.:World Health Organization Classification of Tumours:Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues,8th Edition [M]. Lyon, France:IARC Press 2008; 285-288.
2. Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Stein H, et al. A revised European-American classification of lymphoid neoplasms:a proposal from the International Lymphoma Study Group [J]. Blood,1994,84(5):1361-1392.
3. Chan JK, Sin VC, Wong KF, et al. Nonnasal lymphoma expressing the natural killer cell marker CD56:a clinicopathologic study of 49 cases of an uncommon aggressive neoplasm [J]. Blood,1997,89(12):4501-4513.
4. Au WY, Weisenburger DD, Intragumtornchai T, et al. Clinical differences between nasal and extranasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma:a study of 136 cases from the International Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma Project [J]. Blood,2009,113(17): 3931-3937.
5. Lee J, Suh C, Park YH, et al. Extranodal natural killer T-cell lymphoma, nasal-type: a prognostic model from a retrospective multicenter study [J]. J Clin Oncol,2006, 24(4):612-618.
6. Kim TM, Lee SY, Jeon YK, et al. Clinical heterogeneity of extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type:a national survey of the Korean Cancer Study Group [J]. Ann Oncol,2008,19(8):1477-1484.
7. Jo JC, Yoon DH, Kim S, et al. Clinical features and prognostic model for extranasal NK/T-cell lymphoma [J]. Eur J Haematol,2012,89(2):103-110.
8. Lee J, Kim WS, Park YH, et al. Nasal-type NK/T cell lymphoma:clinical features and treatment outcome [J]. Br J Cancer,2005,92(7):1226-1230.
9. Lee J, Park YH, Kim WS, et al. Extranodal nasal type NK/T-cell lymphoma: elucidating clinical prognostic factors for risk-based stratification of therapy [J]. Eur J Cancer,2005,41(10):1402-1408.
10. Li YX, Fang H, Liu QF, et al. Clinical features and treatment outcome of nasal-type NK/T-cell lymphoma of Waldeyer ring [J]. Blood,2008,112(8):3057-3064.
11. Li YX, Liu QF, Fang H, et al. Variable clinical presentations of nasal and Waldeyer ring natural killer/T-cell lymphoma [J]. Clin Cancer Res,2009,15(8):2905-2912.
12. Li YX, Coucke PA, Li JY, et al. Primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the nasal cavity:prognostic significance of paranasal extension and the role of radiotherapy and chemotherapy[J]. Cancer,1998,83(3):449-456.
13. Li YX, Liu QF, Wang WH, et al. Failure patterns and clinical implications in early stage nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma treated with primary radiotherapy [J]. Cancer,2011,117(22):5203-5211.
14. Li YX, Wang H, Jin J, et al. Radiotherapy alone with curative intent in patients with stage I extranodal nasal-type NK/T-cell lymphoma [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2012,82(5):1809-1815.
15. Li YX, Yao B, Jin J, et al. Radiotherapy as primary treatment for stage ⅠE and ⅡE nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma [J]. J Clin Oncol,2006,24(1):181-189.
16. Wang H, Li YX, Wang WH, et al. Mild toxicity and favorable prognosis of high-dose and extended involved-field intensity-modulated radiotherapy for patients with early-stage nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2012,82(3): 1115-1121.
17. Wang ZY, Li YX, Wang WH, et al. Primary radiotherapy showed favorable outcome in treating extranodal nasal-type NK/T-cell lymphoma in children and adolescents [J]. Blood,2009,114(23):4771-4776.
18. Kam MK, Teo PM, Chau RM, et al. Treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma with intensity-modulated radiotherapy:the Hong Kong experience [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2004,60(5):1440-1450.
19. Peng G, Wang T, Yang KY, et al. A prospective, randomized study comparing outcomes and toxicities of intensity-modulated radiotherapy vs. conventional two-dimensional radiotherapy for the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma [J]. Radiother Oncol,2012,104(3):286-293.
20. Kuang WL, Zhou Q, Shen LF. Outcomes and prognostic factors of conformal radiotherapy versus intensity-modulated radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma [J]. Clin Transl Oncol,2012,14(10):783-790.
21. Setton J, Caria N, Romanyshyn J, et al. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy in the treatment of oropharyngeal cancer:an update of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center experience [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2012,82(1):291-298.
22. Shipp MA, Harrington DP, Anderson JR, et al. A predictive model for aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The International Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Prognostic Factors Project[J]. N Engl J Med,1993,329(14):987-994.
23. Paddick I. A simple scoring ratio to index the conformity of radio surgical treatment plans. Technical note [J]. J Neurosurg,2000,93 Suppl 3:219-222.
24. Murshed H, Liu HH, Liao Z, et al. Dose and volume reduction for normal lung using intensity-modulated radiotherapy for advanced-stage non-small-cell lung cancer [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2004,58(4):1258-1267.
25. Trotti A, Colevas AD, Setser A, et al. CTCAE v3.0:development of a comprehensive grading system for the adverse effects of cancer treatment [J]. Semin Radiat Oncol, 2003,13(3):176-181.
26. Cox JD, Stetz J, Pajak TF. Toxicity criteria of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,1995,31(5):1341-1346.
27. Cheson BD, Horning SJ, Coiffier B, et al. Report of an international workshop to standardize response criteria for non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. NCI Sponsored International Working Group [J]. J Clin Oncol,1999,17(4):1244.
28. Hsin CH, Chen TH, Young YH, et al. Comparison of otologic complications between intensity-modulated and two-dimensional radiotherapies in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients [J]. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg,2010,143(5):662-668.
29. Kam MK, Leung SF, Zee B, et al. Prospective randomized study of intensity-modulated radiotherapy on salivary gland function in early-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients [J]. J Clin Oncol,2007,25(31):4873-4879.
30. Lai SZ, Li WF, Chen L, et al. How does intensity-modulated radiotherapy versus conventional two-dimensional radiotherapy influence the treatment results in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients? [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2011,80(3): 661-668.
31. Chao KS, Majhail N, Huang CJ, et al. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy reduces late salivary toxicity without compromising tumor control in patients with oropharyngeal carcinoma:a comparison with conventional techniques [J]. Radiother Oncol,2001,61(3):275-280.
32. Peponi E, Glanzmann C, Kunz G, et al. Simultaneous integrated boost intensity-modulated radiotherapy (SIBIMRT) in nasopharyngeal cancer [J]. Strahlenther Onkol,2010,186(3):135-142.
33. Poon I, Xia P, Weinberg V, et al. A treatment planning analysis of inverse-planned and forward-planned intensity-modulated radiation therapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2007,69(5):1625-1633.
34. Palazzi M, Orlandi E, Bossi P, et al. Further improvement in outcomes of nasopharyngeal carcinoma with optimized radiotherapy and induction plus concomitant chemotherapy:an update of the Milan experience [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2009,74(3):774-780.
35. Teoh M, Beveridge S, Wood K, et al. Volumetric-modulated arc therapy (RapidArc) vs. conventional fixed-field intensity-modulated radiotherapy for (1)(8)F-FDG-PET-guided dose escalation in oropharyngeal cancer:a planning study [J]. Med Dosim,2013,38(1):18-24.
36. Zheng BM, Dong XX, Wu H, et al. Dosimetry Comparison between Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy with Rapid Arcand Fixed Field Dynamic IMRT for Local-Regionally Advanced Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma [J]. Chin J Cancer Res, 2011,23(4):259-264.
37. Lu SH, Cheng JC, Kuo SH, et al. Volumetric modulated arc therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma:a dosimetric comparison with TomoTherapy and step-and-shoot IMRT [J]. Radiother Oncol,2012,104(3):324-330.
38. Massager N, Lonneville S, Delbrouck C, et al. Dosimetric and clinical analysis of spatial distribution of the radiation dose in gamma knife radiosurgery for vestibular schwannoma [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2011,81(4):e511-518.
39. Gevaert T, Levivier M, Lacornerie T, et al. Dosimetric comparison of different treatment modalities for stereotactic radiosurgery of arteriovenous malformations and acoustic neuromas [J]. Radiother Oncol,2013,106(2):192-197.
40. Blanco AI, Chao KS, El Naqa I, et al. Dose-volume modeling of salivary function in patients with head-and-neck cancer receiving radiotherapy [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2005,62(4):1055-1069.
41. Eisbruch A, Ten Haken RK, Kim HM, et al. Dose, volume, and function relationships in parotid salivary glands following conformal and intensity-modulated irradiation of head and neck cancer [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,1999,45(3): 577-587.
42. Saleh-Ebrahimi L, Zwicker F, Muenter MW, et al. Intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) combined with concurrent but not adjuvant chemotherapy in primary nasopharyngeal cancer-a retrospective single center analysis [J]. Radiat Oncol, 2013,8:20.
43. Wang R, Wu F, Lu H, et al. Definitive intensity-modulated radiation therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma:long-term outcome of a multicenter prospective study [J]. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol,2013,139(1):139-145.
44. Su SF, Han F, Zhao C, et al. Long-term outcomes of early-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy alone [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2012,82(1):327-333.
45. Chen A, Lee N, Yang C, et al. Comparison of intensity-modulated radiotherapy using helical tomotherapy and segmental multileaf collimator-based techniques for nasopharyngeal carcinoma:dosimetric analysis incorporating quality assurance guidelines from RTOG 0225 [J]. Technol Cancer Res Treat,2010,9(3):291-298.
46. Ma HH, Qian LT, Pan HF, et al. Treatment outcome of radiotherapy alone versus radiochemotherapy in early stage nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma [J]. Med Oncol,2010,27(3):798-806.
47. Cheung MM, Chan JK, Lau WH, et al. Early stage nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma: clinical outcome, prognostic factors, and the effect of treatment modality [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2002,54(1):182-190.
48. Kim BS, Kim TY, Kim CW, et al. Therapeutic outcome of extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma initially treated with chemotherapy--result of chemotherapy in NK/T-cell lymphoma [J]. Acta Oncol,2003,42(7):779-783.
49. Kim GE, Lee SW, Chang SK, et al. Combined chemotherapy and radiation versus radiation alone in the management of localized angiocentric lymphoma of the head and neck [J]. Radiother Oncol,2001,61(3):261-269.
50. Kim SJ, Kim K, Kim BS, et al. Phase II trial of concurrent radiation and weekly cisplatin followed by VIPD chemotherapy in newly diagnosed, stage ⅠE to ⅡE, nasal, extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma:Consortium for Improving Survival of Lymphoma study [J]. J Clin Oncol,2009,27(35):6027-6032.
51. Kim WS, Song SY, Ahn YC, et al. CHOP followed by involved field radiation:is it optimal for localized nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma? [J]. Ann Oncol,2001, 12(3):349-352.
52. Huang JJ, Zhu YJ, Xia Y, et al. A novel prognostic model for extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma [J]. Med Oncol,2012,29(3):2183-2190.
53. Kim TM, Park YH, Lee SY, et al. Local tumor invasiveness is more predictive of survival than International Prognostic Index in stage Ⅰ(E)/Ⅱ(E) extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type [J]. Blood,2005,106(12):3785-3790.
54. You JY, Chi KH, Yang MH, et al. Radiation therapy versus chemotherapy as initial treatment for localized nasal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma:a single institute survey in Taiwan [J]. Ann Oncol,2004,15(4):618-625.
55. Wang L, Xia ZJ, Huang HQ, et al. Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) in the treatment of stage ⅠE/ⅡE extranodal natural killer/T cell lymphoma, nasal type:13-year follow-up in 135 patients [J]. Int J Hematol,2012, 96(5):617-623.
1. Chan JK, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Ferry J, et al. Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type [A]. In Swerdlow S, Campo E, Harris N et al.:World Health Organization Classification of Tumours:Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues,8th Edition [M]. Lyon, France:IARC Press 2008; 285-288.
2. Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Stein H, et al. A revised European-American classification of lymphoid neoplasms:a proposal from the International Lymphoma Study Group [J]. Blood,1994,84(5):1361-1392.
3. Vose J, Armitage J, Weisenburger D, et al. International peripheral T-cell and natural killer/T-cell lymphoma study:pathology findings and clinical outcomes [J]. J Clin Oncol,2008,26(25):4124-4130.
4. Li YX, Liu QF, Fang H, et al. Variable clinical presentations of nasal and Waldeyer ring natural killer/T-cell lymphoma [J]. Clin Cancer Res,2009,15(8):2905-2912.
5. Li YX, Fang H, Liu QF, et al. Clinical features and treatment outcome of nasal-type NK/T-cell lymphoma of Waldeyer ring [J]. Blood,2008,112(8):3057-3064.
6. Li YX, Liu QF, Wang WH, et al. Failure patterns and clinical implications in early stage nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma treated with primary radiotherapy [J]. Cancer,2011,117(22):5203-5211.
7. Li YX, Wang H, Jin J, et al. Radiotherapy alone with curative intent in patients with stage I extranodal nasal-type NK/T-cell lymphoma [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2012,82(5):1809-1815.
8. Li YX, Yao B, Jin J, et al. Radiotherapy as primary treatment for stage IE and HE nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma [J]. J Clin Oncol,2006,24(1):181-189.
9. Ma HH, Qian LT, Pan HF, et al. Treatment outcome of radiotherapy alone versus radiochemotherapy in early stage nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma [J]. Med Oncol,2010,27(3):798-806.
10. Wang H, Li YX, Wang WH, et al. Mild toxicity and favorable prognosis of high-dose and extended involved-field intensity-modulated radiotherapy for patients with early-stage nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2012,82(3): 1115-1121.
11. Wang ZY, Li YX, Wang WH, et al. Primary radiotherapy showed favorable outcome in treating extranodal nasal-type NK/T-cell lymphoma in children and adolescents [J]. Blood,2009,114(23):4771-4776.
12. Chan JK, Sin VC, Wong KF, et al. Nonnasal lymphoma expressing the natural killer cell marker CD56:a clinicopathologic study of 49 cases of an uncommon aggressive neoplasm [J]. Blood,1997,89(12):4501-4513.
13. Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Diebold J, et al. World Health Organization classification of neoplastic diseases of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues:report of the Clinical Advisory Committee meeting-Airlie House, Virginia, November 1997 [J]. J Clin Oncol,1999,17(12):3835-3849.
14. Jaffe ES. Classification of natural killer (NK) cell and NK-like T-cell malignancies [J]. Blood,1996,87(4):1207-1210.
15. Chan J, Jaffe E, Ralfkiaer E. Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type. In Jaffe E, Harris N, Stein H et al.:World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. Lyon, France:IARC Press 2001; 204-207.
16. Kim TM, Lee SY, Jeon YK, et al. Clinical heterogeneity of extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type:a national survey of the Korean Cancer Study Group [J]. Ann Oncol,2008,19(8):1477-1484.
17. Lim ST, Hee SW, Quek R, et al. Comparative analysis of extra-nodal NK/T-cell lymphoma and peripheral T-cell lymphoma:significant differences in clinical characteristics and prognosis [J]. Eur J Haematol,2008,80(1):55-60.
18. Lee J, Park YH, Kim WS, et al. Extranodal nasal type NK/T-cell lymphoma: elucidating clinical prognostic factors for risk-based stratification of therapy [J]. Eur J Cancer,2005,41(10):1402-1408.
19. Lee J, Suh C, Park YH, et al. Extranodal natural killer T-cell lymphoma, nasal-type: a prognostic model from a retrospective multicenter study [J]. J Clin Oncol,2006, 24(4):612-618.
20. Suzuki R, Suzumiya J, Yamaguchi M, et al. Prognostic factors for mature natural killer (NK) cell neoplasms:aggressive NK cell leukemia and extranodal NK cell lymphoma, nasal type [J]. Ann Oncol,2010,21(5):1032-1040.
21. Au WY, Weisenburger DD, Intragumtornchai T, et al. Clinical differences between nasal and extranasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma:a study of 136 cases from the International Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma Project [J]. Blood,2009,113(17): 3931-3937.
22. Kim GE, Lee SW, Chang SK, et al. Combined chemotherapy and radiation versus radiation alone in the management of localized angiocentric lymphoma of the head and neck [J]. Radiother Oncol,2001,61(3):261-269.
23. Koom WS, Chung EJ, Yang WI, et al. Angiocentric T-cell and NK/T-cell lymphomas: radiotherapeutic viewpoints [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2004,59(4): 1127-1137.
24. Huang MJ, Jiang Y, Liu WP, et al. Early or up-front radiotherapy improved survival of localized extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal-type in the upper aerodigestive tract [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2008,70(1):166-174.
25. Lee HJ, Lee SW, Suh C, et al. Treatment outcome of nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma[J]. Radiat Oncol J,2011,29(3):174-180.
26. Kim SJ, Kim BS, Choi CW, et al. Treatment outcome of front-line systemic chemotherapy for localized extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma in nasal and upper aerodigestive tract [J]. Leuk Lymphoma,2006,47(7):1265-1273.
27. Kim WY, Jeon YK, Kim TM, et al. Increased quantity of tumor-infiltrating FOXP3-positive regulatory T cells is an independent predictor for improved clinical outcome in extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma [J]. Ann Oncol,2009,20(10): 1688-1696.
28. Lee J, Kim WS, Park YH, et al. Nasal-type NK/T cell lymphoma:clinical features and treatment outcome[J]. Br J Cancer,2005,92(7):1226-1230.
29. Jo JC, Yoon DH, Kim S, et al. Clinical features and prognostic model for extranasal NK/T-cell lymphoma [J]. Eur J Haematol,2012,89(2):103-110.
30. Li S, Feng X, Li T, et al. Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type:a report of 73 cases at MD Anderson Cancer Center [J]. Am J Surg Pathol,2013,37(1):14-23.
31. Na, Ⅱ, Kang HJ, Park YH, et al. Prognostic factors for classifying extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, nasal type, as lymphoid neoplasia [J]. Eur J Haematol,2007,79(1): 1-7.
32. Chauchet A, Michallet AS, Berger F, et al. Complete remission after first-line radio-chemotherapy as predictor of survival in extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma [J]. J Hematol Oncol,2012,5:27.
33. Gualco G, Domeny-Duarte P, Chioato L, et al. Clinicopathologic and molecular features of 122 Brazilian cases of nodal and extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, with EBV subtyping analysis [J]. Am J Surg Pathol,2011,35(8):1195-1203.
34. Ichimura K, Kagami Y, Suzuki R, et al. Phenotypic analysis of peripheral T/NK cell lymphoma:study of 408 Japanese cases with special reference to their anatomical sites [J]. Pathol Int,2003,53(6):333-344.
35. Kanemitsu N, Isobe Y, Masuda A, et al. Expression of Epstein-Barr virus-encoded proteins in extranodal NK/T-cell Lymphoma, nasal type (ENKL):differences in biologic and clinical behaviors of LMP1-positive and -negative ENKL [J]. Clin Cancer Res,2012,18(8):2164-2172.
36. Kim TM, Park YH, Lee SY, et al. Local tumor invasiveness is more predictive of survival than International Prognostic Index in stage Ⅰ(E)/Ⅱ(E) extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type [J]. Blood,2005,106(12):3785-3790.
37. Ng SB, Lai KW, Murugaya S, et al. Nasal-type extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphomas:a clinicopathologic and genotypic study of 42 cases in Singapore[J]. Mod Pathol,2004,17(9):1097-1107.
38. Ren YL, Nong L, Zhang S, et al. Analysis of 142 Northern Chinese patients with peripheral T/NK-Cell lymphomas:subtype distribution, clinicopathologic features, and prognosis [J]. Am J Clin Pathol,2012,138(3):435-447.
39. Bai B, Huang HQ, Cai QC, et al. Predictive value of pretreatment positron emission tomography/computed tomography in patients with newly diagnosed extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma [J]. Med Oncol,2013,30(1):339.
40. Huh J, Cho K, Heo DS, et al. Detection of Epstein-Barr virus in Korean peripheral T-cell lymphoma [J]. Am J Hematol,1999,60(3):205-214.
41. Kim HS, Kim KH, Kim KH, et al. Whole blood Epstein-Barr virus DNA load as a diagnostic and prognostic surrogate:extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma [J]. Leuk Lymphoma,2009,50(5):757-763.
42. Kim JE, Kim YA, Jeon YK, et al. Comparative analysis of NK/T-cell lymphoma and peripheral T-cell lymphoma in Korea:Clinicopathological correlations and analysis of EBV strain type and 30-bp deletion variant LMP1 [J]. Pathol Int,2003,53(11): 735-743.
43. Kwong YL, Kim WS, Lim ST, et al. SMILE for natural killer/T-cell lymphoma: analysis of safety and efficacy from the Asia Lymphoma Study Group [J]. Blood, 2012,120(15):2973-2980.
44. Lee J, Au WY, Park MJ, et al. Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in extranodal natural killer/T cell lymphoma:a multinational, multicenter, matched controlled study [J]. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant,2008,14(12):1356-1364.
45. Oshimi K, Kawa K, Nakamura S, et al. NK-cell neoplasms in Japan [J]. Hematology, 2005,10(3):237-245.
46. Paik JH, Jang JY, Jeon YK, et al. MicroRNA-146a downregulates NFkappaB activity via targeting TRAF6 and functions as a tumor suppressor having strong prognostic implications in NK/T cell lymphoma [J]. Clin Cancer Res,2011,17(14):4761-4771.
47. Pongpruttipan T, Sukpanichnant S, Assanasen T, et al. Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, includes cases of natural killer cell and alphabeta, gammadelta, and alphabeta/gammadelta T-cell origin:a comprehensive clinicopathologic and phenotypic study [J]. Am J Surg Pathol,2012,36(4):481-499.
48. Kim GE, Cho JH, Yang WI, et al. Angiocentric lymphoma of the head and neck: patterns of systemic failure after radiation treatment [J]. J Clin Oncol,2000,18(1): 54-63.
49. Wang ZY, Liu QF, Wang H, et al. Clinical implications of plasma Epstein-Barr virus DNA in early-stage extranodal nasal-type NK/T-cell lymphoma patients receiving primary radiotherapy [J]. Blood,2012,120(10):2003-2010.
50. Hahn JS, Lee ST, Min YH, et al. Therapeutic outcome of Epstein-Barr virus positive T/NK cell lymphoma in the upper aerodigestive tract [J]. Yonsei Med J,2002,43(2): 175-182.
51. Kanesvaran R, Tao M, Huat IT, et al. Malignant arrhythmia:a case report of nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma with cardiac involvement [J]. Acta Oncol,2009,48(4): 637-639.
52. Kawasaki H, Shigeno K, Ohnishi K, et al. A case of primary cutaneous natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, directly invading to the heart [J]. Leuk Lymphoma,2008,49(5):1008-1011.
53. Chang ST, Liao YL, Lin SH, et al. NK-cell lymphoma with nodal presentation and expression of cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen [J]. Pathol Res Pract,2010, 206(7):463-466.
54. Takahashi E, Asano N, Li C, et al. Nodal T/NK-cell lymphoma of nasal type:a clinicopathological study of six cases [J]. Histopathology,2008,52(5):585-596.
55. Chim CS, Ma ES, Loong F, et al. Diagnostic cues for natural killer cell lymphoma: primary nodal presentation and the role of in situ hybridisation for Epstein-Barr virus encoded early small RNA in detecting occult bone marrow involvement [J]. J Clin Pathol,2005,58(4):443-445.
56. Lanier LL, Testi R, Bindl J, et al. Identity of Leu-19 (CD56) leukocyte differentiation antigen and neural cell adhesion molecule [J]. J Exp Med,1989, 169(6):2233-2238.
57. Kwong YL. Natural killer-cell malignancies:diagnosis and treatment [J]. Leukemia, 2005,19(12):2186-2194.
58. Yeh KH, Lien HC, Hsu SM, et al. Quiescent nasal T/NK cell lymphoma manifested as primary central nervous system lymphoma [J]. Am J Hematol,1999,60(2): 161-163.
59. Kim YH, Willemze R, Pimpinelli N, et al. TNM classification system for primary cutaneous lymphomas other than mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome:a proposal of the International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas (ISCL) and the Cutaneous Lymphoma Task Force of the European Organization of Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) [J]. Blood,2007,110(2):479-484.
60. Mraz-Gernhard S, Natkunam Y, Hoppe RT, et al. Natural killer/natural killer-like T-cell lymphoma, CD56+, presenting in the skin:an increasingly recognized entity with an aggressive course [J]. J Clin Oncol,2001,19(8):2179-2188.
61. Bekkenk MW, Jansen PM, Meijer CJ, et al. CD56+hematological neoplasms presenting in the skin:a retrospective analysis of 23 new cases and 130 cases from the literature [J]. Ann Oncol,2004,15(7):1097-1108.
62. Ahn HK, Suh C, Chuang SS, et al. Extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma from skin or soft tissue:suggestion of treatment from multinational retrospective analysis [J]. Ann Oncol,2012,23(10):2703-2707.
63. Au WY, Ma SY, Chim CS, et al. Clinicopathologic features and treatment outcome of mature T-cell and natural killer-cell lymphomas diagnosed according to the World Health Organization classification scheme:a single center experience of 10 years [J]. Ann Oncol,2005,16(2):206-214.
64. Huang JJ, Zhu YJ, Xia Y, et al. A novel prognostic model for extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma [J]. Med Oncol,2012,29(3):2183-2190.
65. Cai Q, Luo X, Liang Y, et al. Fasting blood glucose is a novel prognostic indicator for extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type [J]. Br J Cancer,2013, 108(2):380-386.
66. Shim SJ, Yang WI, Shin E, et al. Clinical significance of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in extranodal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2007,67(1):31-38.
67. Barrionuevo C, Zaharia M, Martinez MT, et al. Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type:study of clinicopathologic and prognosis factors in a series of 78 cases from Peru [J]. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol,2007,15(1):38-44.
68. Tai YC, Kim LH, Peh SC. High frequency of EBV association and 30-bp deletion in the LMP-1 gene in CD56 lymphomas of the upper aerodigestive tract [J]. Pathol Int, 2004,54(3):158-166.
69. Au WY, Pang A, Choy C, et al. Quantification of circulating Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA in the diagnosis and monitoring of natural killer cell and EBV-positive lymphomas in immunocompetent patients [J]. Blood,2004,104(1):243-249.
70. Lei KI, Chan LY, Chan WY, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic implications of circulating cell-free Epstein-Barr virus DNA in natural killer/T-cell lymphoma [J]. Clin Cancer Res,2002,8(1):29-34.
71. Ishii H, Ogino T, Berger C, et al. Clinical usefulness of serum EBV DNA levels of BamHI W and LMP1 for Nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma [J]. J Med Virol,2007,79(5): 562-572.
72. Hsieh PP, Tung CL, Chan AB, et al. EBV viral load in tumor tissue is an important prognostic indicator for nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma [J]. Am J Clin Pathol,2007, 128(4):579-584.
73. Jaffe ES. Lymphoid lesions of the head and neck:a model of lymphocyte homing and lymphomagenesis [J]. Mod Pathol,2002,15(3):255-263.
74. Kanavaros P, De Bruin PC, Briere J, et al. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in extranodal T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (T-NHL). Identification of nasal T-NHL as a distinct clinicopathological entity associated with EBV [J]. Leuk Lymphoma,1995, 18(1-2):27-34.
75. Kluin PM, Feller A, Gaulard P, et al. Peripheral T/NK-cell lymphoma:a report of the IXth Workshop of the European Association for Haematopathology [J]. Histopathology,2001,38(3):250-270.
76. Ko YH, Ree HJ, Kim WS, et al. Clinicopathologic and genotypic study of extranodal nasal-type natural killer/T-cell lymphoma and natural killer precursor lymphoma among Koreans [J]. Cancer,2000,89(10):2106-2116.
77. Yoon TY, Lee HT, Chang SH. Nasal-type T/natural killer cell angiocentric lymphoma, Epstein-Barr virus-associated, and showing clonal T-cell receptor gamma gene rearrangement [J]. Br J Dermatol,1999,140(3):505-508.
78. Kim JH, Lee JH, Lee J, et al. Primary NK-/T-cell lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract:clinical characteristics and endoscopic findings [J]. Endoscopy,2007,39(2): 156-160.
79. Kim K, Chie EK, Kim CW, et al. Treatment outcome of angiocentric T-cell and NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type:radiotherapy versus chemoradiotherapy [J]. Jpn J Clin Oncol,2005,35(1):1-5.
80. Li YX, Coucke PA, Li JY, et al. Primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the nasal cavity:prognostic significance of paranasal extension and the role of radiotherapy and chemotherapy[J]. Cancer,1998,83(3):449-456.
81. Cheung MM, Chan JK, Lau WH, et al. Early stage nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma: clinical outcome, prognostic factors, and the effect of treatment modality [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2002,54(1):182-190.
82. Kim BS, Kim TY, Kim CW, et al. Therapeutic outcome of extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma initially treated with chemotherapy--result of chemotherapy in NK/T-cell lymphoma [J]. Acta Oncol,2003,42(7):779-783.
83. Kim WS, Song SY, Ahn YC, et al. CHOP followed by involved field radiation:is it optimal for localized nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma? [J]. Ann Oncol,2001, 12(3):349-352.
84. Yamaguchi M, Kwong YL, Kim WS, et al. Phase Ⅱ study of SMILE chemotherapy for newly diagnosed stage Ⅳ, relapsed, or refractory extranodal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type:the NK-Cell Tumor Study Group study [J]. J Clin Oncol,2011,29(33):4410-4416.
85. Kim HJ, Bang SM, Lee J, et al. High-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation in extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma:a retrospective comparison with non-transplantation cases [J]. Bone Marrow Transplant,2006,37(9):819-824.
86. Ai WZ, Chang ET, Fish K, et al. Racial patterns of extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, in California:a population-based study [J]. Br J Haematol, 2012,156(5):626-632.
2. Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Stein H, et al. A revised European-American classification of lymphoid neoplasms:a proposal from the International Lymphoma Study Group [J]. Blood,1994,84(5):1361-1392.
3. Chan JK, Sin VC, Wong KF, et al. Nonnasal lymphoma expressing the natural killer cell marker CD56:a clinicopathologic study of 49 cases of an uncommon aggressive neoplasm [J]. Blood,1997,89(12):4501-4513.
4. Au WY, Weisenburger DD, Intragumtornchai T, et al. Clinical differences between nasal and extranasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma:a study of 136 cases from the International Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma Project [J]. Blood,2009,113(17): 3931-3937.
5. Lee J, Suh C, Park YH, et al. Extranodal natural killer T-cell lymphoma, nasal-type: a prognostic model from a retrospective multicenter study [J]. J Clin Oncol,2006, 24(4):612-618.
6. Kim TM, Lee SY, Jeon YK, et al. Clinical heterogeneity of extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type:a national survey of the Korean Cancer Study Group [J]. Ann Oncol,2008,19(8):1477-1484.
7. Jo JC, Yoon DH, Kim S, et al. Clinical features and prognostic model for extranasal NK/T-cell lymphoma [J]. Eur J Haematol,2012,89(2):103-110.
8. Lee J, Kim WS, Park YH, et al. Nasal-type NK/T cell lymphoma:clinical features and treatment outcome [J]. Br J Cancer,2005,92(7):1226-1230.
9. Lee J, Park YH, Kim WS, et al. Extranodal nasal type NK/T-cell lymphoma: elucidating clinical prognostic factors for risk-based stratification of therapy [J]. Eur J Cancer,2005,41(10):1402-1408.
10. Li YX, Fang H, Liu QF, et al. Clinical features and treatment outcome of nasal-type NK/T-cell lymphoma of Waldeyer ring [J]. Blood,2008,112(8):3057-3064.
11. Li YX, Liu QF, Fang H, et al. Variable clinical presentations of nasal and Waldeyer ring natural killer/T-cell lymphoma [J]. Clin Cancer Res,2009,15(8):2905-2912.
12. Li YX, Coucke PA, Li JY, et al. Primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the nasal cavity:prognostic significance of paranasal extension and the role of radiotherapy and chemotherapy[J]. Cancer,1998,83(3):449-456.
13. Li YX, Liu QF, Wang WH, et al. Failure patterns and clinical implications in early stage nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma treated with primary radiotherapy [J]. Cancer,2011,117(22):5203-5211.
14. Li YX, Wang H, Jin J, et al. Radiotherapy alone with curative intent in patients with stage I extranodal nasal-type NK/T-cell lymphoma [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2012,82(5):1809-1815.
15. Li YX, Yao B, Jin J, et al. Radiotherapy as primary treatment for stage ⅠE and ⅡE nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma [J]. J Clin Oncol,2006,24(1):181-189.
16. Wang H, Li YX, Wang WH, et al. Mild toxicity and favorable prognosis of high-dose and extended involved-field intensity-modulated radiotherapy for patients with early-stage nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2012,82(3): 1115-1121.
17. Wang ZY, Li YX, Wang WH, et al. Primary radiotherapy showed favorable outcome in treating extranodal nasal-type NK/T-cell lymphoma in children and adolescents [J]. Blood,2009,114(23):4771-4776.
18. Kam MK, Teo PM, Chau RM, et al. Treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma with intensity-modulated radiotherapy:the Hong Kong experience [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2004,60(5):1440-1450.
19. Peng G, Wang T, Yang KY, et al. A prospective, randomized study comparing outcomes and toxicities of intensity-modulated radiotherapy vs. conventional two-dimensional radiotherapy for the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma [J]. Radiother Oncol,2012,104(3):286-293.
20. Kuang WL, Zhou Q, Shen LF. Outcomes and prognostic factors of conformal radiotherapy versus intensity-modulated radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma [J]. Clin Transl Oncol,2012,14(10):783-790.
21. Setton J, Caria N, Romanyshyn J, et al. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy in the treatment of oropharyngeal cancer:an update of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center experience [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2012,82(1):291-298.
22. Shipp MA, Harrington DP, Anderson JR, et al. A predictive model for aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The International Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Prognostic Factors Project[J]. N Engl J Med,1993,329(14):987-994.
23. Paddick I. A simple scoring ratio to index the conformity of radio surgical treatment plans. Technical note [J]. J Neurosurg,2000,93 Suppl 3:219-222.
24. Murshed H, Liu HH, Liao Z, et al. Dose and volume reduction for normal lung using intensity-modulated radiotherapy for advanced-stage non-small-cell lung cancer [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2004,58(4):1258-1267.
25. Trotti A, Colevas AD, Setser A, et al. CTCAE v3.0:development of a comprehensive grading system for the adverse effects of cancer treatment [J]. Semin Radiat Oncol, 2003,13(3):176-181.
26. Cox JD, Stetz J, Pajak TF. Toxicity criteria of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,1995,31(5):1341-1346.
27. Cheson BD, Horning SJ, Coiffier B, et al. Report of an international workshop to standardize response criteria for non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. NCI Sponsored International Working Group [J]. J Clin Oncol,1999,17(4):1244.
28. Hsin CH, Chen TH, Young YH, et al. Comparison of otologic complications between intensity-modulated and two-dimensional radiotherapies in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients [J]. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg,2010,143(5):662-668.
29. Kam MK, Leung SF, Zee B, et al. Prospective randomized study of intensity-modulated radiotherapy on salivary gland function in early-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients [J]. J Clin Oncol,2007,25(31):4873-4879.
30. Lai SZ, Li WF, Chen L, et al. How does intensity-modulated radiotherapy versus conventional two-dimensional radiotherapy influence the treatment results in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients? [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2011,80(3): 661-668.
31. Chao KS, Majhail N, Huang CJ, et al. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy reduces late salivary toxicity without compromising tumor control in patients with oropharyngeal carcinoma:a comparison with conventional techniques [J]. Radiother Oncol,2001,61(3):275-280.
32. Peponi E, Glanzmann C, Kunz G, et al. Simultaneous integrated boost intensity-modulated radiotherapy (SIBIMRT) in nasopharyngeal cancer [J]. Strahlenther Onkol,2010,186(3):135-142.
33. Poon I, Xia P, Weinberg V, et al. A treatment planning analysis of inverse-planned and forward-planned intensity-modulated radiation therapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2007,69(5):1625-1633.
34. Palazzi M, Orlandi E, Bossi P, et al. Further improvement in outcomes of nasopharyngeal carcinoma with optimized radiotherapy and induction plus concomitant chemotherapy:an update of the Milan experience [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2009,74(3):774-780.
35. Teoh M, Beveridge S, Wood K, et al. Volumetric-modulated arc therapy (RapidArc) vs. conventional fixed-field intensity-modulated radiotherapy for (1)(8)F-FDG-PET-guided dose escalation in oropharyngeal cancer:a planning study [J]. Med Dosim,2013,38(1):18-24.
36. Zheng BM, Dong XX, Wu H, et al. Dosimetry Comparison between Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy with Rapid Arcand Fixed Field Dynamic IMRT for Local-Regionally Advanced Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma [J]. Chin J Cancer Res, 2011,23(4):259-264.
37. Lu SH, Cheng JC, Kuo SH, et al. Volumetric modulated arc therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma:a dosimetric comparison with TomoTherapy and step-and-shoot IMRT [J]. Radiother Oncol,2012,104(3):324-330.
38. Massager N, Lonneville S, Delbrouck C, et al. Dosimetric and clinical analysis of spatial distribution of the radiation dose in gamma knife radiosurgery for vestibular schwannoma [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2011,81(4):e511-518.
39. Gevaert T, Levivier M, Lacornerie T, et al. Dosimetric comparison of different treatment modalities for stereotactic radiosurgery of arteriovenous malformations and acoustic neuromas [J]. Radiother Oncol,2013,106(2):192-197.
40. Blanco AI, Chao KS, El Naqa I, et al. Dose-volume modeling of salivary function in patients with head-and-neck cancer receiving radiotherapy [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2005,62(4):1055-1069.
41. Eisbruch A, Ten Haken RK, Kim HM, et al. Dose, volume, and function relationships in parotid salivary glands following conformal and intensity-modulated irradiation of head and neck cancer [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,1999,45(3): 577-587.
42. Saleh-Ebrahimi L, Zwicker F, Muenter MW, et al. Intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) combined with concurrent but not adjuvant chemotherapy in primary nasopharyngeal cancer-a retrospective single center analysis [J]. Radiat Oncol, 2013,8:20.
43. Wang R, Wu F, Lu H, et al. Definitive intensity-modulated radiation therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma:long-term outcome of a multicenter prospective study [J]. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol,2013,139(1):139-145.
44. Su SF, Han F, Zhao C, et al. Long-term outcomes of early-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy alone [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2012,82(1):327-333.
45. Chen A, Lee N, Yang C, et al. Comparison of intensity-modulated radiotherapy using helical tomotherapy and segmental multileaf collimator-based techniques for nasopharyngeal carcinoma:dosimetric analysis incorporating quality assurance guidelines from RTOG 0225 [J]. Technol Cancer Res Treat,2010,9(3):291-298.
46. Ma HH, Qian LT, Pan HF, et al. Treatment outcome of radiotherapy alone versus radiochemotherapy in early stage nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma [J]. Med Oncol,2010,27(3):798-806.
47. Cheung MM, Chan JK, Lau WH, et al. Early stage nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma: clinical outcome, prognostic factors, and the effect of treatment modality [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2002,54(1):182-190.
48. Kim BS, Kim TY, Kim CW, et al. Therapeutic outcome of extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma initially treated with chemotherapy--result of chemotherapy in NK/T-cell lymphoma [J]. Acta Oncol,2003,42(7):779-783.
49. Kim GE, Lee SW, Chang SK, et al. Combined chemotherapy and radiation versus radiation alone in the management of localized angiocentric lymphoma of the head and neck [J]. Radiother Oncol,2001,61(3):261-269.
50. Kim SJ, Kim K, Kim BS, et al. Phase II trial of concurrent radiation and weekly cisplatin followed by VIPD chemotherapy in newly diagnosed, stage ⅠE to ⅡE, nasal, extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma:Consortium for Improving Survival of Lymphoma study [J]. J Clin Oncol,2009,27(35):6027-6032.
51. Kim WS, Song SY, Ahn YC, et al. CHOP followed by involved field radiation:is it optimal for localized nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma? [J]. Ann Oncol,2001, 12(3):349-352.
52. Huang JJ, Zhu YJ, Xia Y, et al. A novel prognostic model for extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma [J]. Med Oncol,2012,29(3):2183-2190.
53. Kim TM, Park YH, Lee SY, et al. Local tumor invasiveness is more predictive of survival than International Prognostic Index in stage Ⅰ(E)/Ⅱ(E) extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type [J]. Blood,2005,106(12):3785-3790.
54. You JY, Chi KH, Yang MH, et al. Radiation therapy versus chemotherapy as initial treatment for localized nasal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma:a single institute survey in Taiwan [J]. Ann Oncol,2004,15(4):618-625.
55. Wang L, Xia ZJ, Huang HQ, et al. Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) in the treatment of stage ⅠE/ⅡE extranodal natural killer/T cell lymphoma, nasal type:13-year follow-up in 135 patients [J]. Int J Hematol,2012, 96(5):617-623.
1. Chan JK, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Ferry J, et al. Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type [A]. In Swerdlow S, Campo E, Harris N et al.:World Health Organization Classification of Tumours:Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues,8th Edition [M]. Lyon, France:IARC Press 2008; 285-288.
2. Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Stein H, et al. A revised European-American classification of lymphoid neoplasms:a proposal from the International Lymphoma Study Group [J]. Blood,1994,84(5):1361-1392.
3. Vose J, Armitage J, Weisenburger D, et al. International peripheral T-cell and natural killer/T-cell lymphoma study:pathology findings and clinical outcomes [J]. J Clin Oncol,2008,26(25):4124-4130.
4. Li YX, Liu QF, Fang H, et al. Variable clinical presentations of nasal and Waldeyer ring natural killer/T-cell lymphoma [J]. Clin Cancer Res,2009,15(8):2905-2912.
5. Li YX, Fang H, Liu QF, et al. Clinical features and treatment outcome of nasal-type NK/T-cell lymphoma of Waldeyer ring [J]. Blood,2008,112(8):3057-3064.
6. Li YX, Liu QF, Wang WH, et al. Failure patterns and clinical implications in early stage nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma treated with primary radiotherapy [J]. Cancer,2011,117(22):5203-5211.
7. Li YX, Wang H, Jin J, et al. Radiotherapy alone with curative intent in patients with stage I extranodal nasal-type NK/T-cell lymphoma [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2012,82(5):1809-1815.
8. Li YX, Yao B, Jin J, et al. Radiotherapy as primary treatment for stage IE and HE nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma [J]. J Clin Oncol,2006,24(1):181-189.
9. Ma HH, Qian LT, Pan HF, et al. Treatment outcome of radiotherapy alone versus radiochemotherapy in early stage nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma [J]. Med Oncol,2010,27(3):798-806.
10. Wang H, Li YX, Wang WH, et al. Mild toxicity and favorable prognosis of high-dose and extended involved-field intensity-modulated radiotherapy for patients with early-stage nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2012,82(3): 1115-1121.
11. Wang ZY, Li YX, Wang WH, et al. Primary radiotherapy showed favorable outcome in treating extranodal nasal-type NK/T-cell lymphoma in children and adolescents [J]. Blood,2009,114(23):4771-4776.
12. Chan JK, Sin VC, Wong KF, et al. Nonnasal lymphoma expressing the natural killer cell marker CD56:a clinicopathologic study of 49 cases of an uncommon aggressive neoplasm [J]. Blood,1997,89(12):4501-4513.
13. Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Diebold J, et al. World Health Organization classification of neoplastic diseases of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues:report of the Clinical Advisory Committee meeting-Airlie House, Virginia, November 1997 [J]. J Clin Oncol,1999,17(12):3835-3849.
14. Jaffe ES. Classification of natural killer (NK) cell and NK-like T-cell malignancies [J]. Blood,1996,87(4):1207-1210.
15. Chan J, Jaffe E, Ralfkiaer E. Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type. In Jaffe E, Harris N, Stein H et al.:World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. Lyon, France:IARC Press 2001; 204-207.
16. Kim TM, Lee SY, Jeon YK, et al. Clinical heterogeneity of extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type:a national survey of the Korean Cancer Study Group [J]. Ann Oncol,2008,19(8):1477-1484.
17. Lim ST, Hee SW, Quek R, et al. Comparative analysis of extra-nodal NK/T-cell lymphoma and peripheral T-cell lymphoma:significant differences in clinical characteristics and prognosis [J]. Eur J Haematol,2008,80(1):55-60.
18. Lee J, Park YH, Kim WS, et al. Extranodal nasal type NK/T-cell lymphoma: elucidating clinical prognostic factors for risk-based stratification of therapy [J]. Eur J Cancer,2005,41(10):1402-1408.
19. Lee J, Suh C, Park YH, et al. Extranodal natural killer T-cell lymphoma, nasal-type: a prognostic model from a retrospective multicenter study [J]. J Clin Oncol,2006, 24(4):612-618.
20. Suzuki R, Suzumiya J, Yamaguchi M, et al. Prognostic factors for mature natural killer (NK) cell neoplasms:aggressive NK cell leukemia and extranodal NK cell lymphoma, nasal type [J]. Ann Oncol,2010,21(5):1032-1040.
21. Au WY, Weisenburger DD, Intragumtornchai T, et al. Clinical differences between nasal and extranasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma:a study of 136 cases from the International Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma Project [J]. Blood,2009,113(17): 3931-3937.
22. Kim GE, Lee SW, Chang SK, et al. Combined chemotherapy and radiation versus radiation alone in the management of localized angiocentric lymphoma of the head and neck [J]. Radiother Oncol,2001,61(3):261-269.
23. Koom WS, Chung EJ, Yang WI, et al. Angiocentric T-cell and NK/T-cell lymphomas: radiotherapeutic viewpoints [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2004,59(4): 1127-1137.
24. Huang MJ, Jiang Y, Liu WP, et al. Early or up-front radiotherapy improved survival of localized extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal-type in the upper aerodigestive tract [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2008,70(1):166-174.
25. Lee HJ, Lee SW, Suh C, et al. Treatment outcome of nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma[J]. Radiat Oncol J,2011,29(3):174-180.
26. Kim SJ, Kim BS, Choi CW, et al. Treatment outcome of front-line systemic chemotherapy for localized extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma in nasal and upper aerodigestive tract [J]. Leuk Lymphoma,2006,47(7):1265-1273.
27. Kim WY, Jeon YK, Kim TM, et al. Increased quantity of tumor-infiltrating FOXP3-positive regulatory T cells is an independent predictor for improved clinical outcome in extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma [J]. Ann Oncol,2009,20(10): 1688-1696.
28. Lee J, Kim WS, Park YH, et al. Nasal-type NK/T cell lymphoma:clinical features and treatment outcome[J]. Br J Cancer,2005,92(7):1226-1230.
29. Jo JC, Yoon DH, Kim S, et al. Clinical features and prognostic model for extranasal NK/T-cell lymphoma [J]. Eur J Haematol,2012,89(2):103-110.
30. Li S, Feng X, Li T, et al. Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type:a report of 73 cases at MD Anderson Cancer Center [J]. Am J Surg Pathol,2013,37(1):14-23.
31. Na, Ⅱ, Kang HJ, Park YH, et al. Prognostic factors for classifying extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, nasal type, as lymphoid neoplasia [J]. Eur J Haematol,2007,79(1): 1-7.
32. Chauchet A, Michallet AS, Berger F, et al. Complete remission after first-line radio-chemotherapy as predictor of survival in extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma [J]. J Hematol Oncol,2012,5:27.
33. Gualco G, Domeny-Duarte P, Chioato L, et al. Clinicopathologic and molecular features of 122 Brazilian cases of nodal and extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, with EBV subtyping analysis [J]. Am J Surg Pathol,2011,35(8):1195-1203.
34. Ichimura K, Kagami Y, Suzuki R, et al. Phenotypic analysis of peripheral T/NK cell lymphoma:study of 408 Japanese cases with special reference to their anatomical sites [J]. Pathol Int,2003,53(6):333-344.
35. Kanemitsu N, Isobe Y, Masuda A, et al. Expression of Epstein-Barr virus-encoded proteins in extranodal NK/T-cell Lymphoma, nasal type (ENKL):differences in biologic and clinical behaviors of LMP1-positive and -negative ENKL [J]. Clin Cancer Res,2012,18(8):2164-2172.
36. Kim TM, Park YH, Lee SY, et al. Local tumor invasiveness is more predictive of survival than International Prognostic Index in stage Ⅰ(E)/Ⅱ(E) extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type [J]. Blood,2005,106(12):3785-3790.
37. Ng SB, Lai KW, Murugaya S, et al. Nasal-type extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphomas:a clinicopathologic and genotypic study of 42 cases in Singapore[J]. Mod Pathol,2004,17(9):1097-1107.
38. Ren YL, Nong L, Zhang S, et al. Analysis of 142 Northern Chinese patients with peripheral T/NK-Cell lymphomas:subtype distribution, clinicopathologic features, and prognosis [J]. Am J Clin Pathol,2012,138(3):435-447.
39. Bai B, Huang HQ, Cai QC, et al. Predictive value of pretreatment positron emission tomography/computed tomography in patients with newly diagnosed extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma [J]. Med Oncol,2013,30(1):339.
40. Huh J, Cho K, Heo DS, et al. Detection of Epstein-Barr virus in Korean peripheral T-cell lymphoma [J]. Am J Hematol,1999,60(3):205-214.
41. Kim HS, Kim KH, Kim KH, et al. Whole blood Epstein-Barr virus DNA load as a diagnostic and prognostic surrogate:extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma [J]. Leuk Lymphoma,2009,50(5):757-763.
42. Kim JE, Kim YA, Jeon YK, et al. Comparative analysis of NK/T-cell lymphoma and peripheral T-cell lymphoma in Korea:Clinicopathological correlations and analysis of EBV strain type and 30-bp deletion variant LMP1 [J]. Pathol Int,2003,53(11): 735-743.
43. Kwong YL, Kim WS, Lim ST, et al. SMILE for natural killer/T-cell lymphoma: analysis of safety and efficacy from the Asia Lymphoma Study Group [J]. Blood, 2012,120(15):2973-2980.
44. Lee J, Au WY, Park MJ, et al. Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in extranodal natural killer/T cell lymphoma:a multinational, multicenter, matched controlled study [J]. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant,2008,14(12):1356-1364.
45. Oshimi K, Kawa K, Nakamura S, et al. NK-cell neoplasms in Japan [J]. Hematology, 2005,10(3):237-245.
46. Paik JH, Jang JY, Jeon YK, et al. MicroRNA-146a downregulates NFkappaB activity via targeting TRAF6 and functions as a tumor suppressor having strong prognostic implications in NK/T cell lymphoma [J]. Clin Cancer Res,2011,17(14):4761-4771.
47. Pongpruttipan T, Sukpanichnant S, Assanasen T, et al. Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, includes cases of natural killer cell and alphabeta, gammadelta, and alphabeta/gammadelta T-cell origin:a comprehensive clinicopathologic and phenotypic study [J]. Am J Surg Pathol,2012,36(4):481-499.
48. Kim GE, Cho JH, Yang WI, et al. Angiocentric lymphoma of the head and neck: patterns of systemic failure after radiation treatment [J]. J Clin Oncol,2000,18(1): 54-63.
49. Wang ZY, Liu QF, Wang H, et al. Clinical implications of plasma Epstein-Barr virus DNA in early-stage extranodal nasal-type NK/T-cell lymphoma patients receiving primary radiotherapy [J]. Blood,2012,120(10):2003-2010.
50. Hahn JS, Lee ST, Min YH, et al. Therapeutic outcome of Epstein-Barr virus positive T/NK cell lymphoma in the upper aerodigestive tract [J]. Yonsei Med J,2002,43(2): 175-182.
51. Kanesvaran R, Tao M, Huat IT, et al. Malignant arrhythmia:a case report of nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma with cardiac involvement [J]. Acta Oncol,2009,48(4): 637-639.
52. Kawasaki H, Shigeno K, Ohnishi K, et al. A case of primary cutaneous natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, directly invading to the heart [J]. Leuk Lymphoma,2008,49(5):1008-1011.
53. Chang ST, Liao YL, Lin SH, et al. NK-cell lymphoma with nodal presentation and expression of cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen [J]. Pathol Res Pract,2010, 206(7):463-466.
54. Takahashi E, Asano N, Li C, et al. Nodal T/NK-cell lymphoma of nasal type:a clinicopathological study of six cases [J]. Histopathology,2008,52(5):585-596.
55. Chim CS, Ma ES, Loong F, et al. Diagnostic cues for natural killer cell lymphoma: primary nodal presentation and the role of in situ hybridisation for Epstein-Barr virus encoded early small RNA in detecting occult bone marrow involvement [J]. J Clin Pathol,2005,58(4):443-445.
56. Lanier LL, Testi R, Bindl J, et al. Identity of Leu-19 (CD56) leukocyte differentiation antigen and neural cell adhesion molecule [J]. J Exp Med,1989, 169(6):2233-2238.
57. Kwong YL. Natural killer-cell malignancies:diagnosis and treatment [J]. Leukemia, 2005,19(12):2186-2194.
58. Yeh KH, Lien HC, Hsu SM, et al. Quiescent nasal T/NK cell lymphoma manifested as primary central nervous system lymphoma [J]. Am J Hematol,1999,60(2): 161-163.
59. Kim YH, Willemze R, Pimpinelli N, et al. TNM classification system for primary cutaneous lymphomas other than mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome:a proposal of the International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas (ISCL) and the Cutaneous Lymphoma Task Force of the European Organization of Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) [J]. Blood,2007,110(2):479-484.
60. Mraz-Gernhard S, Natkunam Y, Hoppe RT, et al. Natural killer/natural killer-like T-cell lymphoma, CD56+, presenting in the skin:an increasingly recognized entity with an aggressive course [J]. J Clin Oncol,2001,19(8):2179-2188.
61. Bekkenk MW, Jansen PM, Meijer CJ, et al. CD56+hematological neoplasms presenting in the skin:a retrospective analysis of 23 new cases and 130 cases from the literature [J]. Ann Oncol,2004,15(7):1097-1108.
62. Ahn HK, Suh C, Chuang SS, et al. Extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma from skin or soft tissue:suggestion of treatment from multinational retrospective analysis [J]. Ann Oncol,2012,23(10):2703-2707.
63. Au WY, Ma SY, Chim CS, et al. Clinicopathologic features and treatment outcome of mature T-cell and natural killer-cell lymphomas diagnosed according to the World Health Organization classification scheme:a single center experience of 10 years [J]. Ann Oncol,2005,16(2):206-214.
64. Huang JJ, Zhu YJ, Xia Y, et al. A novel prognostic model for extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma [J]. Med Oncol,2012,29(3):2183-2190.
65. Cai Q, Luo X, Liang Y, et al. Fasting blood glucose is a novel prognostic indicator for extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type [J]. Br J Cancer,2013, 108(2):380-386.
66. Shim SJ, Yang WI, Shin E, et al. Clinical significance of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in extranodal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2007,67(1):31-38.
67. Barrionuevo C, Zaharia M, Martinez MT, et al. Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type:study of clinicopathologic and prognosis factors in a series of 78 cases from Peru [J]. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol,2007,15(1):38-44.
68. Tai YC, Kim LH, Peh SC. High frequency of EBV association and 30-bp deletion in the LMP-1 gene in CD56 lymphomas of the upper aerodigestive tract [J]. Pathol Int, 2004,54(3):158-166.
69. Au WY, Pang A, Choy C, et al. Quantification of circulating Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA in the diagnosis and monitoring of natural killer cell and EBV-positive lymphomas in immunocompetent patients [J]. Blood,2004,104(1):243-249.
70. Lei KI, Chan LY, Chan WY, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic implications of circulating cell-free Epstein-Barr virus DNA in natural killer/T-cell lymphoma [J]. Clin Cancer Res,2002,8(1):29-34.
71. Ishii H, Ogino T, Berger C, et al. Clinical usefulness of serum EBV DNA levels of BamHI W and LMP1 for Nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma [J]. J Med Virol,2007,79(5): 562-572.
72. Hsieh PP, Tung CL, Chan AB, et al. EBV viral load in tumor tissue is an important prognostic indicator for nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma [J]. Am J Clin Pathol,2007, 128(4):579-584.
73. Jaffe ES. Lymphoid lesions of the head and neck:a model of lymphocyte homing and lymphomagenesis [J]. Mod Pathol,2002,15(3):255-263.
74. Kanavaros P, De Bruin PC, Briere J, et al. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in extranodal T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (T-NHL). Identification of nasal T-NHL as a distinct clinicopathological entity associated with EBV [J]. Leuk Lymphoma,1995, 18(1-2):27-34.
75. Kluin PM, Feller A, Gaulard P, et al. Peripheral T/NK-cell lymphoma:a report of the IXth Workshop of the European Association for Haematopathology [J]. Histopathology,2001,38(3):250-270.
76. Ko YH, Ree HJ, Kim WS, et al. Clinicopathologic and genotypic study of extranodal nasal-type natural killer/T-cell lymphoma and natural killer precursor lymphoma among Koreans [J]. Cancer,2000,89(10):2106-2116.
77. Yoon TY, Lee HT, Chang SH. Nasal-type T/natural killer cell angiocentric lymphoma, Epstein-Barr virus-associated, and showing clonal T-cell receptor gamma gene rearrangement [J]. Br J Dermatol,1999,140(3):505-508.
78. Kim JH, Lee JH, Lee J, et al. Primary NK-/T-cell lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract:clinical characteristics and endoscopic findings [J]. Endoscopy,2007,39(2): 156-160.
79. Kim K, Chie EK, Kim CW, et al. Treatment outcome of angiocentric T-cell and NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type:radiotherapy versus chemoradiotherapy [J]. Jpn J Clin Oncol,2005,35(1):1-5.
80. Li YX, Coucke PA, Li JY, et al. Primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the nasal cavity:prognostic significance of paranasal extension and the role of radiotherapy and chemotherapy[J]. Cancer,1998,83(3):449-456.
81. Cheung MM, Chan JK, Lau WH, et al. Early stage nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma: clinical outcome, prognostic factors, and the effect of treatment modality [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2002,54(1):182-190.
82. Kim BS, Kim TY, Kim CW, et al. Therapeutic outcome of extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma initially treated with chemotherapy--result of chemotherapy in NK/T-cell lymphoma [J]. Acta Oncol,2003,42(7):779-783.
83. Kim WS, Song SY, Ahn YC, et al. CHOP followed by involved field radiation:is it optimal for localized nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma? [J]. Ann Oncol,2001, 12(3):349-352.
84. Yamaguchi M, Kwong YL, Kim WS, et al. Phase Ⅱ study of SMILE chemotherapy for newly diagnosed stage Ⅳ, relapsed, or refractory extranodal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type:the NK-Cell Tumor Study Group study [J]. J Clin Oncol,2011,29(33):4410-4416.
85. Kim HJ, Bang SM, Lee J, et al. High-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation in extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma:a retrospective comparison with non-transplantation cases [J]. Bone Marrow Transplant,2006,37(9):819-824.
86. Ai WZ, Chang ET, Fish K, et al. Racial patterns of extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, in California:a population-based study [J]. Br J Haematol, 2012,156(5):626-632.