轴流压气机脉动压力信号旋转失速特征分析
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摘要
轴流压气机旋转失速是航空发动机常见气动不稳定现象之一。识别轴流压气机失速信号特征对于认识航空发动机失速的产生和发展机理以及抑制航空发动机失速问题并对其进行主动控制具有非常重要的意义。以往的信号处理方法对失速前后特征的识别做出了很大贡献,但是鉴于失速特征产生和发展机理极其复杂,所以对失速的研究一直在不断深入。本文主要应用三种方法来对失速特征进行分析。具体工作如下:
1.初步学习并讨论了轴流压气机的压力测试方案。并且根据测得脉动压力的信号特点设计了低通FIR滤波器。
2.应用互相关分析和同频检测方法分析旋转失速特征如失速团数目、失速团传播速度。结果表明该方法受噪声干扰无法精确确定时延,只适用于时延较长的低速和中速轴流压气机。高速轴流压气机会出现失速特征频率高于转子频率若干倍的高频失速,而用互相关分析方法无法准确求取失速团在两个传感器中传播的时延,为了解决该问题本文利用同频检测原理求取出失速信号的特征频率的时延,来对压气机高频失速的失速团数目进行识别。
3.将脉动信号的相位和幅值特征通过极坐标进行可视化,对轴流压气机的失速特征进行分析。在极坐标中展示周向压力波动,可以较准确、直观的观察到失速团的数目;通过极坐标图形化脉动压力波动分析流场压力从正常工况到失速工况的规律可以对压气机的失速先兆进行预判。经过大量的试验数据分析,这种方法在分析失速团数目方面较相关分析等方法更加准确、直观;另外,本文还对压气机喘振的时域特征和频域特征进行了一定的分析。
4.利用Matlab中GUI界面开发了一个简单实用的分析软件。该软件具有单/多通道信号时、频域显示、信号滤波、信号谱分析、失速团数目识别等功能。经过测试表明该软件可准确、方便的用于轴流压气机的失速特征分析。
Rotating stall of axial compressor are common phenomenon of aeroengine instability, so it’s of great significance to identify its signal characteristics so as to better understand the mechanism it generated and developed, and then be prevented efficiently. The previous signal processing methods had made great contributions in recognizing the stall characteristic, but they are not that enough for stall in the occurrence and development mechanism. This paper mainly introduced three methods to analyze the characteristics of stall, the details are listed as follows:
1. By learning the basic principles of the sensor and the test program of compressor’s dynamic pressure before. The paper designs a FIR filter according to the characteristics of fluctuating pressure signal we tested, which is proved to be effective by using the simulation data.
2. Identify the number of stall cell and its propagation velocity by cross-correlation and the same frequency principle. The results show that the method can not be accurately determined delay time, which Applies only to a longer delay low and medium speed axial flow compressor. However, the stall characteristic frequency will be several times higher than the frequecny of rotor in high-speed compressor, so the cross-crrelation method can’t calculate the time delay acculately. In order to solve this problem, we use the same frequency detection principle to obtain time delay and identify the number of stall cell.
3. By drawing the phase and amplitude characteristics of pressure fluctuation during stall process in the polar coordinate, we get the characteristic of rotating stall in compressor by analyzing the characteristics in polar coordinate. We can observe the variation of pressure in circumference of compressor and get the number of stall cells accutely and intuitively. In addition, according to law of normal to rotating stall condition, we can also do pre-judgment to stall inception. After analyzing a large number of test data, and this method has been proved to be more convenient, efficient and intuitive.
4. We develop a simple but practical analysis software by using the GUI interface of Matlab. This software includes some basic functions such as signal and multi channel signal show in time domain and frequency domain, signal filtering, signal spectral analysis and the number of stall cells identification and so on. It has been tested that this software is effective in analyzing the dynamic pressure signal of compressor.
1.初步学习并讨论了轴流压气机的压力测试方案。并且根据测得脉动压力的信号特点设计了低通FIR滤波器。
2.应用互相关分析和同频检测方法分析旋转失速特征如失速团数目、失速团传播速度。结果表明该方法受噪声干扰无法精确确定时延,只适用于时延较长的低速和中速轴流压气机。高速轴流压气机会出现失速特征频率高于转子频率若干倍的高频失速,而用互相关分析方法无法准确求取失速团在两个传感器中传播的时延,为了解决该问题本文利用同频检测原理求取出失速信号的特征频率的时延,来对压气机高频失速的失速团数目进行识别。
3.将脉动信号的相位和幅值特征通过极坐标进行可视化,对轴流压气机的失速特征进行分析。在极坐标中展示周向压力波动,可以较准确、直观的观察到失速团的数目;通过极坐标图形化脉动压力波动分析流场压力从正常工况到失速工况的规律可以对压气机的失速先兆进行预判。经过大量的试验数据分析,这种方法在分析失速团数目方面较相关分析等方法更加准确、直观;另外,本文还对压气机喘振的时域特征和频域特征进行了一定的分析。
4.利用Matlab中GUI界面开发了一个简单实用的分析软件。该软件具有单/多通道信号时、频域显示、信号滤波、信号谱分析、失速团数目识别等功能。经过测试表明该软件可准确、方便的用于轴流压气机的失速特征分析。
Rotating stall of axial compressor are common phenomenon of aeroengine instability, so it’s of great significance to identify its signal characteristics so as to better understand the mechanism it generated and developed, and then be prevented efficiently. The previous signal processing methods had made great contributions in recognizing the stall characteristic, but they are not that enough for stall in the occurrence and development mechanism. This paper mainly introduced three methods to analyze the characteristics of stall, the details are listed as follows:
1. By learning the basic principles of the sensor and the test program of compressor’s dynamic pressure before. The paper designs a FIR filter according to the characteristics of fluctuating pressure signal we tested, which is proved to be effective by using the simulation data.
2. Identify the number of stall cell and its propagation velocity by cross-correlation and the same frequency principle. The results show that the method can not be accurately determined delay time, which Applies only to a longer delay low and medium speed axial flow compressor. However, the stall characteristic frequency will be several times higher than the frequecny of rotor in high-speed compressor, so the cross-crrelation method can’t calculate the time delay acculately. In order to solve this problem, we use the same frequency detection principle to obtain time delay and identify the number of stall cell.
3. By drawing the phase and amplitude characteristics of pressure fluctuation during stall process in the polar coordinate, we get the characteristic of rotating stall in compressor by analyzing the characteristics in polar coordinate. We can observe the variation of pressure in circumference of compressor and get the number of stall cells accutely and intuitively. In addition, according to law of normal to rotating stall condition, we can also do pre-judgment to stall inception. After analyzing a large number of test data, and this method has been proved to be more convenient, efficient and intuitive.
4. We develop a simple but practical analysis software by using the GUI interface of Matlab. This software includes some basic functions such as signal and multi channel signal show in time domain and frequency domain, signal filtering, signal spectral analysis and the number of stall cells identification and so on. It has been tested that this software is effective in analyzing the dynamic pressure signal of compressor.
引文
[1]谢锋,谢寿生.基于小波分析的航空发动机旋转失速检测方法.北京:航空动力学报, 2006,21(4): 754~758.
[2]程晓斌,陈静宜.小波分析与压气机旋转失速先兆研究[博士学位论文].北京:中国科学院, 2000.
[3] Day I J. Stall inception in axial flow compressor, Journal of Turbomachinery. 1993,115(1): 1~9.
[4]刘大响,叶培梁.航空燃气涡轮发动机稳定性设计与评定技术.北京:航空工业出版社, 2004.
[5]吴艳军,楚武利.轴流压气机失速初始扰动的研究进展.北京:力学进展,2008,38(5):571~584.
[6] Epstein A H,Williams J E,Greitzer E M. Active suppression of compressor instabilities.AIAA Paper, Aiaa-86-1994,1986.
[7] Day I J. Active suppression of rotating stall and surge in axial compressors. ASME Journal of Turbomachinery,1993,115(1): 40~47.
[8] Paduano J D. Active control of rotating stall in a low speed aial compressor. ASME Journal of Turbomachinery,1993,115(1):48~56.
[9]刘世官,王勤等.短时傅里叶变换在压气机气动失稳分析中的应用.航空发动机,2003,29(2):8~10.
[10]于德介,程军圣,杨宇.机械故障诊断的Hilbert-Huang变换方法.北京:科学出版社,2006.
[11] Liao S F,Chen J Y, Time frequency analysis of rotating stall by meas of wavelet transform. ASME 96-GT-57,1996.
[12] Cheng J Y,Nie C. Investigation on the precursor behavior of compressor rotating stall through two-dimensional wavelet transform.1999, Institute of Engineering Thremophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences: Beijing.1~7.
[13] Hoss B,Leinhos D, Fottner L. Stall inceptions in the compressor system of a turbofan Engine. Journal of Turbomachinery, 2000. 122(January):2~44.
[14]李华,李富.根据振动信号诊断氨风机故障的方法研究.北京:高技术通讯,2004. 14(1):79~82
[15]程晓斌,徐纲,聂超群,陈静宜.基于小波变换的离心压气机旋转失速先兆时频分析.北京:工程物理学报, 2000.21(3): 290~293.
[16]程晓斌,聂超群,陈静宜.小波方法分析小流量喷气影响两级低速轴流压气机失速特性的动态效果研究.北京:工程物理学报, 2002, 23(1): 31~34.
[17]吕建伟,李军.基于时频小波分析的压气机失速过程研究.北京:航空动力学报, 2004, 19(4): 490~494.
[18]黄稳,岳林.压气机信号分析的小波脊线方法和软件实现.山西:机械工程与自动化, 2009, 5: 47~52.
[19]李晋.脉冲声源无源声定位探测技术研究,[博士学位论文].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学.2007.
[20]于晓辉.噪声背景下chirp信号参数估计理论与方法研究,[博士学位论文].长春:吉林大学,2007.
[21] Joseph Pismenny, Yeshayahou Levy. The number and speed of stall cells during rotationg Stall in a multi-stage compressor[R]. Technion Project No 160 - 911, December 2002.
[22] Emmons H W,Pearson C E,Grant H P. Compressor surge and stall propagation. Transactions of the ASME,1955,77(3):455~469.
[23] Poensgen C A,Gallus H E, Rotating stall in a single-stage axial flow compressor. Journal of Turbomachinery,1996,118: 189~196.
[24] Ciannissis G L, McKenzie A B, Elder R L. Experimental investigation of rotationg stall in a mismatched thredd-stage axial flow compressor, Axial Flow Compressor. Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics,1992.
[25] Day I J, Freeman C. The unstable behavior of low and high-speed Compressors. Journal of Turbomachinery, 1994,116(2):194-201.
[26] Pismenny J, Levy Y. Oscillation in multistage axial compressor during rotating stall. Progress Report NO 868, 2001.
[27] Day I J. Stall and surge in axial flow compressor. Axial flow compressor. Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics, 1992.
[28]张宝诚.航空发动机试验和测试技术.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社, 2005.
[29]陈雁硅.压阻式高温压力传感器,[硕士学位论文].成都:电子科技大学硕士学位论文,2002.
[30]戴艳梅,王文襄.压阻式传感器动态特性.哈尔滨:传感器技术, 1999, 18(3): 52~53.
[31]沈桂芬.压阻式传感器灵敏度特性分析.南京:传感技术学报, 1999, 18(4) 17~20.
[32]马昌友,刘波轴.流压气机转子叶尖间隙非定常动态压力测量与频谱分析.西安:西北工业大学硕士学位论文, 2007.
[33]邹理和.数字滤波器,北京:国防工业出版社,1979.
[34] A. V.奥本海姆, R. W.谢弗.离散时间信号处理,西安:西安交通大学出版社, 2001.
[35]陈慧,潘继飞.基于信号互相关的无源时差定位技术.仿真分析电子信息对抗技术,2010,25(2):49~54
[36]佟德纯,姚宝恒.工程信号处理与设备诊断,北京:科学出版,2008.
[37] Storace A F, Wishler D C, Shin H W, Beacher B F,eta. Unsteady flow and whirl-induced forces in axial-flow compressors:partⅠ-experiment. Journal of Turbomachinery, 2001,123(1): 433-445.
[38]柳小勤.大壁虎嗅神经信息的记录与特征分析, [博士学位论文].南京:南京航空航天大学,2009.
[39]杨福生.小波变换的工程分析与应用.北京:科学出版社,1999.
[40]向敬成,刘醒烦.信号理论.成都:成都电讯工程学院出版社,1988.
[2]程晓斌,陈静宜.小波分析与压气机旋转失速先兆研究[博士学位论文].北京:中国科学院, 2000.
[3] Day I J. Stall inception in axial flow compressor, Journal of Turbomachinery. 1993,115(1): 1~9.
[4]刘大响,叶培梁.航空燃气涡轮发动机稳定性设计与评定技术.北京:航空工业出版社, 2004.
[5]吴艳军,楚武利.轴流压气机失速初始扰动的研究进展.北京:力学进展,2008,38(5):571~584.
[6] Epstein A H,Williams J E,Greitzer E M. Active suppression of compressor instabilities.AIAA Paper, Aiaa-86-1994,1986.
[7] Day I J. Active suppression of rotating stall and surge in axial compressors. ASME Journal of Turbomachinery,1993,115(1): 40~47.
[8] Paduano J D. Active control of rotating stall in a low speed aial compressor. ASME Journal of Turbomachinery,1993,115(1):48~56.
[9]刘世官,王勤等.短时傅里叶变换在压气机气动失稳分析中的应用.航空发动机,2003,29(2):8~10.
[10]于德介,程军圣,杨宇.机械故障诊断的Hilbert-Huang变换方法.北京:科学出版社,2006.
[11] Liao S F,Chen J Y, Time frequency analysis of rotating stall by meas of wavelet transform. ASME 96-GT-57,1996.
[12] Cheng J Y,Nie C. Investigation on the precursor behavior of compressor rotating stall through two-dimensional wavelet transform.1999, Institute of Engineering Thremophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences: Beijing.1~7.
[13] Hoss B,Leinhos D, Fottner L. Stall inceptions in the compressor system of a turbofan Engine. Journal of Turbomachinery, 2000. 122(January):2~44.
[14]李华,李富.根据振动信号诊断氨风机故障的方法研究.北京:高技术通讯,2004. 14(1):79~82
[15]程晓斌,徐纲,聂超群,陈静宜.基于小波变换的离心压气机旋转失速先兆时频分析.北京:工程物理学报, 2000.21(3): 290~293.
[16]程晓斌,聂超群,陈静宜.小波方法分析小流量喷气影响两级低速轴流压气机失速特性的动态效果研究.北京:工程物理学报, 2002, 23(1): 31~34.
[17]吕建伟,李军.基于时频小波分析的压气机失速过程研究.北京:航空动力学报, 2004, 19(4): 490~494.
[18]黄稳,岳林.压气机信号分析的小波脊线方法和软件实现.山西:机械工程与自动化, 2009, 5: 47~52.
[19]李晋.脉冲声源无源声定位探测技术研究,[博士学位论文].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学.2007.
[20]于晓辉.噪声背景下chirp信号参数估计理论与方法研究,[博士学位论文].长春:吉林大学,2007.
[21] Joseph Pismenny, Yeshayahou Levy. The number and speed of stall cells during rotationg Stall in a multi-stage compressor[R]. Technion Project No 160 - 911, December 2002.
[22] Emmons H W,Pearson C E,Grant H P. Compressor surge and stall propagation. Transactions of the ASME,1955,77(3):455~469.
[23] Poensgen C A,Gallus H E, Rotating stall in a single-stage axial flow compressor. Journal of Turbomachinery,1996,118: 189~196.
[24] Ciannissis G L, McKenzie A B, Elder R L. Experimental investigation of rotationg stall in a mismatched thredd-stage axial flow compressor, Axial Flow Compressor. Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics,1992.
[25] Day I J, Freeman C. The unstable behavior of low and high-speed Compressors. Journal of Turbomachinery, 1994,116(2):194-201.
[26] Pismenny J, Levy Y. Oscillation in multistage axial compressor during rotating stall. Progress Report NO 868, 2001.
[27] Day I J. Stall and surge in axial flow compressor. Axial flow compressor. Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics, 1992.
[28]张宝诚.航空发动机试验和测试技术.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社, 2005.
[29]陈雁硅.压阻式高温压力传感器,[硕士学位论文].成都:电子科技大学硕士学位论文,2002.
[30]戴艳梅,王文襄.压阻式传感器动态特性.哈尔滨:传感器技术, 1999, 18(3): 52~53.
[31]沈桂芬.压阻式传感器灵敏度特性分析.南京:传感技术学报, 1999, 18(4) 17~20.
[32]马昌友,刘波轴.流压气机转子叶尖间隙非定常动态压力测量与频谱分析.西安:西北工业大学硕士学位论文, 2007.
[33]邹理和.数字滤波器,北京:国防工业出版社,1979.
[34] A. V.奥本海姆, R. W.谢弗.离散时间信号处理,西安:西安交通大学出版社, 2001.
[35]陈慧,潘继飞.基于信号互相关的无源时差定位技术.仿真分析电子信息对抗技术,2010,25(2):49~54
[36]佟德纯,姚宝恒.工程信号处理与设备诊断,北京:科学出版,2008.
[37] Storace A F, Wishler D C, Shin H W, Beacher B F,eta. Unsteady flow and whirl-induced forces in axial-flow compressors:partⅠ-experiment. Journal of Turbomachinery, 2001,123(1): 433-445.
[38]柳小勤.大壁虎嗅神经信息的记录与特征分析, [博士学位论文].南京:南京航空航天大学,2009.
[39]杨福生.小波变换的工程分析与应用.北京:科学出版社,1999.
[40]向敬成,刘醒烦.信号理论.成都:成都电讯工程学院出版社,1988.