自激式振荡流热管热输送性能研究
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摘要
随着便携时代的到来，电子产品出现飞速的发展，高效的处理速度要求芯片的集成度越来越高，为此芯片高热流密度散热问题已成为制约电子产品进一步发展的最大瓶颈之一。本文以微电子散热技术为研究背景对自激式振荡流热管（简称为振荡热管）展开研究，采用实验研究，理论推导，数值模拟，可视化观测等手段对其热输送性能进行深入的分析。
实验中通过不同铜-水管式振荡热管的性能测试以及理论推导，分析管内径和特征传热长度对其热输送性能的影响。实验发现：增加管内径和减小特征传热长度均有利于其启动和稳定运行。在垂直底部加热的工况下，管内径是重要的影响因素，建议管内径大于0.8mm；而在水平一侧加热的工况下，特征传热长度的影响变大，建议特征传热长度应该保持在100mm左右。而综合考虑垂直底部加热和水平一侧加热的工况，认为最佳管内径为1.3mm。此外，还通过与小管径烧结热管的对比，发现在垂直底部加热的工况下，振荡热管可以取代传统烧结热管在更小的散热空间中使用，尤其是在高功率的发热工况。而水平一侧加热工况下，振荡热管只能在某些条件下贴近传统烧结热管的性能表现。同时，基于实验测试数据统计以及无因次分析法，拟合出管式振荡热管的性能预测公式，使得可以根据实际应用的条件来预测振荡热管的运行工况。
本文同样对板式振荡热管热输送性能进行实验研究。由于其蛇形通道被内置到板块内，使得应用更为方便。实验中，使用铝板作为内置槽道的载体，丙酮作为工质，采用可视化装置观测其内部流动，并与传统管式振荡热管进行对比。发现板式振荡热管保持了管式振荡热管的运行特性，随着加热功率的增加而经历流型的变化，热输送性能不断提高。与同尺寸的铝板相比，板式振荡热管传热性能明显得到提高。此外，提高冷却温度或者加大加热段的比例，以及增加槽道的截面和数量均能使板式振荡热管获得更低的运行热阻，改善热输送性能。
本文还通过CFD软件（GAMBIT和FLUENT）建立二维的振荡热管模型，对其内部流动和传热过程进行数值模拟。在数值模拟结果与实验数据，以及可视化观测对比后，发现MIXTURE模型要比VOF模型更适合于振荡热管的模拟。在数值模拟中，成功重现了振荡热管的内部工质流动和对应的温度变化，包括：加热段工质受热蒸发产生汽泡的过程；汽泡喷射跨域冷凝区受冷放热的过程以及工质回流加热段的过程；并由此所产生压差变化诱发的汽液塞振荡。最后还通过数值模拟分析管内径和特征传热长度对振荡热管的热输送性能的影响，结论基本与实验结果一致，证明数值模拟具有可靠性。
综合对管式和板式振荡热管的热输送性能的研究结果，尝试把振荡热管技术应用到解决高热流密度散热问题中，并开发相关的散热模组，包括：管式振荡热管的显卡散热模组，板式振荡热管的1U服务器散热模组，板式振荡热管的LED工矿灯散热模组，管式振荡热管的LED圆筒灯散热模组。在与传统散热方案对比中，发现振荡热管技术确实具有良好的应用前景。
In the portable age, the need for increase in performance at the cost of size and power,demands smaller, as well as more efficient cooling solutions for the electronics systems.Self-Exciting Mode Oscillating-Flow Heat Pipe/Oscillating heat pipe (SEMOHP/OHP) is anew type of efficient heat transfer device, which is getting a great deal of attention due to itssimple design, small size and excellent thermal performance. It is predicted as one of themost promising solution for higher heat dissipation compact cooling. In this study,experimental tests, theoretical analysis, numerical simulations, visual observations wereused to investigate the heat transport capability of OHPs.
Firstly, a series of experiments were performed to investigate the effect of heat transferlength and inner diameter on the heat transport capability of OHPs. In the experiments,OHPs with heat transfer length of100,150and200mm, consisting of4meandering turnsand inner diameter of0.4,0.8,1.3and1.8mm were adopted, and pure water was used as theworking fluid. The OHPs were set to operate at both horizontal and vertical bottom heatingmode. The results show that increasing inner diameter or decreasing heat transfer length isbeneficial to OHPs startup. An effective range of OHPs has been identified. Therecommended inner diameter of OHPs should be bigger than0.8mm in vertical bottomheating mode, while the heat transfer length should be controlled around100mm inhorizontal heating mode. In addition, compared to sintered heat pipes, it is found that OHPscan only approach them in horizontal heating mode, while exceed them in vertical bottomheating mode, for high heating power.
Secondly, an experimental study was carried out to investigate the heat transportcapability of aluminum plate OHPs, which consisting of parallel and square channels. Sizes,different cross-sections and different number of turns were considered. In the experiments,acetone was used as working fluid. The study on the effect of heating mode orientations,cooling conditions and internal structures had been done through visualization observationand thermal performance tests. The flow visualization show that the aluminum plate OHPscan maintained the heat transfer characteristics of liquid and vapor slug oscillation as well asthe conventional tubular OHPs. The flow pattern changes and OHPs’ thermal performanceimproves with the increase of heating power. The trend in one-way direction circulation ofworking fluid emerges. The tests show that the gravity greatly influenced the thermalperformance of plate OHPs. Increasing the cooling temperature decreases the thermal resistance of plate OHPs. Increasing the number of turns and area of channel cross-sectioncan improve the heat transport capability of plate OHPs.
Thirdly, in order to study the heat transfer mechanism of OHPs and predict the heattransport capability of OHPs, a comprehensive mathematical and physical model of OHPwas built to simulate the behavior of two-phase flow in vertical bottom heating mode. Waterwas used as working fluid. Volume of fluid (VOF) and mixture model in FLUENT was usedfor comparison in the simulation. The phase change process between liquid and vapor wasachieved by adding a user-defined function (UDF) source term. The continuum surface force(CSF) model was used for the effect of surface tension. The results show that the mixturemodel is more suitable for the simulation of two-phase flow in OHPs. Being agreed with theflow visualization, the numerical simulation is successful to reproduce the behavior of thetwo-phase flow in OHPs, including vapor generation in evaporation section and oscillationphenomena caused by the pressure difference. The quasi periodic thermal oscillation with thesame characteristic frequency for both evaporation section and condensation sectionindicates that the heat transfer is due to oscillation. The simulation results of OHPs withdifferent heat transfer lengths (L) and inner diameters (Di) in different heat loads, arecompared with the experimental results in the same condition as well. It demonstrates thatthe inner diameter has a more obvious impact on the thermal performance of OHP than theheat transfer length. Increasing inner diameter is beneficial for improving the thermalperformance of OHPs.
Acorrding to the research results on the heat transport capability of OHPs, the uniqueheat sink designs using OHPs was developed for compact cooling, including GPU (graphicprocessing unit) heat sink,1U heat sink, LED (Light Emitting Diode) mining lamp,LED interior lights. Compared with conventional heat sink solutions, OHP heat sinks have agood application prospect.
实验中通过不同铜-水管式振荡热管的性能测试以及理论推导，分析管内径和特征传热长度对其热输送性能的影响。实验发现：增加管内径和减小特征传热长度均有利于其启动和稳定运行。在垂直底部加热的工况下，管内径是重要的影响因素，建议管内径大于0.8mm；而在水平一侧加热的工况下，特征传热长度的影响变大，建议特征传热长度应该保持在100mm左右。而综合考虑垂直底部加热和水平一侧加热的工况，认为最佳管内径为1.3mm。此外，还通过与小管径烧结热管的对比，发现在垂直底部加热的工况下，振荡热管可以取代传统烧结热管在更小的散热空间中使用，尤其是在高功率的发热工况。而水平一侧加热工况下，振荡热管只能在某些条件下贴近传统烧结热管的性能表现。同时，基于实验测试数据统计以及无因次分析法，拟合出管式振荡热管的性能预测公式，使得可以根据实际应用的条件来预测振荡热管的运行工况。
本文同样对板式振荡热管热输送性能进行实验研究。由于其蛇形通道被内置到板块内，使得应用更为方便。实验中，使用铝板作为内置槽道的载体，丙酮作为工质，采用可视化装置观测其内部流动，并与传统管式振荡热管进行对比。发现板式振荡热管保持了管式振荡热管的运行特性，随着加热功率的增加而经历流型的变化，热输送性能不断提高。与同尺寸的铝板相比，板式振荡热管传热性能明显得到提高。此外，提高冷却温度或者加大加热段的比例，以及增加槽道的截面和数量均能使板式振荡热管获得更低的运行热阻，改善热输送性能。
本文还通过CFD软件（GAMBIT和FLUENT）建立二维的振荡热管模型，对其内部流动和传热过程进行数值模拟。在数值模拟结果与实验数据，以及可视化观测对比后，发现MIXTURE模型要比VOF模型更适合于振荡热管的模拟。在数值模拟中，成功重现了振荡热管的内部工质流动和对应的温度变化，包括：加热段工质受热蒸发产生汽泡的过程；汽泡喷射跨域冷凝区受冷放热的过程以及工质回流加热段的过程；并由此所产生压差变化诱发的汽液塞振荡。最后还通过数值模拟分析管内径和特征传热长度对振荡热管的热输送性能的影响，结论基本与实验结果一致，证明数值模拟具有可靠性。
综合对管式和板式振荡热管的热输送性能的研究结果，尝试把振荡热管技术应用到解决高热流密度散热问题中，并开发相关的散热模组，包括：管式振荡热管的显卡散热模组，板式振荡热管的1U服务器散热模组，板式振荡热管的LED工矿灯散热模组，管式振荡热管的LED圆筒灯散热模组。在与传统散热方案对比中，发现振荡热管技术确实具有良好的应用前景。
In the portable age, the need for increase in performance at the cost of size and power,demands smaller, as well as more efficient cooling solutions for the electronics systems.Self-Exciting Mode Oscillating-Flow Heat Pipe/Oscillating heat pipe (SEMOHP/OHP) is anew type of efficient heat transfer device, which is getting a great deal of attention due to itssimple design, small size and excellent thermal performance. It is predicted as one of themost promising solution for higher heat dissipation compact cooling. In this study,experimental tests, theoretical analysis, numerical simulations, visual observations wereused to investigate the heat transport capability of OHPs.
Firstly, a series of experiments were performed to investigate the effect of heat transferlength and inner diameter on the heat transport capability of OHPs. In the experiments,OHPs with heat transfer length of100,150and200mm, consisting of4meandering turnsand inner diameter of0.4,0.8,1.3and1.8mm were adopted, and pure water was used as theworking fluid. The OHPs were set to operate at both horizontal and vertical bottom heatingmode. The results show that increasing inner diameter or decreasing heat transfer length isbeneficial to OHPs startup. An effective range of OHPs has been identified. Therecommended inner diameter of OHPs should be bigger than0.8mm in vertical bottomheating mode, while the heat transfer length should be controlled around100mm inhorizontal heating mode. In addition, compared to sintered heat pipes, it is found that OHPscan only approach them in horizontal heating mode, while exceed them in vertical bottomheating mode, for high heating power.
Secondly, an experimental study was carried out to investigate the heat transportcapability of aluminum plate OHPs, which consisting of parallel and square channels. Sizes,different cross-sections and different number of turns were considered. In the experiments,acetone was used as working fluid. The study on the effect of heating mode orientations,cooling conditions and internal structures had been done through visualization observationand thermal performance tests. The flow visualization show that the aluminum plate OHPscan maintained the heat transfer characteristics of liquid and vapor slug oscillation as well asthe conventional tubular OHPs. The flow pattern changes and OHPs’ thermal performanceimproves with the increase of heating power. The trend in one-way direction circulation ofworking fluid emerges. The tests show that the gravity greatly influenced the thermalperformance of plate OHPs. Increasing the cooling temperature decreases the thermal resistance of plate OHPs. Increasing the number of turns and area of channel cross-sectioncan improve the heat transport capability of plate OHPs.
Thirdly, in order to study the heat transfer mechanism of OHPs and predict the heattransport capability of OHPs, a comprehensive mathematical and physical model of OHPwas built to simulate the behavior of two-phase flow in vertical bottom heating mode. Waterwas used as working fluid. Volume of fluid (VOF) and mixture model in FLUENT was usedfor comparison in the simulation. The phase change process between liquid and vapor wasachieved by adding a user-defined function (UDF) source term. The continuum surface force(CSF) model was used for the effect of surface tension. The results show that the mixturemodel is more suitable for the simulation of two-phase flow in OHPs. Being agreed with theflow visualization, the numerical simulation is successful to reproduce the behavior of thetwo-phase flow in OHPs, including vapor generation in evaporation section and oscillationphenomena caused by the pressure difference. The quasi periodic thermal oscillation with thesame characteristic frequency for both evaporation section and condensation sectionindicates that the heat transfer is due to oscillation. The simulation results of OHPs withdifferent heat transfer lengths (L) and inner diameters (Di) in different heat loads, arecompared with the experimental results in the same condition as well. It demonstrates thatthe inner diameter has a more obvious impact on the thermal performance of OHP than theheat transfer length. Increasing inner diameter is beneficial for improving the thermalperformance of OHPs.
Acorrding to the research results on the heat transport capability of OHPs, the uniqueheat sink designs using OHPs was developed for compact cooling, including GPU (graphicprocessing unit) heat sink,1U heat sink, LED (Light Emitting Diode) mining lamp,LED interior lights. Compared with conventional heat sink solutions, OHP heat sinks have agood application prospect.
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