干旱区景观尺度下生态系统服务功能价值评价体系构建与应用初步研究
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摘要
生态系统服务功能评价是生态环境变化评价的主要方法之一,景观生态学在研究对象上与生态系统服务功能评价体系相同,生态系统服务功能价值计算成为计算由景观格局变化导致景观功能变化的有效方法。但是,目前的Constanza和谢高地的生态系统服务功能评价体系是建立在全球尺度及区域尺度之上的,对于更直接反映人类活动的景观尺度上的生态系统服务功能评价的分类系统还不完整,各类别的价值量的估算方法还不甚成熟。在干旱区,景观类型及特征明显区别于湿润区,寻找到适合于干旱区绿洲—荒漠生态系统服务功能的评价指标与方法是有必要的。
主要工作：
1)针对新疆奇台、乌苏、鄯善三个绿洲,本研究利用多期的景观数据对这三个典型绿洲进行横向、纵向对比,探讨不同景观指数在干旱区绿洲—荒漠生态系统评价中指示度。结果表明：单一的景观格局指数在进行不同区域对比分析的评价中其意义是不明晰的,景观生态学空间格局分析应该与生态学过程结合才能有更明确的应用价值。
2)利用MODIS数据,结合遥感生态学方法,计算了新疆陆地生态系统2000年的生态服务价值。在此基础上,利用统计学方法探讨了NPP与生态系统服务价值之间的定量关系,结果表明：①新疆地区2000年生态系统服务功能所产生的价值为8871.05×l08元,其中贡献量最大的是固定CO2的价值,其次是释放02,营养物质循环最少；②新疆森林的生态系统服务价值最高,达44073.39元／hm2,其次为耕地,为39100.37元／hm2,而灌木和草地在15000元／hm2以上,未利用地为116.14元／hm2,建筑用地几乎为零；③生态系统服务价值的空间分布与FVC、NPP的分布具有高度相关性；④结合其他研究者的数据探讨了NPP与生态系统服务价值之间的关系,表明净第一性生产力NPP与生态系统服务功能价值之间具有良好的线性相关关系。由于利用遥感方法得到的实时动态的区域的NPP计算的方法得到普遍认可,因此,从NPP出发推算生态系统服务功能是目前生态系统价值评估的可行方法,为建立动态快速评价生态系统服务价值的方法及其广泛应用打下基础。
3)利用新疆地区典型绿洲的景观类型图叠加遥感数据MODIS的净初级生产力的数据产品MOD17A3,在遥感(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)的支持下,提取并统计了景观尺度下的各类景观的NPP值,为干旱区景观尺度的生态系统服务价值测算体系建立提供了方法依据和数据支持。
4)利用NPP与生态系统服务的关系推算了Constanza和谢高地生态系统服务功能评价系统中缺少的景观类型的当量因子,在Constanza的基础上,提出了利用抠图法构建的景观尺度下干旱区生态系统服务功能价值评价体系。
5)采用传统的Constanza评价体系、谢高地评价体系和本研究提出的抠图法评价体系,对新疆的奇台、乌苏两地区进行生态系统服务功能评价。通过比较分析认为,Constanza、谢高地及本研究提出的评价体系对典型绿洲的评价结论基本一致,对绿洲生态系统服务功能价值变化发展趋势判断相同,但本研究与Constanza评价体系指示的显著度明显,谢高地评价体系显著度低于其他两种方法。这说明,本研究以景观抠图法提出的评价体系对干旱区绿洲—荒漠生态系统服务功能评价具有可信的效果。可以应用于干旱区的生态系统服务价值评估中,而且由于景观类型的细分,评价结果的准确性得到了提高。
6)提出利用NPP动态评价景观尺度的生态系统服务功能价值方法并通过实例进行验证,同时利用同期的转移概率矩阵和气候因子变化解释了生态系统服务功能变化的原因。
本论文利用遥感模型计算了新疆2000年的生态系统服务价值,探讨了NPP与生态系统服务功能价值之间的关系,尝试性提出利用MODIS的数据产品NPP,结合景观类型图计算景观尺度下的不同景观类型的NPP,并提出了一种利用NPP计算生态系统服务价值的方法,构建了干旱区景观尺度下生态系统服务功能评价体系的技术路线、方法。利用NPP动态分析生态系统服务功能的变化对绿色GDP指标纳入到社会发展评价体系具有实际意义,对同类的研究工作有一定的借鉴意义。
Ecosystem services value is one of the main methods to evaluate eco-environment change. Landscape ecology has the same research object with ecosystem services value. Therefore, it is an effect assessment method, the ecosystem services value evaluation system, to evaluate landscape function change which caused by landscape pattern change. Nevertheless, at present, the ecosystem services value evaluation system, such as Constanza and Xie Gaodi, both of their methods are based on global or great region scale, and their classification for landscape ecosystem which can directly reflect human activities are not perfect, and also the value assessment methods are still under immature development. In arid area, the landscape types and characteristics have obvious differences compared with humid region. So, to explore a scientific and suitable evaluation method and system for evaluating oasis-desert ecosystem services value in arid area is necessarily and urgently.
Considering these problems discussed above, based on the predecessor's achievements, this research focused on next five major topics:
1) Some landscape indexes have been relatively analyzed by using multi-periods landscape data of Qitai, Wusu, Shanshan oasises in Xingjing area for demonstrating the relativity relation among these landscape indexes. And then the author discussed the value for the ecological evaluation of typical oasis in arid area from across and longitudinal direction respectively. The Results showed that it is difficult or imprecise in landscape ecology comparison assessment by single landscape pattern indexes. The landscape spatial analysis method should combine ecological processes and other data indexes which can response the real situation, only by this way, the landscape pattern spatial analysis has more practical application value in landscape ecology and eco-environmental assessment.
2) Based on MODIS data, combining with the method of remote sensing ecological, we calculated the terrestrial ecological services value of Xinjiang area in 2000a. And then the quantitative relationship between NPP and ecological services value had been approached by statistical method. The results showed that, the total terrestrial ecological services value of Xinjiang area is 8.87105×1011 yuan in 2000a, in which the service value of CO2 fixation is the highest, expiration O2 is second, nutrition circulation is last. The service value varied with different land cover, the forest had the highest service value of 44073.39 yuan·hm-2, and farmland had a higher value of 39100.37 yuan·hm-2, bushes and grassland is also higher than 15000 yuan·hm-2, but the bare or dessert land is only 116.14 yuan·hm-2, the city land is almost 0 yuan·hm-2. The spatial distribution of ecological services value is similar to FVC and NPP, which revealed a high relativity relationship. Conbining with analysis results of the relationship between Ecosystem Service Value and NPP, and relative data from 3 similar cases of other researchers, the author believe that it is a favorable linear correlative relationship between ecosystem services value and NPP. Therefore, it is a relative reliable and feasible approach to fast estimate ecosystem services value from NPP by the support of RS technology. This research results give an approach to evaluate terrestrial ecological services value dynamical and expediently.
3) By using of the overlay image matting approach, NPP from MODIS data product (MOD17A3), and the landscape types maps of typical oasis in Xinjiang area, based on RS(Remote Sensing) and GIS(Geographic information system), the author have extracted and calculated the NPP of all landscape types in the landscape-scale. This work could give a support in method and basic data for the constuction of landscape scale ecological system services value calculation in arid area.
4) According to the relationship between NPP and ecosystem services value, the Equivalent factors which have not in Constanza and Xie Gaodi systems have been reckoned, and then, the image matting approach based on Constanza system is constructed to calculate the ecosystem services value for arid area in landscape scale.
5) By using of the evaluation system of Constanza, Xie Gaodi and the image matting approach, the ecosystem services value have been comprehensively evaluated based on temporal multi-phase landscape pattern in the arid region of QiTai and WuSu in Xinjiang. The results indicated that three systems have same conclusion in the tendencies of landscape development, but the image matting approach has the most significant meaning for instructing ecosystem services evaluation in arid area, and the Constanza system take second place, Xie Gaodi system at last. These also illustrate that it is credible of this evaluation system proposed by author for evaluating oasis-desert ecosystem services value based on the landscape scale, and this evaluation system can be applied on the eco-environment assessment of arid area for its more accuracy results coming from the detailed classification on landscape types.
6) Because of the effects of increasing global climate change and human activities, the natural and artificial landscape may change correspondingly. In this study, we proposed an approach called image matting method to monitoring the dynamic characteristic of NPP, and constructing an ecosystem services assessment system based on landscape scale which has temporal dynamic property, and been verified through the practical examples. At the same time, by using of the transformation matrix of landscape and the climate factors change, we have explained the reasons of the region ecosystem services change.
In this paper, Based on the method of remote sensing ecological, calculated the terrestrial ecological services value of Xinjiang area in 2000a. And then the quantitative relationship between NPP and ecological services value had been approached by statistical method., the author tried to propose an approach to calculate the ecosystem services value by using of the NPP based on MODIS data product in the scale of landscape, and construct the feasible technical route and approach for the landscape ecosystem services value evaluation in arid area. It is of important significance for the Green GDP being subordinated to society develop assessment system through dynamic analyzing on the ecosystem services value change by using of NPP. It is beneficial and helpful for some researchers do the similar field work to do further study.
主要工作：
1)针对新疆奇台、乌苏、鄯善三个绿洲,本研究利用多期的景观数据对这三个典型绿洲进行横向、纵向对比,探讨不同景观指数在干旱区绿洲—荒漠生态系统评价中指示度。结果表明：单一的景观格局指数在进行不同区域对比分析的评价中其意义是不明晰的,景观生态学空间格局分析应该与生态学过程结合才能有更明确的应用价值。
2)利用MODIS数据,结合遥感生态学方法,计算了新疆陆地生态系统2000年的生态服务价值。在此基础上,利用统计学方法探讨了NPP与生态系统服务价值之间的定量关系,结果表明：①新疆地区2000年生态系统服务功能所产生的价值为8871.05×l08元,其中贡献量最大的是固定CO2的价值,其次是释放02,营养物质循环最少；②新疆森林的生态系统服务价值最高,达44073.39元／hm2,其次为耕地,为39100.37元／hm2,而灌木和草地在15000元／hm2以上,未利用地为116.14元／hm2,建筑用地几乎为零；③生态系统服务价值的空间分布与FVC、NPP的分布具有高度相关性；④结合其他研究者的数据探讨了NPP与生态系统服务价值之间的关系,表明净第一性生产力NPP与生态系统服务功能价值之间具有良好的线性相关关系。由于利用遥感方法得到的实时动态的区域的NPP计算的方法得到普遍认可,因此,从NPP出发推算生态系统服务功能是目前生态系统价值评估的可行方法,为建立动态快速评价生态系统服务价值的方法及其广泛应用打下基础。
3)利用新疆地区典型绿洲的景观类型图叠加遥感数据MODIS的净初级生产力的数据产品MOD17A3,在遥感(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)的支持下,提取并统计了景观尺度下的各类景观的NPP值,为干旱区景观尺度的生态系统服务价值测算体系建立提供了方法依据和数据支持。
4)利用NPP与生态系统服务的关系推算了Constanza和谢高地生态系统服务功能评价系统中缺少的景观类型的当量因子,在Constanza的基础上,提出了利用抠图法构建的景观尺度下干旱区生态系统服务功能价值评价体系。
5)采用传统的Constanza评价体系、谢高地评价体系和本研究提出的抠图法评价体系,对新疆的奇台、乌苏两地区进行生态系统服务功能评价。通过比较分析认为,Constanza、谢高地及本研究提出的评价体系对典型绿洲的评价结论基本一致,对绿洲生态系统服务功能价值变化发展趋势判断相同,但本研究与Constanza评价体系指示的显著度明显,谢高地评价体系显著度低于其他两种方法。这说明,本研究以景观抠图法提出的评价体系对干旱区绿洲—荒漠生态系统服务功能评价具有可信的效果。可以应用于干旱区的生态系统服务价值评估中,而且由于景观类型的细分,评价结果的准确性得到了提高。
6)提出利用NPP动态评价景观尺度的生态系统服务功能价值方法并通过实例进行验证,同时利用同期的转移概率矩阵和气候因子变化解释了生态系统服务功能变化的原因。
本论文利用遥感模型计算了新疆2000年的生态系统服务价值,探讨了NPP与生态系统服务功能价值之间的关系,尝试性提出利用MODIS的数据产品NPP,结合景观类型图计算景观尺度下的不同景观类型的NPP,并提出了一种利用NPP计算生态系统服务价值的方法,构建了干旱区景观尺度下生态系统服务功能评价体系的技术路线、方法。利用NPP动态分析生态系统服务功能的变化对绿色GDP指标纳入到社会发展评价体系具有实际意义,对同类的研究工作有一定的借鉴意义。
Ecosystem services value is one of the main methods to evaluate eco-environment change. Landscape ecology has the same research object with ecosystem services value. Therefore, it is an effect assessment method, the ecosystem services value evaluation system, to evaluate landscape function change which caused by landscape pattern change. Nevertheless, at present, the ecosystem services value evaluation system, such as Constanza and Xie Gaodi, both of their methods are based on global or great region scale, and their classification for landscape ecosystem which can directly reflect human activities are not perfect, and also the value assessment methods are still under immature development. In arid area, the landscape types and characteristics have obvious differences compared with humid region. So, to explore a scientific and suitable evaluation method and system for evaluating oasis-desert ecosystem services value in arid area is necessarily and urgently.
Considering these problems discussed above, based on the predecessor's achievements, this research focused on next five major topics:
1) Some landscape indexes have been relatively analyzed by using multi-periods landscape data of Qitai, Wusu, Shanshan oasises in Xingjing area for demonstrating the relativity relation among these landscape indexes. And then the author discussed the value for the ecological evaluation of typical oasis in arid area from across and longitudinal direction respectively. The Results showed that it is difficult or imprecise in landscape ecology comparison assessment by single landscape pattern indexes. The landscape spatial analysis method should combine ecological processes and other data indexes which can response the real situation, only by this way, the landscape pattern spatial analysis has more practical application value in landscape ecology and eco-environmental assessment.
2) Based on MODIS data, combining with the method of remote sensing ecological, we calculated the terrestrial ecological services value of Xinjiang area in 2000a. And then the quantitative relationship between NPP and ecological services value had been approached by statistical method. The results showed that, the total terrestrial ecological services value of Xinjiang area is 8.87105×1011 yuan in 2000a, in which the service value of CO2 fixation is the highest, expiration O2 is second, nutrition circulation is last. The service value varied with different land cover, the forest had the highest service value of 44073.39 yuan·hm-2, and farmland had a higher value of 39100.37 yuan·hm-2, bushes and grassland is also higher than 15000 yuan·hm-2, but the bare or dessert land is only 116.14 yuan·hm-2, the city land is almost 0 yuan·hm-2. The spatial distribution of ecological services value is similar to FVC and NPP, which revealed a high relativity relationship. Conbining with analysis results of the relationship between Ecosystem Service Value and NPP, and relative data from 3 similar cases of other researchers, the author believe that it is a favorable linear correlative relationship between ecosystem services value and NPP. Therefore, it is a relative reliable and feasible approach to fast estimate ecosystem services value from NPP by the support of RS technology. This research results give an approach to evaluate terrestrial ecological services value dynamical and expediently.
3) By using of the overlay image matting approach, NPP from MODIS data product (MOD17A3), and the landscape types maps of typical oasis in Xinjiang area, based on RS(Remote Sensing) and GIS(Geographic information system), the author have extracted and calculated the NPP of all landscape types in the landscape-scale. This work could give a support in method and basic data for the constuction of landscape scale ecological system services value calculation in arid area.
4) According to the relationship between NPP and ecosystem services value, the Equivalent factors which have not in Constanza and Xie Gaodi systems have been reckoned, and then, the image matting approach based on Constanza system is constructed to calculate the ecosystem services value for arid area in landscape scale.
5) By using of the evaluation system of Constanza, Xie Gaodi and the image matting approach, the ecosystem services value have been comprehensively evaluated based on temporal multi-phase landscape pattern in the arid region of QiTai and WuSu in Xinjiang. The results indicated that three systems have same conclusion in the tendencies of landscape development, but the image matting approach has the most significant meaning for instructing ecosystem services evaluation in arid area, and the Constanza system take second place, Xie Gaodi system at last. These also illustrate that it is credible of this evaluation system proposed by author for evaluating oasis-desert ecosystem services value based on the landscape scale, and this evaluation system can be applied on the eco-environment assessment of arid area for its more accuracy results coming from the detailed classification on landscape types.
6) Because of the effects of increasing global climate change and human activities, the natural and artificial landscape may change correspondingly. In this study, we proposed an approach called image matting method to monitoring the dynamic characteristic of NPP, and constructing an ecosystem services assessment system based on landscape scale which has temporal dynamic property, and been verified through the practical examples. At the same time, by using of the transformation matrix of landscape and the climate factors change, we have explained the reasons of the region ecosystem services change.
In this paper, Based on the method of remote sensing ecological, calculated the terrestrial ecological services value of Xinjiang area in 2000a. And then the quantitative relationship between NPP and ecological services value had been approached by statistical method., the author tried to propose an approach to calculate the ecosystem services value by using of the NPP based on MODIS data product in the scale of landscape, and construct the feasible technical route and approach for the landscape ecosystem services value evaluation in arid area. It is of important significance for the Green GDP being subordinated to society develop assessment system through dynamic analyzing on the ecosystem services value change by using of NPP. It is beneficial and helpful for some researchers do the similar field work to do further study.
引文
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