奎屯垦区鸟类群落特征及影响因素研究
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摘要
绿洲是干旱地区人类生活的重要空间,随着经济的发展,环境问题越来越突出。研究绿洲鸟类群落多样性,分析鸟类生存制约因子,对保护绿洲生物多样性、发挥鸟类在农业害虫组合防治中的作用、实现生态农业的目标,具有理论和实际意义。本研究以新疆绿洲之一的奎屯垦区鸟类群落为主要研究对象,在全面调查垦区鸟类种类、数量、分布以及垦区植被状况的基础之上,系统分析了垦区鸟类群落及其与栖息地环境间的关系,并以鸟类群落特征特征为主要指标对奎屯垦区环境质量进行了初步组合评价。
本研究的特色是:以整个奎屯垦区为研究主体,从植被状况资源可利用性角度对垦区十类生境鸟类群落特征及其与栖息地环境关系做了比较及分析研究。研究成果可为绿洲生态可持续发展提供科学参考。
本研究主要成果如下:
1、奎屯垦区鸟类群落构成:共记录鸟类167种。区系上,古北型143种,占垦区鸟类种数的85.6%,广布型24种,占14.4%。古北型鸟类中,有北方型鸟类66种,占39.5%;北方广布型鸟类48种,占28.7%;中亚型26种,占15.6%,中亚型鸟类占较高比例,反映垦区部分区域的荒漠起源性质及荒漠化趋势。地理位置及环境特殊是该地区鸟类种类较多的主要因素。
2、垦区鸟类群落生态类群以夏候鸟为主(98种,58.68%),食性上以动物性食物鸟类为主(113种,67.66%);筑巢类型以灌草丛巢及地面巢为主(87种,52.09%);鸟类的平均密度为5.7627只/hm2.平均生物量为183.536g/hm2。优势种有7种。
3、夏季各栖息地鸟类摄食集团结构上多以食虫集团为主,摄食集团种类多且各集团比例较均衡的鸟类群落拥有较高的生物多样性;反之,则生物多样性低。聚类分析显示,垦区十类栖息地鸟类归为三类,与栖息地水资源状况正好吻合,即:湿生的湿地鸟类群落、中生的阔叶林农田鸟类群落和旱生的荒漠鸟类群落。
4、冬季因食物资源类型及数量改变,垦区鸟类种类下降59种。各摄食集团的鸟种数量较均衡,说明各类食物资源均不丰富。但多数食虫鸟类在冬季转为植食性(如长尾雀)或杂食性(如乌(东鸟))。说明,与其它食物资源相比,果实、种子及人类遗弃资源相对丰富。
5、绿洲鸟类是主要依赖于绿洲生存的鸟类群体,主要是由适应北方阔叶林的北方广布型森林鸟类及部分耐旱型湿地鸟类组成。绿洲鸟类是奎屯垦区鸟类群落构成的主体。绿洲鸟类对垦区鸟类群落起支撑作用。
6、植被因子仍然是制约垦区鸟类多样性的的主导因子,其中乔木成分是植被因子中对鸟类多样性影响最大的部分,其次是人类干扰,在早垦农作区及垦区周边荒漠等栖息地内表现较为明显。水因子也是影响垦区鸟类较显著的因子。
7、留鸟的种类数量对鸟类多样性有显著影响。除湿地外,留鸟与夏候鸟的比值与该栖息地鸟类多样性呈正相关关系;鸟类的种数与冬季食物丰富度有关,主要是果实型和种子型食物资源。
8、垦区鸟类保护主要保护珍稀物种保护及绿洲鸟类保护两方面。从栖息地类型看湿地生境、城镇生境、居民点生境及早垦农作区是为珍稀物种及绿洲鸟类主要栖息地。应加强以上区域的环境保护及鸟类保护。
9、垦区应加强弃耕区及农作区间荒漠的生态恢复力度,同时,新垦农作区应加强农田林网化建设,完善垦区生态防护林体系。同时,在非农业区要严禁使用农药。农业区也要减少农药使用量并且禁止使用剧毒农药。
Oasis is an important space with human living in arid area. With the development of local economy, environmental problem is increasingly outstanding. It has theoretical and practical significance in studying bird community diversity, analyzing limiting factors of bird living , protecting oasis biodiversity, exerting effect of bird for integrated controling agricultural pests and realizing ecological agriculture. The bird communities in KuiTun reclamation area were main investigating target of the present study. On the basement of investigating the species, quantities and distributions of birds and vegetations of reclamation area, the bird communities in reclamation areas and the relations between the bird communities and their habitat environments were systematically analyzed. The environmental Qualities in KuiTun reclamation were comprehensively evaluated by using the bird community characteristics as the main indexes.
A distinctive feature of the present study is that by taking the whole reclamation area as research object, comparative studies were thoroughly made on quantitative characteristics of bird communities and their relations to habitat environments in KuiTun reclamation area from a view of resource utilizations. The results might provide basic theoretical data for monitoring and evaluating the sustainable development of oasis. Major achievements of the study as follows:
1. The bird community composition of KuiTun: Within the 167 species recorded during investigations. Among them, 131 species (85.60%) of Palaearctic region, 24 species (14.40%) of Cosmopolitan. Among Palaearctic region, 66 species (39.50%) of northern type, 48 species (28.66%) of northern widespread type, 26 species (15.60%) of central Asia type. The considerable proportion of Central Asia type birds reflected that the desertification trend is increasing in some regions of reclamation area. Many bird species in this region are mainly caused by geographical position and special environment.
2. The bird ecological groups of the reclamation area are dominated by summer migrant (96 species, 57.48%), it is dominated by animal feeding habits (113 species, 67.66%) in feeding habits. It is dominated by shrub-herbosa nest and ground nest in nesting type. (87 species, 52.09%). The bird average density is 5.7627 /hm2, the average bio-quantity is 183.536g/hm2 and there are 7 predominance species.
3. The structure of feeding guild in summer is dominated by carnivorism guild. It has high value of biodiversity that bird community has equilibrium of proportion in feeding guild. Contrarily, the value of biodiversity is low. The result of cluster analysis shows that ten kinds of bird community are plotted three types, which are wetland bird community and broadleaf forest farmland bird community and desert bird community.
4. The amount of bird community of reclamation area decreased because food resource had change in winter. It shows that all kinds of food resources are not abundance. But most of entomophagous bird are able to change its primary food habits to plants feeding habits in winter such as Long-tailed Rosefinch and omnivorous habits Common Blackbird. It should be explained that the resource of fruit and plant seeds and other food abandoned by human being is relative rich comparing with other food resource.
5. Oasis bird is mainly community depends on oasis to live. It mainly make up of northern widespread type forest bird and rought burable type wetland bird. Oasis bird is principal part of bird community of reclamation area and is supporting role for it
6. Vegetation factor still is a dominant factor to restrict bird diversity of the reclamation area. Tree composition is the first affecting factor to bird diversity, the next is human disturbance and water factor is remarkable affection factor yet.
7. The kinds of resident birds are able to affect bird diversity remarkably. Ratio of resident bird and summer migrant is positive correlation with bird diversity in there except for wetlands. The kind of bird is related with food richness of habitat, it is mainly the food resource of fruit and seed.
8. Protecting bird in reclamation area contain mainly rare species protection and oasis bird protection. The mainly habitat of them are wetland and town residential point and early farming area in KuiTun reclamation area. It should be strengthened to safeguard bird and environment over there.
9. It should be strengthened to ecological restoration at abandoned area and deserts among farming area and to construct farmland windbreak network at lately farming area for perfecting system of ecological protection forest. It ought to prohibit strictly pesticide to be used at non-farming area and toxic pesticide used at fanning area in reclamation area at the same time.
本研究的特色是:以整个奎屯垦区为研究主体,从植被状况资源可利用性角度对垦区十类生境鸟类群落特征及其与栖息地环境关系做了比较及分析研究。研究成果可为绿洲生态可持续发展提供科学参考。
本研究主要成果如下:
1、奎屯垦区鸟类群落构成:共记录鸟类167种。区系上,古北型143种,占垦区鸟类种数的85.6%,广布型24种,占14.4%。古北型鸟类中,有北方型鸟类66种,占39.5%;北方广布型鸟类48种,占28.7%;中亚型26种,占15.6%,中亚型鸟类占较高比例,反映垦区部分区域的荒漠起源性质及荒漠化趋势。地理位置及环境特殊是该地区鸟类种类较多的主要因素。
2、垦区鸟类群落生态类群以夏候鸟为主(98种,58.68%),食性上以动物性食物鸟类为主(113种,67.66%);筑巢类型以灌草丛巢及地面巢为主(87种,52.09%);鸟类的平均密度为5.7627只/hm2.平均生物量为183.536g/hm2。优势种有7种。
3、夏季各栖息地鸟类摄食集团结构上多以食虫集团为主,摄食集团种类多且各集团比例较均衡的鸟类群落拥有较高的生物多样性;反之,则生物多样性低。聚类分析显示,垦区十类栖息地鸟类归为三类,与栖息地水资源状况正好吻合,即:湿生的湿地鸟类群落、中生的阔叶林农田鸟类群落和旱生的荒漠鸟类群落。
4、冬季因食物资源类型及数量改变,垦区鸟类种类下降59种。各摄食集团的鸟种数量较均衡,说明各类食物资源均不丰富。但多数食虫鸟类在冬季转为植食性(如长尾雀)或杂食性(如乌(东鸟))。说明,与其它食物资源相比,果实、种子及人类遗弃资源相对丰富。
5、绿洲鸟类是主要依赖于绿洲生存的鸟类群体,主要是由适应北方阔叶林的北方广布型森林鸟类及部分耐旱型湿地鸟类组成。绿洲鸟类是奎屯垦区鸟类群落构成的主体。绿洲鸟类对垦区鸟类群落起支撑作用。
6、植被因子仍然是制约垦区鸟类多样性的的主导因子,其中乔木成分是植被因子中对鸟类多样性影响最大的部分,其次是人类干扰,在早垦农作区及垦区周边荒漠等栖息地内表现较为明显。水因子也是影响垦区鸟类较显著的因子。
7、留鸟的种类数量对鸟类多样性有显著影响。除湿地外,留鸟与夏候鸟的比值与该栖息地鸟类多样性呈正相关关系;鸟类的种数与冬季食物丰富度有关,主要是果实型和种子型食物资源。
8、垦区鸟类保护主要保护珍稀物种保护及绿洲鸟类保护两方面。从栖息地类型看湿地生境、城镇生境、居民点生境及早垦农作区是为珍稀物种及绿洲鸟类主要栖息地。应加强以上区域的环境保护及鸟类保护。
9、垦区应加强弃耕区及农作区间荒漠的生态恢复力度,同时,新垦农作区应加强农田林网化建设,完善垦区生态防护林体系。同时,在非农业区要严禁使用农药。农业区也要减少农药使用量并且禁止使用剧毒农药。
Oasis is an important space with human living in arid area. With the development of local economy, environmental problem is increasingly outstanding. It has theoretical and practical significance in studying bird community diversity, analyzing limiting factors of bird living , protecting oasis biodiversity, exerting effect of bird for integrated controling agricultural pests and realizing ecological agriculture. The bird communities in KuiTun reclamation area were main investigating target of the present study. On the basement of investigating the species, quantities and distributions of birds and vegetations of reclamation area, the bird communities in reclamation areas and the relations between the bird communities and their habitat environments were systematically analyzed. The environmental Qualities in KuiTun reclamation were comprehensively evaluated by using the bird community characteristics as the main indexes.
A distinctive feature of the present study is that by taking the whole reclamation area as research object, comparative studies were thoroughly made on quantitative characteristics of bird communities and their relations to habitat environments in KuiTun reclamation area from a view of resource utilizations. The results might provide basic theoretical data for monitoring and evaluating the sustainable development of oasis. Major achievements of the study as follows:
1. The bird community composition of KuiTun: Within the 167 species recorded during investigations. Among them, 131 species (85.60%) of Palaearctic region, 24 species (14.40%) of Cosmopolitan. Among Palaearctic region, 66 species (39.50%) of northern type, 48 species (28.66%) of northern widespread type, 26 species (15.60%) of central Asia type. The considerable proportion of Central Asia type birds reflected that the desertification trend is increasing in some regions of reclamation area. Many bird species in this region are mainly caused by geographical position and special environment.
2. The bird ecological groups of the reclamation area are dominated by summer migrant (96 species, 57.48%), it is dominated by animal feeding habits (113 species, 67.66%) in feeding habits. It is dominated by shrub-herbosa nest and ground nest in nesting type. (87 species, 52.09%). The bird average density is 5.7627 /hm2, the average bio-quantity is 183.536g/hm2 and there are 7 predominance species.
3. The structure of feeding guild in summer is dominated by carnivorism guild. It has high value of biodiversity that bird community has equilibrium of proportion in feeding guild. Contrarily, the value of biodiversity is low. The result of cluster analysis shows that ten kinds of bird community are plotted three types, which are wetland bird community and broadleaf forest farmland bird community and desert bird community.
4. The amount of bird community of reclamation area decreased because food resource had change in winter. It shows that all kinds of food resources are not abundance. But most of entomophagous bird are able to change its primary food habits to plants feeding habits in winter such as Long-tailed Rosefinch and omnivorous habits Common Blackbird. It should be explained that the resource of fruit and plant seeds and other food abandoned by human being is relative rich comparing with other food resource.
5. Oasis bird is mainly community depends on oasis to live. It mainly make up of northern widespread type forest bird and rought burable type wetland bird. Oasis bird is principal part of bird community of reclamation area and is supporting role for it
6. Vegetation factor still is a dominant factor to restrict bird diversity of the reclamation area. Tree composition is the first affecting factor to bird diversity, the next is human disturbance and water factor is remarkable affection factor yet.
7. The kinds of resident birds are able to affect bird diversity remarkably. Ratio of resident bird and summer migrant is positive correlation with bird diversity in there except for wetlands. The kind of bird is related with food richness of habitat, it is mainly the food resource of fruit and seed.
8. Protecting bird in reclamation area contain mainly rare species protection and oasis bird protection. The mainly habitat of them are wetland and town residential point and early farming area in KuiTun reclamation area. It should be strengthened to safeguard bird and environment over there.
9. It should be strengthened to ecological restoration at abandoned area and deserts among farming area and to construct farmland windbreak network at lately farming area for perfecting system of ecological protection forest. It ought to prohibit strictly pesticide to be used at non-farming area and toxic pesticide used at fanning area in reclamation area at the same time.
引文
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