基于光纤传感器的油井套损监测系统研究
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摘要
套损问题是一个长期困扰世界石油行业的难题,由于地层的滑移、延展、抬升和沉降等原因造成套管损坏的油井数目逐年增加,当地下几百米甚至上千米的套管发生套损以后油井很难再进行修复,给整个石油行业带来了巨大的经济损失。因此如何能够及时掌握油井中套管的应力应变状态,在套管即将发生套损时采取措施避免套损的发生,成为一个急待解决的问题。
本文根据油井中的特殊环境和大庆油田套损的特点提出了用光纤传感器监测油井中套管应变从而达到预测套损的方法,主要研究工作与成果如下:首先,分析了光纤光栅传感器和光纤布里渊传感器在进行油井套管应变监测时的工作过程。
其次,建立了套管剪切套损、挤压套损以及缩径套损的力学模型,通过所建立的三种力学模型,建立了用套管的轴向和周向应变评估套管安全状态的方法。
最后,根据大庆油田非油层段存在套损频发区域的特点设计了在整个油井的套管串上布设光纤布里渊传感器监测轴向应变的同时,又在非油层段重点套损区和油层段布设光纤光栅传感器监测周向应变的光纤传感网络搭建方案。
基于光纤传感器的套损监测系统能够及时准确地反映出所监测套管的应力应变状态,对准确预测套损,降低油田由于套损而造成的经济损失,具有重大的意义。
Casing damage is a long-standing problem of the world oil industry, due to slip, extension, uplift and subsidence of stratums the number of casing-damage oil wells increases every year, when the casings which are hundreds or even more than one thousand meters under the ground were broken it is very difficult to repair the oil wells. Casing damage problem has brought enormous economic losses to the world oil industry. So how can we know the stress and strain state of casings under the ground in time and take measures to avoid the occurrence of casing damage becomes a pressing issue.
According the special environment of oil wells and the characteristics of casing damage in Daqing Oilfield ,this article brings a measure of using fiber optic sensors monitoring the strain state of casings achieve the forecast of casing damage, the main research work and results are as follows:
Firstly, analysed the working process when the FBG sensors and fiber Brillouin sensors are monitoring the strain of casings
Secondly, established mechanical models of shearing casing damage、squeeze casing damage and necking casing damage, the strain and stress state of casing can be known by the axial and tangential strain through a series of formulas in the mechanical models.
Finally, According to the difference of casing damage between oil producing stratums and normal stratums of Daqing oil fields, put forward a program of structuring a fiber sensor net. The content of the program is using FBG sensors to monitor the axial and tangential strain of casings in casing damage frequent stratums while using the fiber Brillouin sensors to monitor the axial strain of the whole casing string in the oil well.
Fiber optical casing damage monitoring system can reflect the strain and stress state of casings so this system makes great sense of forecasting casing damage and lowering oilfield casing damage caused economic losses.
本文根据油井中的特殊环境和大庆油田套损的特点提出了用光纤传感器监测油井中套管应变从而达到预测套损的方法,主要研究工作与成果如下:首先,分析了光纤光栅传感器和光纤布里渊传感器在进行油井套管应变监测时的工作过程。
其次,建立了套管剪切套损、挤压套损以及缩径套损的力学模型,通过所建立的三种力学模型,建立了用套管的轴向和周向应变评估套管安全状态的方法。
最后,根据大庆油田非油层段存在套损频发区域的特点设计了在整个油井的套管串上布设光纤布里渊传感器监测轴向应变的同时,又在非油层段重点套损区和油层段布设光纤光栅传感器监测周向应变的光纤传感网络搭建方案。
基于光纤传感器的套损监测系统能够及时准确地反映出所监测套管的应力应变状态,对准确预测套损,降低油田由于套损而造成的经济损失,具有重大的意义。
Casing damage is a long-standing problem of the world oil industry, due to slip, extension, uplift and subsidence of stratums the number of casing-damage oil wells increases every year, when the casings which are hundreds or even more than one thousand meters under the ground were broken it is very difficult to repair the oil wells. Casing damage problem has brought enormous economic losses to the world oil industry. So how can we know the stress and strain state of casings under the ground in time and take measures to avoid the occurrence of casing damage becomes a pressing issue.
According the special environment of oil wells and the characteristics of casing damage in Daqing Oilfield ,this article brings a measure of using fiber optic sensors monitoring the strain state of casings achieve the forecast of casing damage, the main research work and results are as follows:
Firstly, analysed the working process when the FBG sensors and fiber Brillouin sensors are monitoring the strain of casings
Secondly, established mechanical models of shearing casing damage、squeeze casing damage and necking casing damage, the strain and stress state of casing can be known by the axial and tangential strain through a series of formulas in the mechanical models.
Finally, According to the difference of casing damage between oil producing stratums and normal stratums of Daqing oil fields, put forward a program of structuring a fiber sensor net. The content of the program is using FBG sensors to monitor the axial and tangential strain of casings in casing damage frequent stratums while using the fiber Brillouin sensors to monitor the axial strain of the whole casing string in the oil well.
Fiber optical casing damage monitoring system can reflect the strain and stress state of casings so this system makes great sense of forecasting casing damage and lowering oilfield casing damage caused economic losses.
引文
1沈传海,王振环.套损井原因分析及综合治理工艺技术.石油化工应用.2007(5):1~3
2吴恩成,闫铁.大庆油田嫩二底标准层化石层引起套管损坏机理分析.大庆石油学院学报.2007(2):38
3韩修廷,阎建文,盖德林等.大庆油田套损机理及防护技术研究.首届全国套损治理研讨会论文集(西安).2003(7):1~3
4刘硕群.长庆陇东油田套损问题及防治.首届全国套损治理研讨会论文集(西安).2003(7):32~51
5余雷.辽河油田热修井套损问题及防治.首届全国套损治理研讨会论文集(西安).2003(7):52~57
6孟翔玉,高舒心,胜利油田套管损坏综合治理技术研究.首届全国套损治理研讨会论文集(西安).2003(7):58~67
7王木乐.中原油田井况现状及综合治理.首届全国套损治理研讨会论文集(西安).2003(7):68~88
8葛建国,徐显广,李世平等.新疆油田百重7井区稠油热采井套损问题及防治对策.首届全国套损治理研讨会论文集(西安).2003(7):117~128
9周建东.塔里木油田油套近损坏防治初探.首届全国套损治理研讨会论文集(西安).2003(7):129~135
10杨良杰,王喜茂,崔占东等.冀东油田套损现状及治理情况.首届全国套损治理研讨会论文集(西安).2003(7):136~148
11张宏,崔孝秉.注水开发油田套管损坏机理研究.首届全国套损治理研讨会论文集(西安).2003(7):240~246
12林元华,曾德智,陈勇等.储层压实引起套管失效的机理研究.首届全国套损治理研讨会论文集(西安).2003(7):308~319
13王木乐,李俊海,王建华等.套管损坏机理及合理注水压力研究.首届全国套损治理研讨会论文集(西安).2003(7):89~93
14 Zhang, Guang-Qing. Casing damage mechanism in sand producing formations. Shiyou Kantan Yu Kaifa/Petroleum Exploration and Development. 1989(11):73~78
15张定理.全田油层套管损坏情况调查原因分析、防治推荐意见.首届全国套损治理研讨会论文集(西安).2003(7):16~18
16 Suman,George O. Jr. Casing bucking in producing interbals. Petroleum Engineer International.2005(6):138~141
17 Dou, Quansheng. Neural Particle Swarm Optimization for casing damage prediction. Lecture Notes in Computer Science.2005(8):903~907
18龚伟安.关于套管抗挤强度的若干问题.石油钻采机械通讯. 1977(2):31~47
19李子丰,杨敏嘉,李邦达.油井套管损环的机理分析.石油钻采工艺.1985(7):47-53
20 Yu Lei . New technology for casing damage prevention and cure of thermal production wells in Liaohe Oilfield. Shiyou Kantan Yu Kaifa/Petroleum Exploration and Development. 2005(7):116~118
21 Huang, Xiao-Lan. Coupling effect of the seepage and stress fields in reservoir on casing damage under considering the softening of mudstone. Xi'an Shiyou Daxue Xuebao.2007(2):48~51
22肖勇.套管损坏机理、检测方法和套损预测研究.大庆石油学院学.2005(6):230~235
23韦斌.基于分布式光纤传感器的黄河大坝可视化安全监测系统.水利水电科技进展. 2003(2):237~243
24王刚.光纤传感器的构造特点、应用与分类.《红外》月刊. 2004(10):213~216
25 M.Aufleger, J.Dornstadte. Fiber Optie TemperatureMeasurements for DamMonitoringofCivilInfrastruetureSystem. ChongqingUniversit Press:.2005(10):35~38
26 PasealKronenber,NieolettaCasanov,DanieleInaud. Dammonitoring with fiber optics deformation sensor. Conference on Smart Struetures and Material.2007(3):25~43
27陈建春.光纤传感技术在冶勒水电站大坝变形监测中的应用.水力发电. 2006(2): 230~247
28 Koyamada, Y. Novel technique to improve spatial resolution in Brillouin optical time-domain reflectometry. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.2007 (9): 1910~1912
29 Wang, Feng.Improvement of spatial resolution for strain measurement withBrillouin optical time-domain reflectometer by fitting method based on equivalent optical pulse. Guangxue Xuebao/Acta Optica Sinica. 2003(3):81~94
30 Wanchun, Zhao; Boyun, Guo. Casing collapse strength reduction under lateral loads from yielding shales in the Daqing Oil Field. SPE/IADC Drilling Conference.2005:309~314
31刘合,刘建东.大庆油田嫩二段成片套损地质控制因素.石油学报. 2006(7):1~11
32 Zhuo, Shengguang; Jin, Yansong. Geological factors for controlling damage of batch casing in the member II of Nenjiang Formation in Daqing Oilfield. Shiyou Xuebao/Acta Petrolei Sinica. 2004(10):259–271
33 Ye, Y.; Qunyi, W.; Jianwen, Y.; Huilan, D. Challenges and countermeasures facing casing damage in Daqing Oilfield. European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers. 2001:449–462
34 Wang Chengrong; Li Wenbin; Qin Xiaohong; Xia Yuanjian and Yang Lihua. Imaging logging technology of multi-arm caliper. Petroleum Instruments. 2004(9):70~72
35李自平;宋杰;周桂香;高玉凤.砂岩油藏油层部位套损成因及微观机理.国外油田工程.2002:321-328
36易浩.复杂地层套管损坏机理研究.油气井工程.2003(11):186~207
37 Chen, Tian-Yu. Causes for damage of casing. Harbin Gongcheng Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Harbin Engineering University,.2006(5):80~82
38 Yin Guiqin; Zhang Gongshe. Study on the Mechanism of Oil Well Casing Collapse Caused by Injecting Water with High Pressure. Fault-Block Oil & Gas Field. 2001:1221~1242
39王英豪.地应力的研究与分析.西部探矿工程.2006(12):1-4
40 Han Song. The Influences of Deep In-Situ Stress Field on Mechanical Properties of Sandstone. Mining Research and Development. 2006(12):548~552
41张万才,马振生.热采井套管损坏机理及防治技术.油气地质与采收.2005(2):75~76
42苏恺之.地应力测量方法.地震出版社.1985:59~64
43徐芝纶.弹性力学.高等教育出版社.1992: 51~60
44杨龙.套管失效机理研究.西南石油学院博士学位论文. 2003:6–8
45 Pattilo P D. Effect of Non - U n ifo rm Loading on Conven t ional Casing Co llap se Resistance.SPE79871.2003
46 Liu, Xing-Quan. Casing damage mechanism by applying theory of fluid-solid coupling. Xi'an Shiyou Daxue Xuebao 2005:353~368
47 Yang, Qiming. Mechanical analysis of casing damage caused by sand production in loose sand formation. Drilling and Production Technology.2002(5):70~72
48屈春艳.高压注水井套管缩径变形机理及防治技术.海洋石油.2005(12):15~23
49 Li Yefang , Wang Xiaoxu.THE APPLICATION OF WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXER IN FIBER COMMUNICATION.Physics and Engineering.2008 (2):9~12
2吴恩成,闫铁.大庆油田嫩二底标准层化石层引起套管损坏机理分析.大庆石油学院学报.2007(2):38
3韩修廷,阎建文,盖德林等.大庆油田套损机理及防护技术研究.首届全国套损治理研讨会论文集(西安).2003(7):1~3
4刘硕群.长庆陇东油田套损问题及防治.首届全国套损治理研讨会论文集(西安).2003(7):32~51
5余雷.辽河油田热修井套损问题及防治.首届全国套损治理研讨会论文集(西安).2003(7):52~57
6孟翔玉,高舒心,胜利油田套管损坏综合治理技术研究.首届全国套损治理研讨会论文集(西安).2003(7):58~67
7王木乐.中原油田井况现状及综合治理.首届全国套损治理研讨会论文集(西安).2003(7):68~88
8葛建国,徐显广,李世平等.新疆油田百重7井区稠油热采井套损问题及防治对策.首届全国套损治理研讨会论文集(西安).2003(7):117~128
9周建东.塔里木油田油套近损坏防治初探.首届全国套损治理研讨会论文集(西安).2003(7):129~135
10杨良杰,王喜茂,崔占东等.冀东油田套损现状及治理情况.首届全国套损治理研讨会论文集(西安).2003(7):136~148
11张宏,崔孝秉.注水开发油田套管损坏机理研究.首届全国套损治理研讨会论文集(西安).2003(7):240~246
12林元华,曾德智,陈勇等.储层压实引起套管失效的机理研究.首届全国套损治理研讨会论文集(西安).2003(7):308~319
13王木乐,李俊海,王建华等.套管损坏机理及合理注水压力研究.首届全国套损治理研讨会论文集(西安).2003(7):89~93
14 Zhang, Guang-Qing. Casing damage mechanism in sand producing formations. Shiyou Kantan Yu Kaifa/Petroleum Exploration and Development. 1989(11):73~78
15张定理.全田油层套管损坏情况调查原因分析、防治推荐意见.首届全国套损治理研讨会论文集(西安).2003(7):16~18
16 Suman,George O. Jr. Casing bucking in producing interbals. Petroleum Engineer International.2005(6):138~141
17 Dou, Quansheng. Neural Particle Swarm Optimization for casing damage prediction. Lecture Notes in Computer Science.2005(8):903~907
18龚伟安.关于套管抗挤强度的若干问题.石油钻采机械通讯. 1977(2):31~47
19李子丰,杨敏嘉,李邦达.油井套管损环的机理分析.石油钻采工艺.1985(7):47-53
20 Yu Lei . New technology for casing damage prevention and cure of thermal production wells in Liaohe Oilfield. Shiyou Kantan Yu Kaifa/Petroleum Exploration and Development. 2005(7):116~118
21 Huang, Xiao-Lan. Coupling effect of the seepage and stress fields in reservoir on casing damage under considering the softening of mudstone. Xi'an Shiyou Daxue Xuebao.2007(2):48~51
22肖勇.套管损坏机理、检测方法和套损预测研究.大庆石油学院学.2005(6):230~235
23韦斌.基于分布式光纤传感器的黄河大坝可视化安全监测系统.水利水电科技进展. 2003(2):237~243
24王刚.光纤传感器的构造特点、应用与分类.《红外》月刊. 2004(10):213~216
25 M.Aufleger, J.Dornstadte. Fiber Optie TemperatureMeasurements for DamMonitoringofCivilInfrastruetureSystem. ChongqingUniversit Press:.2005(10):35~38
26 PasealKronenber,NieolettaCasanov,DanieleInaud. Dammonitoring with fiber optics deformation sensor. Conference on Smart Struetures and Material.2007(3):25~43
27陈建春.光纤传感技术在冶勒水电站大坝变形监测中的应用.水力发电. 2006(2): 230~247
28 Koyamada, Y. Novel technique to improve spatial resolution in Brillouin optical time-domain reflectometry. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.2007 (9): 1910~1912
29 Wang, Feng.Improvement of spatial resolution for strain measurement withBrillouin optical time-domain reflectometer by fitting method based on equivalent optical pulse. Guangxue Xuebao/Acta Optica Sinica. 2003(3):81~94
30 Wanchun, Zhao; Boyun, Guo. Casing collapse strength reduction under lateral loads from yielding shales in the Daqing Oil Field. SPE/IADC Drilling Conference.2005:309~314
31刘合,刘建东.大庆油田嫩二段成片套损地质控制因素.石油学报. 2006(7):1~11
32 Zhuo, Shengguang; Jin, Yansong. Geological factors for controlling damage of batch casing in the member II of Nenjiang Formation in Daqing Oilfield. Shiyou Xuebao/Acta Petrolei Sinica. 2004(10):259–271
33 Ye, Y.; Qunyi, W.; Jianwen, Y.; Huilan, D. Challenges and countermeasures facing casing damage in Daqing Oilfield. European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers. 2001:449–462
34 Wang Chengrong; Li Wenbin; Qin Xiaohong; Xia Yuanjian and Yang Lihua. Imaging logging technology of multi-arm caliper. Petroleum Instruments. 2004(9):70~72
35李自平;宋杰;周桂香;高玉凤.砂岩油藏油层部位套损成因及微观机理.国外油田工程.2002:321-328
36易浩.复杂地层套管损坏机理研究.油气井工程.2003(11):186~207
37 Chen, Tian-Yu. Causes for damage of casing. Harbin Gongcheng Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Harbin Engineering University,.2006(5):80~82
38 Yin Guiqin; Zhang Gongshe. Study on the Mechanism of Oil Well Casing Collapse Caused by Injecting Water with High Pressure. Fault-Block Oil & Gas Field. 2001:1221~1242
39王英豪.地应力的研究与分析.西部探矿工程.2006(12):1-4
40 Han Song. The Influences of Deep In-Situ Stress Field on Mechanical Properties of Sandstone. Mining Research and Development. 2006(12):548~552
41张万才,马振生.热采井套管损坏机理及防治技术.油气地质与采收.2005(2):75~76
42苏恺之.地应力测量方法.地震出版社.1985:59~64
43徐芝纶.弹性力学.高等教育出版社.1992: 51~60
44杨龙.套管失效机理研究.西南石油学院博士学位论文. 2003:6–8
45 Pattilo P D. Effect of Non - U n ifo rm Loading on Conven t ional Casing Co llap se Resistance.SPE79871.2003
46 Liu, Xing-Quan. Casing damage mechanism by applying theory of fluid-solid coupling. Xi'an Shiyou Daxue Xuebao 2005:353~368
47 Yang, Qiming. Mechanical analysis of casing damage caused by sand production in loose sand formation. Drilling and Production Technology.2002(5):70~72
48屈春艳.高压注水井套管缩径变形机理及防治技术.海洋石油.2005(12):15~23
49 Li Yefang , Wang Xiaoxu.THE APPLICATION OF WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXER IN FIBER COMMUNICATION.Physics and Engineering.2008 (2):9~12