美国总统奥巴马公众演说中词汇选择的顺应研究
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摘要
顺应论是Verschueren于2000年在其著作《语用学新解》中系统提出的,是考察语言使用的一个崭新视角。Verschueren认为人们使用语言是为了顺应不同语境对语言进行不断选择的过程。本文试图以顺应论为理论指导,从语言使用者、心理世界、社交世界、物理世界四方面入手,对美国总统巴拉克·奥巴马在不同场合演讲中的词汇选择进行分析。全文内容分为四章。第一章对公众演讲进行总体概述,介绍公众演讲的定义、特征以及分类,然后特别介绍美国总统演讲的具体特征；第二章对前人在公众演讲及美国总统演讲方面所做的研究做简要的文献回顾；第三章集中介绍论文所使用的理论依据——顺应理论。先对顺应理论做简要介绍,然后介绍语言的特征,并将重点放在顺应理论的语境顺应上；第四章分析奥巴马演讲中的词汇选择。主要分为四个方面,即词汇选择对语言使用者的顺应,对心理世界的顺应,对社交世界的顺应,和对物理世界的顺应。每一部分都列举了充足的语言实例来解释分析。
本文认为,奥巴马演讲中对词汇所做的不同选择是对不同交际语境的顺应体现,此研究提供了对美国总统公众演讲进行分析的一个崭新视角,希望能帮助学习公众演讲的学习者们提高演讲技巧。
Adaptation Theory, introduced systematically by Verschueren in his book Understanding Pragmatics in 2000, provides a fresh perspective from which people can interpret language in use. According to Verschueren, language use is a continuous making of linguistic choices by adapting to various contexts. Based on Adaptation Theory, this thesis makes a tentative analysis of the lexical choices in the public speaking of U.S. President Barack Obama from the following four aspects:language users, the mental world, the social world and the physical world. The whole thesis is made up of four chapters. Chapter 1 gives an overview of public speaking. It first deals with the definition, features and classification of public speaking, and then discusses the specific features of U.S. presidents'public speaking. Chapter 2 reviews previous studies both on public speaking and on U.S. presidents'public speaking. Chapter 3 focuses on the theoretical foundation of the present study. After a brief introduction to Adaptation Theory, the thesis presents the properties of language. Then it concentrates on the contexts in Adaptation Theory. Chapter 4 analyzes the lexical choices of the public speaking made by Barack Obama in detail. The re-analysis is made in four aspects:the adaptation to language users, the adaptation to the mental world, the adaptation to the social world and the adaptation to the physical world. In each part there are a great number of examples of lexical choices.
It is pointed out in the thesis that the lexical choices of Obama's public speaking adapt to different communicative contexts. The present study offers a new way of appreciating U.S. presidents' public speaking, in the hope of giving some clues for learners to improve their public speaking skills.
本文认为,奥巴马演讲中对词汇所做的不同选择是对不同交际语境的顺应体现,此研究提供了对美国总统公众演讲进行分析的一个崭新视角,希望能帮助学习公众演讲的学习者们提高演讲技巧。
Adaptation Theory, introduced systematically by Verschueren in his book Understanding Pragmatics in 2000, provides a fresh perspective from which people can interpret language in use. According to Verschueren, language use is a continuous making of linguistic choices by adapting to various contexts. Based on Adaptation Theory, this thesis makes a tentative analysis of the lexical choices in the public speaking of U.S. President Barack Obama from the following four aspects:language users, the mental world, the social world and the physical world. The whole thesis is made up of four chapters. Chapter 1 gives an overview of public speaking. It first deals with the definition, features and classification of public speaking, and then discusses the specific features of U.S. presidents'public speaking. Chapter 2 reviews previous studies both on public speaking and on U.S. presidents'public speaking. Chapter 3 focuses on the theoretical foundation of the present study. After a brief introduction to Adaptation Theory, the thesis presents the properties of language. Then it concentrates on the contexts in Adaptation Theory. Chapter 4 analyzes the lexical choices of the public speaking made by Barack Obama in detail. The re-analysis is made in four aspects:the adaptation to language users, the adaptation to the mental world, the adaptation to the social world and the adaptation to the physical world. In each part there are a great number of examples of lexical choices.
It is pointed out in the thesis that the lexical choices of Obama's public speaking adapt to different communicative contexts. The present study offers a new way of appreciating U.S. presidents' public speaking, in the hope of giving some clues for learners to improve their public speaking skills.
引文
1. Oxford Advanced Learner's English-Chinese Dictionary is the sixth edition published in 2004 by the Commercial Press. The word "get" has more than 27 meanings, because it can make up many phrases.
2. WAUDAG stands for the University of Washington Discourse Analysis Group.
3. The statistics of table 4-4 comes from the net source http://www.languagemonitor.com/.
Azuma, S.2000. Linguistic Strategy of Involvement:An Emergence of New Political Speech in Japan. In Landsheer, C. C. & Feldman,O. (eds.) Beyond Public Speech and Symbols:Explorations in the Rhetoric of Politicians and the Media. Westport, Conn.:Praefer Publishers:69-86.
Barber, J. D.1977. The Presidential Character:Predicting Presidential Performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice Hall.
Beard A.2000. The Language of Politics. London:Routledge.
Beebe, S. A. & S. J. Beebe.1997. Public Speaking—An Audience-centered Approach. Massachusetts:Allyn and Bacon Publishing House.
Chilton, P. & C, Schaffner.1997. Genres and Registers of Discourse. In Van Dijk (ed.) Discourse as Social Interaction:206-231.London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Dance, Frank E. X. & Carol C, Zak-Dance.1996. Speaking Your Mind— Private Thinking and Public Speaking (2n ed.). Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company.
Edelman.1988. Constructing the Political Spectacle. Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
Enkvist, N.E. & J, Spenser.1964. Linguistics and Style. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Feldman,O & De Landsheer. (eds.) 1998. Politically Speaking:A Worldwide Examination of Language Used in the Public Sphere. Westport, Conn.:Praeger Press.
Foss, S.K.1989. Rhetorical Criticism. Illinois:Waveland Press.
Goldman, A.1996. The Word of God:Presidential Inaugural Addresses. America, vol.175, issue 15, from database:Academic Search Premier.
Grice, George L. & John F, Skinner.1995. Mastering Public Speaking. Allyn:A Simon & Schuster Company.
Hart, R.P.1984. Verbal Style and the Presidency. Orlando:Academic Press.
He, W. et al. (eds.).2006. Longman Advanced American dictionary. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
King, G. & L, Ragsdale.1988. The Elusive Executive:Discovering Statistical Patterns in the Presidency. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
Levinson, S.1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge University Press.
Lucas, Stephen. E.2006. The Art of Public Speaking. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Morreale, Sherwyn P. & Courtland L, Bovee.1998. Excellence in Public Speaking. Florida:Harcourt Brace & Company.
Richards, J. C., Platt, J., & H, Platt.2000. Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching & Applied Linguistics (Guan Yanhong, Trans.). Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Sandig, B & M, Selting.1997. Discourse Styles. In Van Dijk (ed.), Discourse as Structure and Process. London:SAGE Publications Ltd:140-156.
Suedfeld, P.2000. Domain-Related Variation in Integrative Complexity. In Landsheer, C.C: & Feldman, O. (eds.), Beyond Public Speech and Symbols:Explorations in the Rhetoric of Politicians and the Media. Westport, Conn.:Praefer Publishers:3-17.
Verschueren J,何自然.2000. Understanding Pragmatics. Beijing: Foreign Language and Research Press & London:Edward Arnold Limited,55-200.
Wardhaugh, R.2000. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press:10.
Yule, G.2004. Pragmatics.上海：上海外语教育出版社：12-14.
Zimmerman, Gorden & Owen.1986. Speech Communication:A Contemporary Introduction (3rd ed.). Los Angles:West Publishing Company.
冯翠华,1995,《英语修辞大全》。北京：外语教学与研究出版社。
何兆熊,2000,《新编语用学概要》。上海：上海外语教育出版社：48-49。
何自然,2000a,《语用学探索》。广州：广东世界图书出版社：135。
何自然,2000b,再论语用含糊,《外国语》(1)：7-13。
何自然,于国栋,2007,语用学的理解——Verschueren的新作评价,《现代外语》(4)：28-35。
胡曙中,2002,《英语修辞学》。上海：上海外语出版社。
胡曙中,2004,《现代英语修辞学》。上海：上海外语教育出版社。
林承璋(编著),2002,《英语词汇学引论》。武汉大学出版社。
刘正光,吴志高,2000,选择—顺应——评《Verschueren理解语用学》的理论基础,《外语学刊》(4)：84-90。
钱冠连,2002,《汉语文化语用学》(第二版)。清华大学出版社：42。
冉永平,2004,言语交际的顺应—关联性分析,《外语学刊》(2)：28-33。
王建华(选编),1995,《美国总统就职演说名篇》。北京：世界图书出版公司。
王建伟,苏越(编著),1990,《讲演辩论中的逻辑诀窍》。北京：北京师范大学出版社。
王守元,2000,《英语文体学要略》。济南：山东教育出版社。
王佐良,丁往道,1987,《英语文体学引论》。北京：外语教学与研究出版社。
谢少万,2003,也评“顺应理论”,《西安外国语学院学报》(9)：9-11。
熊莉,2004,美国总统就职演说的文体研究,[硕士学位论文]。武汉：华中师范大学。
徐有志,1994,公众演讲英语,《外语教学与研究》(2)：19-24。
徐振忠,1990,英语演说辞文体刍议,《外国语》(5)：28-31。
徐振忠,1995a,林肯演说辞的风格,《外语教学》(1)：87-91。
徐振忠,1995b,英语政治演说辞的宗教色彩,《现代外语》(3)：37-40。
2. WAUDAG stands for the University of Washington Discourse Analysis Group.
3. The statistics of table 4-4 comes from the net source http://www.languagemonitor.com/.
Azuma, S.2000. Linguistic Strategy of Involvement:An Emergence of New Political Speech in Japan. In Landsheer, C. C. & Feldman,O. (eds.) Beyond Public Speech and Symbols:Explorations in the Rhetoric of Politicians and the Media. Westport, Conn.:Praefer Publishers:69-86.
Barber, J. D.1977. The Presidential Character:Predicting Presidential Performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice Hall.
Beard A.2000. The Language of Politics. London:Routledge.
Beebe, S. A. & S. J. Beebe.1997. Public Speaking—An Audience-centered Approach. Massachusetts:Allyn and Bacon Publishing House.
Chilton, P. & C, Schaffner.1997. Genres and Registers of Discourse. In Van Dijk (ed.) Discourse as Social Interaction:206-231.London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Dance, Frank E. X. & Carol C, Zak-Dance.1996. Speaking Your Mind— Private Thinking and Public Speaking (2n ed.). Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company.
Edelman.1988. Constructing the Political Spectacle. Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
Enkvist, N.E. & J, Spenser.1964. Linguistics and Style. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Feldman,O & De Landsheer. (eds.) 1998. Politically Speaking:A Worldwide Examination of Language Used in the Public Sphere. Westport, Conn.:Praeger Press.
Foss, S.K.1989. Rhetorical Criticism. Illinois:Waveland Press.
Goldman, A.1996. The Word of God:Presidential Inaugural Addresses. America, vol.175, issue 15, from database:Academic Search Premier.
Grice, George L. & John F, Skinner.1995. Mastering Public Speaking. Allyn:A Simon & Schuster Company.
Hart, R.P.1984. Verbal Style and the Presidency. Orlando:Academic Press.
He, W. et al. (eds.).2006. Longman Advanced American dictionary. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
King, G. & L, Ragsdale.1988. The Elusive Executive:Discovering Statistical Patterns in the Presidency. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
Levinson, S.1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge University Press.
Lucas, Stephen. E.2006. The Art of Public Speaking. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Morreale, Sherwyn P. & Courtland L, Bovee.1998. Excellence in Public Speaking. Florida:Harcourt Brace & Company.
Richards, J. C., Platt, J., & H, Platt.2000. Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching & Applied Linguistics (Guan Yanhong, Trans.). Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Sandig, B & M, Selting.1997. Discourse Styles. In Van Dijk (ed.), Discourse as Structure and Process. London:SAGE Publications Ltd:140-156.
Suedfeld, P.2000. Domain-Related Variation in Integrative Complexity. In Landsheer, C.C: & Feldman, O. (eds.), Beyond Public Speech and Symbols:Explorations in the Rhetoric of Politicians and the Media. Westport, Conn.:Praefer Publishers:3-17.
Verschueren J,何自然.2000. Understanding Pragmatics. Beijing: Foreign Language and Research Press & London:Edward Arnold Limited,55-200.
Wardhaugh, R.2000. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press:10.
Yule, G.2004. Pragmatics.上海：上海外语教育出版社：12-14.
Zimmerman, Gorden & Owen.1986. Speech Communication:A Contemporary Introduction (3rd ed.). Los Angles:West Publishing Company.
冯翠华,1995,《英语修辞大全》。北京：外语教学与研究出版社。
何兆熊,2000,《新编语用学概要》。上海：上海外语教育出版社：48-49。
何自然,2000a,《语用学探索》。广州：广东世界图书出版社：135。
何自然,2000b,再论语用含糊,《外国语》(1)：7-13。
何自然,于国栋,2007,语用学的理解——Verschueren的新作评价,《现代外语》(4)：28-35。
胡曙中,2002,《英语修辞学》。上海：上海外语出版社。
胡曙中,2004,《现代英语修辞学》。上海：上海外语教育出版社。
林承璋(编著),2002,《英语词汇学引论》。武汉大学出版社。
刘正光,吴志高,2000,选择—顺应——评《Verschueren理解语用学》的理论基础,《外语学刊》(4)：84-90。
钱冠连,2002,《汉语文化语用学》(第二版)。清华大学出版社：42。
冉永平,2004,言语交际的顺应—关联性分析,《外语学刊》(2)：28-33。
王建华(选编),1995,《美国总统就职演说名篇》。北京：世界图书出版公司。
王建伟,苏越(编著),1990,《讲演辩论中的逻辑诀窍》。北京：北京师范大学出版社。
王守元,2000,《英语文体学要略》。济南：山东教育出版社。
王佐良,丁往道,1987,《英语文体学引论》。北京：外语教学与研究出版社。
谢少万,2003,也评“顺应理论”,《西安外国语学院学报》(9)：9-11。
熊莉,2004,美国总统就职演说的文体研究,[硕士学位论文]。武汉：华中师范大学。
徐有志,1994,公众演讲英语,《外语教学与研究》(2)：19-24。
徐振忠,1990,英语演说辞文体刍议,《外国语》(5)：28-31。
徐振忠,1995a,林肯演说辞的风格,《外语教学》(1)：87-91。
徐振忠,1995b,英语政治演说辞的宗教色彩,《现代外语》(3)：37-40。