牺牲品及殉道者—玛吉之悲剧的双重性
摘要
《弗罗斯河上的磨房》是英国女作家乔治·爱略特的初期作品，小说着重描写了女主人公玛吉追求爱情、亲情，希望得到人们理解却遭受误解、压抑和摧残的痛苦历程，以玛吉与哥哥淹死在洪水中结尾。玛吉的死是批评家长期争论的问题，本论文运用女权主义批评理论，通过分析玛吉在其悲剧一生中作为牺牲品及殉道者的双重身份来说明小说结尾的合理性。
论文除引言、结论外共分三章。
第一章按时间顺序追述了玛吉的悲剧人生。指出玛吉作为牺牲品及殉道者的双重身份的种子根植与其少年时代，成年时期的玛吉一直扮演着双重角色，当洪水来临，玛吉冒着生命危险去营救哥哥，兄妹俩拥抱与死亡之际，玛吉在生命的最后时刻变成了一个彻底的殉道者。
第二章主要分析了在男权社会中玛吉与其男女亲人、爱人的关系，指出这些人作为玛吉的至亲，虽然都是爱玛吉的，却都不能够完全理解及满足其作为一个女性的要求，玛吉作为女性的权利就在这样温情脉脉的环境中被剥夺了，从而说明玛吉无论是作为牺牲品也好，殉道者也罢，其悲剧是注定的。
第三章着重阐述了玛吉悲剧人生的根源及其悲剧的意义所在。玛吉人生悲剧的主要原因在于父权社会的存在，从而造成其觉醒的女性意识与传统社会对女性要求的冲突。玛吉的死正是为了唤起人们对女性悲剧命运的同情，她与哥哥在死亡之际的和解则象征了父权社会的最终灭亡，男女平等理想的最终实现。
The Mill on the Floss written by George Eliot is a record of Maggie Tulliver's sad struggle for love and recognition in mid -Victorian Britain. Her drowning in the flood with her brother Tom has long been a controversial issue. This dissertation aims to vindicate Maggie Tulliver's death through an analysis of the duality of her suffering as a victim and a martyr from a feminist perspective.
Chapter 1 traces the tragic history of Maggie Tulliver chronologically from her childhood to the final moment of her drowning together with her brother Tom in the catastrophe of a flood. It analyzes how the seed of being both a victim and a martyr is planted in her childhood and, how, during the process of her growth, she plays the dual role of a victim and a martyr, and, at last in face of the flood and Tom's potential danger, she is martyred heroically and willingly.
Chapter 2 focuses on Maggie Tulliver's relationship with the major male and female characters in the novel and analyzes how in the male dominated society no single man can satisfy Maggie's multisided needs and how when they think they are loving her they actually hurt her instead, and that how Maggie's fellow women help those hurt her. This chapter aims to show that under such circumstances, Maggie's fate is doomed, whether as a victim or a martyr.
Chapter 3 deals with the causes and the significance of Maggie Tulliver's tragedy. There are mainly two reasons for Maggie's suffering: one is that the kind of woman Maggie wants to become contradicts the traditionally acceptable mode of womanhood; the other reason, a deeper reason is the existence of the patriarchal society. The significance of Maggie Tulliver's tragedy is that her suffering will help the advance of humankind and her death will arouse people's sympathy for women's status. And that is exactly why Maggie Tulliver has to be abandoned to death by the catastrophe of flood.
论文除引言、结论外共分三章。
第一章按时间顺序追述了玛吉的悲剧人生。指出玛吉作为牺牲品及殉道者的双重身份的种子根植与其少年时代，成年时期的玛吉一直扮演着双重角色，当洪水来临，玛吉冒着生命危险去营救哥哥，兄妹俩拥抱与死亡之际，玛吉在生命的最后时刻变成了一个彻底的殉道者。
第二章主要分析了在男权社会中玛吉与其男女亲人、爱人的关系，指出这些人作为玛吉的至亲，虽然都是爱玛吉的，却都不能够完全理解及满足其作为一个女性的要求，玛吉作为女性的权利就在这样温情脉脉的环境中被剥夺了，从而说明玛吉无论是作为牺牲品也好，殉道者也罢，其悲剧是注定的。
第三章着重阐述了玛吉悲剧人生的根源及其悲剧的意义所在。玛吉人生悲剧的主要原因在于父权社会的存在，从而造成其觉醒的女性意识与传统社会对女性要求的冲突。玛吉的死正是为了唤起人们对女性悲剧命运的同情，她与哥哥在死亡之际的和解则象征了父权社会的最终灭亡，男女平等理想的最终实现。
The Mill on the Floss written by George Eliot is a record of Maggie Tulliver's sad struggle for love and recognition in mid -Victorian Britain. Her drowning in the flood with her brother Tom has long been a controversial issue. This dissertation aims to vindicate Maggie Tulliver's death through an analysis of the duality of her suffering as a victim and a martyr from a feminist perspective.
Chapter 1 traces the tragic history of Maggie Tulliver chronologically from her childhood to the final moment of her drowning together with her brother Tom in the catastrophe of a flood. It analyzes how the seed of being both a victim and a martyr is planted in her childhood and, how, during the process of her growth, she plays the dual role of a victim and a martyr, and, at last in face of the flood and Tom's potential danger, she is martyred heroically and willingly.
Chapter 2 focuses on Maggie Tulliver's relationship with the major male and female characters in the novel and analyzes how in the male dominated society no single man can satisfy Maggie's multisided needs and how when they think they are loving her they actually hurt her instead, and that how Maggie's fellow women help those hurt her. This chapter aims to show that under such circumstances, Maggie's fate is doomed, whether as a victim or a martyr.
Chapter 3 deals with the causes and the significance of Maggie Tulliver's tragedy. There are mainly two reasons for Maggie's suffering: one is that the kind of woman Maggie wants to become contradicts the traditionally acceptable mode of womanhood; the other reason, a deeper reason is the existence of the patriarchal society. The significance of Maggie Tulliver's tragedy is that her suffering will help the advance of humankind and her death will arouse people's sympathy for women's status. And that is exactly why Maggie Tulliver has to be abandoned to death by the catastrophe of flood.
引文
1 George Eliot TheMill On the Floss，中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P416
2 Roger Ebbatsonn The Mill On The Floss, Penguin Books, 1991, P70
3 Roger Ebbatsonn The Mill On The Floss, Penguin Books, 1991, P70
4 Roger Ebbatsonn The Mill On The Floss, Penguin Books, 1991, P70
5 Herold Bloom (ed.) George Eliot's The Mill on the Floss, Chelsea House Publishers, New York, 1988, P5
6 Harold Bloom (ed.) Modern Critical Views: George Eliot, Chelsea House Publishers, New York, 1986, P111
7 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss，中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P304
8 John Purkins A Preface to George Eliot, Longman, London and New York, 1985, P69
9 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P304
10 Herold Bloom (ed.) George Eliot's The Mill on the Floss, Chelsea House Publishers, New York, 1988, P11
11 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P215
12 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P214
13 David Careoll (ed.) George Eliot: The Critical Heritage, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1971, P112
14 Jeannette King Tragedy in the Victorian Novel: Theory and Practice in the Novels of George Eliot, Thomas Hardy and Henry James Cambridge
University Press, 1978, P71
15 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P152
16 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P415
17 R.T. Jones, George Eliot, Cambridge University Press, 1970, P29
18 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P47
19 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P52
20 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P52
21 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P48
22 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P79
23 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P82
24 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P82
25 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P50
26 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P157
27 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P226
28 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P227
29 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P230
30 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P230
31 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P27
32 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P236
33 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P410
34 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P410
35 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P232
36 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P243
37 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P11
38 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P384
39 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P28
40 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P385
41 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P28,29
42 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P310
43 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北
京，2000，P186
44 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P276
45 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，京，2000，P374
46 George Eliot The Mill on the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P384
47 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P115
48 George Eliot The Mill on the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P318
49 George Eliot The Mill on the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P244
50 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P10
George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000
David Careoll (ed.) George Eliot: The Critical Heritage, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1971
Roger Ebbatson George Eliot: The Mill on the Floss, Penguin Books, 1991
Gordon S. Haight and R.T. Van Arsdel (eds.) George Eliot: A Centenary Tribute, Macmillan, 1982
Barbara Hardy The Novels of George Eliot, Athlone Press, 1959: a subtle study of George Eliot's handling of form and viewpoint. Particularities, Peter Owen, 1982, Chapter 3
Barbara Hardy (ed.) Critical Essays on George Eliot, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1970
R.T. Jones George Eliot, Cambridge University Press, 1970 Chapter 3
Jeannette King Tragedy in the Victorian Novel: Theory and Practice in the Novels of George Eliot, Thomas Hardy and Henry James Cambridge University Press, 1978
F. R. Leavis The Great Tradition, Penguin Books, 1972
Jerome Thale The Novel of George Eliot, Columbia University Press, 1959 Chapter 2
Elizabeth S. Haldaue George Eliot and Her limes-A Victorian Study, New York: Haskell House Publishers Ltd., 1974 Chapter 7
Mathilde Blind George Eliot, New York: Haskell House Publishers Ltd.,1972 Chapter 9
Philip Fisher Making. Up Society: The Novels of George Eliot, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1981 Chapter 3
Harold Bloom (ed.) Modern Critical Views: George Eliot, Chelsea House Publishers, New York, 1986
Merryn Willams Women in the English Novel 1800-1900, Macmillan,1984 Chapter 10
F.B. Pinion (ed.) A George Eliot Miscellany: A Supplement to Her Novels, Macmillan, 1982
F.B. Finion A George Eliot Companion, Macmillan, 1983
Elizabeth Deeds Ermarth Realism and Consensus in the English Novel, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1983
Judith Wilt Ghosts of the Gothic: Austen, Eliot, & Lawrence, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1980 Chapter 4
John Purkins A Preface to George Eliot, Longman, London and New York, 1985
Herold Bloom (ed.) George Eliot's The Mill on the Floss, Chelsea House Publishers, New York, 1988
Elizabeth Jay Faith and Doubt in Victorian Britain, Macmillan, 1986
Gordon S. Haight George Eliot: A Biography, Clarendon, New York,1968
Gordon S. Haight (ed.) A Century of George Eliot Criticism, Macmillan, London, 1966
Sandra Gilbert & Susan Gubar The Mad Woman in the Attic, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1979
Josephine Donovan《女权主义的知识分子传统》(赵育春 译)，江苏人民出版社，南京，2003
朱刚 《二十世纪西方文艺批评理论》，上海外语教育出版社，上海，2001
Woolf．V．《论小说与小说家》(瞿世静 译)，上海译文出版社，上海，2000
西蒙娜·德·波伏娃《第二性》(陶铁柱 译，)中国书籍出版社，北京，2002
2 Roger Ebbatsonn The Mill On The Floss, Penguin Books, 1991, P70
3 Roger Ebbatsonn The Mill On The Floss, Penguin Books, 1991, P70
4 Roger Ebbatsonn The Mill On The Floss, Penguin Books, 1991, P70
5 Herold Bloom (ed.) George Eliot's The Mill on the Floss, Chelsea House Publishers, New York, 1988, P5
6 Harold Bloom (ed.) Modern Critical Views: George Eliot, Chelsea House Publishers, New York, 1986, P111
7 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss，中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P304
8 John Purkins A Preface to George Eliot, Longman, London and New York, 1985, P69
9 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P304
10 Herold Bloom (ed.) George Eliot's The Mill on the Floss, Chelsea House Publishers, New York, 1988, P11
11 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P215
12 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P214
13 David Careoll (ed.) George Eliot: The Critical Heritage, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1971, P112
14 Jeannette King Tragedy in the Victorian Novel: Theory and Practice in the Novels of George Eliot, Thomas Hardy and Henry James Cambridge
University Press, 1978, P71
15 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P152
16 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P415
17 R.T. Jones, George Eliot, Cambridge University Press, 1970, P29
18 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P47
19 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P52
20 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P52
21 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P48
22 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P79
23 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P82
24 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P82
25 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P50
26 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P157
27 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P226
28 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P227
29 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P230
30 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P230
31 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P27
32 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P236
33 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P410
34 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P410
35 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P232
36 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P243
37 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P11
38 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P384
39 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P28
40 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P385
41 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P28,29
42 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P310
43 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北
京，2000，P186
44 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P276
45 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，京，2000，P374
46 George Eliot The Mill on the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P384
47 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P115
48 George Eliot The Mill on the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P318
49 George Eliot The Mill on the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P244
50 George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000，P10
George Eliot The Mill On the Floss, 中国对外经济贸易出版，北京，2000
David Careoll (ed.) George Eliot: The Critical Heritage, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1971
Roger Ebbatson George Eliot: The Mill on the Floss, Penguin Books, 1991
Gordon S. Haight and R.T. Van Arsdel (eds.) George Eliot: A Centenary Tribute, Macmillan, 1982
Barbara Hardy The Novels of George Eliot, Athlone Press, 1959: a subtle study of George Eliot's handling of form and viewpoint. Particularities, Peter Owen, 1982, Chapter 3
Barbara Hardy (ed.) Critical Essays on George Eliot, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1970
R.T. Jones George Eliot, Cambridge University Press, 1970 Chapter 3
Jeannette King Tragedy in the Victorian Novel: Theory and Practice in the Novels of George Eliot, Thomas Hardy and Henry James Cambridge University Press, 1978
F. R. Leavis The Great Tradition, Penguin Books, 1972
Jerome Thale The Novel of George Eliot, Columbia University Press, 1959 Chapter 2
Elizabeth S. Haldaue George Eliot and Her limes-A Victorian Study, New York: Haskell House Publishers Ltd., 1974 Chapter 7
Mathilde Blind George Eliot, New York: Haskell House Publishers Ltd.,1972 Chapter 9
Philip Fisher Making. Up Society: The Novels of George Eliot, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1981 Chapter 3
Harold Bloom (ed.) Modern Critical Views: George Eliot, Chelsea House Publishers, New York, 1986
Merryn Willams Women in the English Novel 1800-1900, Macmillan,1984 Chapter 10
F.B. Pinion (ed.) A George Eliot Miscellany: A Supplement to Her Novels, Macmillan, 1982
F.B. Finion A George Eliot Companion, Macmillan, 1983
Elizabeth Deeds Ermarth Realism and Consensus in the English Novel, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1983
Judith Wilt Ghosts of the Gothic: Austen, Eliot, & Lawrence, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1980 Chapter 4
John Purkins A Preface to George Eliot, Longman, London and New York, 1985
Herold Bloom (ed.) George Eliot's The Mill on the Floss, Chelsea House Publishers, New York, 1988
Elizabeth Jay Faith and Doubt in Victorian Britain, Macmillan, 1986
Gordon S. Haight George Eliot: A Biography, Clarendon, New York,1968
Gordon S. Haight (ed.) A Century of George Eliot Criticism, Macmillan, London, 1966
Sandra Gilbert & Susan Gubar The Mad Woman in the Attic, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1979
Josephine Donovan《女权主义的知识分子传统》(赵育春 译)，江苏人民出版社，南京，2003
朱刚 《二十世纪西方文艺批评理论》，上海外语教育出版社，上海，2001
Woolf．V．《论小说与小说家》(瞿世静 译)，上海译文出版社，上海，2000
西蒙娜·德·波伏娃《第二性》(陶铁柱 译，)中国书籍出版社，北京，2002