新生代农民工工作嵌入：双重身份的作用机制
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摘要
在我国,长期以来,由于相关政府管理部门职能转变缓慢,管理错位和缺位的事情时有发生,新生代农民工的生存状况、从业环境等很多地方都不尽如人意,其合法权益经常难以得到有效保障,直接或间接地导致他们在嵌入企业的过程中成为处境艰难的“边缘人”。随着中国城镇化进程的稳步推进以及社会经济转型的深化,如何帮助新生代农民工嵌入企业进而实现城市融入自然而然地成为事关中国现代化进程和新农村建设,反映社会和谐发展的重要标志之一。也使得新生代农民工的就业与发展再次成为全社会普遍关注的热点话题。
新生代农民工嵌入企业的过程,从企业外部环境看,是一项长期而又复杂的社会系统工程,需要我们重点关注如何消除制度和政策方面的障碍。从企业内部人力资源管理看,需要我们认真思考如何帮助新生代农民工这类特殊的员工完成自我职业生涯规划,进而在企业内部建立顺畅的职业发展通道。因为制度变迁是转型经济下一个长期而渐进的过程,因此从个体心理层面和群体层面探究究竟通过何种途径能够让新生代农民工成功嵌入企业就成为本研究关注的焦点。本研究遵循从现象梳理到探究本质的基本思路,设计了两个紧密相连的研究模块,对以上问题做了较为深入的分析和探讨,得出了如下两个重要的结论：
首先,研究一从个体层面出发,利用316个个体样本,以相对剥夺理论和社会认同理论为逻辑支撑,假定具备双重身份特征的新生代农民工在努力嵌入企业的过程中,必然会在两种身份间做出二者必居其一的选择,不同的身份意识会使他们产生不同的情感体验,从而导致他们在工作嵌入的选择上表现出差异性。随后的研究结论发现,实证所得的结果并不同于最初的研究设想。农民身份意识和工人身份意识都在一定程度上与歧视知觉和工作嵌入表现出同方向的变化。即农民身份意识和工人身份意识都会引起农民工的歧视知觉,感知到歧视的农民工也没有选择工作嵌入这样积极的行为应对方式。
其次,研究二在研究一的基础上,对原来身份意识二者必居其一的分析思路做了调整。从个体和群体两个层面,利用46个新生代农民工工作群体,274个个体样本,以社会认同和自我归类理论为基础,验证了社会距离如何通过身份定位对农民工的工作嵌入产生影响。从更深层次上发现,具备双重身份特征的新生代农民在两种身份的选择上,并非早期社会认同理论所提出的,个人在加强内群体偏好和外群体偏见的同时,在两种身份间作出非此即彼的选择；而是一个基于自我的多层次、多角度的动态选择界定的过程,是在内心深处不断对两种身份比较平衡的过程。在身份导致的社会距离影响下,个体层面的身份定位并未对工作嵌入产生影响,而关系和集体层面的平衡性定位,依旧对工作嵌入产生较为积极的影响。
本研究通过企业内新生代农民工这样一类特殊员工为研究样本,较为成功地将学术界曾提出的把相对剥夺理论和社会认同理论予以整合的设想付诸实践,丰富和发展群际关系理论。同时通过对身份意识、身份定位的探讨,成功地将身份作为前因变量引入到工作嵌入的预测模型中,拓展了工作嵌入的分析框架。本研究对群际关系理论和多元化人力资源管理实践的发展都具有重要意义。
Because related social management functions changes slowly and the things of management dislocation and vacancy often occurs, the living conditions and develpoment environment of second-generation migrant workers are not satisfactory in many parts, and their legitimate rights and interests are not effectively protected, which directly or indirectly led them to become "marginalized" in the course of embedding into the cities and their enterprises. With steady progress of urbanization and deepening transformation of social and economic structure in China, how to help second-generation migrant workers integrate into cities and embed in enterprises has naturally become one of the important symbols relating to China's modernization process, new rural construction and reflecting social harmonious development. Therefore, it makes the development of second-generation migrant workers become a hot topic which concerned by general society again.
The process of embedding enterprise of second-generation migrant workers is a long and complex social system program from enterprise outside environment, we need to focus on how to eliminate the institutional and policy barriers; And the process of embedding enterprise of second-generation migrant workersis is human resource management practise from the perspective of enterprise internal management,we need to seriously consider how to help the second-generation migrant workers to complete a special career planning for themselves and then establish a smooth career development path. Because the system changes is a long and gradual process in economies in transition, so it is importment to explore which way can help second-generation migrant workers embed enterprise successfully from the individual psychological level and group level.
Following the basic idea that from combing phenomenon to exploring nature, then the study designs two closely related modules to do a more in-depth discussion and analysis for above questions and gets the following two important conclusions:
Firstly, from individual level, study one used 316 individual samples, took the relative deprivation theory and social identity theory as logic support, assumed that second-generation migrant workers with dual identities are bound to make a choice in psychological identity between two different capacities in the course of paying their efforts to embed into enterprises, and different sense of identity made them produce different emotional experience, then led them to express differentia in the choice of work embedding. The following study conclusion also shows that results of empirical research are different from the original idea. The sense of farmers and sense of workers identity show changes in the same direction, to some extent, with discrimination consciousness and work embedding. The sense of farmers and sense of workers identity will led to discrimination perception, but perceived discrimination do not lead migrant workers to choose positive coping behavior as job embeddedness.
Secondly, on the basis of the first study, study one made an adjustment for original analysis idea that chooses one from two identity sense. From two levels of Individuals and groups, the study used 46 work groups of migrant workers'new generation and based on the theory of social identity and self-classified, then it verified how social distance produce effect on migrant worker's job embeddedness through identity orientation. From a deeper level, the study found it is a multi-level, multi-angle dynamic selection process for second-generation migrant workers with dual identity in the choice of the two identities rather than what earlier social identity theory proposed:While individuals strengthen preferences within the community and prejudices outside community, it is not to make either-or choice of identity, but make balance in two identity in heart. In face of social distance, the identity balance in an individual level did not produce effect on job embeddedness; while the balance in relational and collective level is still more positive on work embedding.
Through using second-generation migrant workers, a special study group, the study successfully put ideas raised by the academic that combines theory of relative deprivation with social identity theory into practice and enriches and develops the theory of inter-group relations. By discussing sense of identity and identity orientation, it successfully took identity as antecedent variable into forecast model of job embeddedness, and then expanded analysis framework of job embeddedness. The study is of great significance for development of theory and practice.
新生代农民工嵌入企业的过程,从企业外部环境看,是一项长期而又复杂的社会系统工程,需要我们重点关注如何消除制度和政策方面的障碍。从企业内部人力资源管理看,需要我们认真思考如何帮助新生代农民工这类特殊的员工完成自我职业生涯规划,进而在企业内部建立顺畅的职业发展通道。因为制度变迁是转型经济下一个长期而渐进的过程,因此从个体心理层面和群体层面探究究竟通过何种途径能够让新生代农民工成功嵌入企业就成为本研究关注的焦点。本研究遵循从现象梳理到探究本质的基本思路,设计了两个紧密相连的研究模块,对以上问题做了较为深入的分析和探讨,得出了如下两个重要的结论：
首先,研究一从个体层面出发,利用316个个体样本,以相对剥夺理论和社会认同理论为逻辑支撑,假定具备双重身份特征的新生代农民工在努力嵌入企业的过程中,必然会在两种身份间做出二者必居其一的选择,不同的身份意识会使他们产生不同的情感体验,从而导致他们在工作嵌入的选择上表现出差异性。随后的研究结论发现,实证所得的结果并不同于最初的研究设想。农民身份意识和工人身份意识都在一定程度上与歧视知觉和工作嵌入表现出同方向的变化。即农民身份意识和工人身份意识都会引起农民工的歧视知觉,感知到歧视的农民工也没有选择工作嵌入这样积极的行为应对方式。
其次,研究二在研究一的基础上,对原来身份意识二者必居其一的分析思路做了调整。从个体和群体两个层面,利用46个新生代农民工工作群体,274个个体样本,以社会认同和自我归类理论为基础,验证了社会距离如何通过身份定位对农民工的工作嵌入产生影响。从更深层次上发现,具备双重身份特征的新生代农民在两种身份的选择上,并非早期社会认同理论所提出的,个人在加强内群体偏好和外群体偏见的同时,在两种身份间作出非此即彼的选择；而是一个基于自我的多层次、多角度的动态选择界定的过程,是在内心深处不断对两种身份比较平衡的过程。在身份导致的社会距离影响下,个体层面的身份定位并未对工作嵌入产生影响,而关系和集体层面的平衡性定位,依旧对工作嵌入产生较为积极的影响。
本研究通过企业内新生代农民工这样一类特殊员工为研究样本,较为成功地将学术界曾提出的把相对剥夺理论和社会认同理论予以整合的设想付诸实践,丰富和发展群际关系理论。同时通过对身份意识、身份定位的探讨,成功地将身份作为前因变量引入到工作嵌入的预测模型中,拓展了工作嵌入的分析框架。本研究对群际关系理论和多元化人力资源管理实践的发展都具有重要意义。
Because related social management functions changes slowly and the things of management dislocation and vacancy often occurs, the living conditions and develpoment environment of second-generation migrant workers are not satisfactory in many parts, and their legitimate rights and interests are not effectively protected, which directly or indirectly led them to become "marginalized" in the course of embedding into the cities and their enterprises. With steady progress of urbanization and deepening transformation of social and economic structure in China, how to help second-generation migrant workers integrate into cities and embed in enterprises has naturally become one of the important symbols relating to China's modernization process, new rural construction and reflecting social harmonious development. Therefore, it makes the development of second-generation migrant workers become a hot topic which concerned by general society again.
The process of embedding enterprise of second-generation migrant workers is a long and complex social system program from enterprise outside environment, we need to focus on how to eliminate the institutional and policy barriers; And the process of embedding enterprise of second-generation migrant workersis is human resource management practise from the perspective of enterprise internal management,we need to seriously consider how to help the second-generation migrant workers to complete a special career planning for themselves and then establish a smooth career development path. Because the system changes is a long and gradual process in economies in transition, so it is importment to explore which way can help second-generation migrant workers embed enterprise successfully from the individual psychological level and group level.
Following the basic idea that from combing phenomenon to exploring nature, then the study designs two closely related modules to do a more in-depth discussion and analysis for above questions and gets the following two important conclusions:
Firstly, from individual level, study one used 316 individual samples, took the relative deprivation theory and social identity theory as logic support, assumed that second-generation migrant workers with dual identities are bound to make a choice in psychological identity between two different capacities in the course of paying their efforts to embed into enterprises, and different sense of identity made them produce different emotional experience, then led them to express differentia in the choice of work embedding. The following study conclusion also shows that results of empirical research are different from the original idea. The sense of farmers and sense of workers identity show changes in the same direction, to some extent, with discrimination consciousness and work embedding. The sense of farmers and sense of workers identity will led to discrimination perception, but perceived discrimination do not lead migrant workers to choose positive coping behavior as job embeddedness.
Secondly, on the basis of the first study, study one made an adjustment for original analysis idea that chooses one from two identity sense. From two levels of Individuals and groups, the study used 46 work groups of migrant workers'new generation and based on the theory of social identity and self-classified, then it verified how social distance produce effect on migrant worker's job embeddedness through identity orientation. From a deeper level, the study found it is a multi-level, multi-angle dynamic selection process for second-generation migrant workers with dual identity in the choice of the two identities rather than what earlier social identity theory proposed:While individuals strengthen preferences within the community and prejudices outside community, it is not to make either-or choice of identity, but make balance in two identity in heart. In face of social distance, the identity balance in an individual level did not produce effect on job embeddedness; while the balance in relational and collective level is still more positive on work embedding.
Through using second-generation migrant workers, a special study group, the study successfully put ideas raised by the academic that combines theory of relative deprivation with social identity theory into practice and enriches and develops the theory of inter-group relations. By discussing sense of identity and identity orientation, it successfully took identity as antecedent variable into forecast model of job embeddedness, and then expanded analysis framework of job embeddedness. The study is of great significance for development of theory and practice.
引文
①全国总工会新生代农民工问题课题组：《关于新生代农民工问题的研究报告》,《工人日报》2010年6月21日。
②中共中央国务院授权新华社发布2010年一号文件《关于加大统筹城乡发展力度,进一步夯实农业农村发展基础的若干意见》
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①该处理过程由我的同门博士生王林与我共同研习完成,在此一并表示感谢!
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①由陈晓萍、徐淑英和樊景立推荐的一流管理学英文国际期刊。
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①该处理过程由我的同门博士生王林与我共同研习完成,在此一并表示感谢!
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