猪用发酵床的研究
摘要
发酵床模式是在畜舍内敷设厚垫料(堆肥)上饲养家畜,粪尿和垫料混合被发酵,家畜饲育和粪尿处理同时在畜舍内完成的饲养方式。本研究在环境控制室内构建了发酵床,并对发酵床系统进行剖析,整个试验分三个部分进行。
第一部分采用天然素材制成高温发酵床和低温发酵床,并且在低温发酵床饲养4头体重为20kg左右商品杂交猪。测量猪床垫料上、中、下三层的温度,比较发酵过程中各垫料层温度变化以及讨论发酵床形成过程中粪便的作用。结果表明:与无粪对照组相比,高温发酵床温度上升迅速,最高达60.6℃,在不补充可发酵原料条件下维持11日;低温发酵床于进猪后床温升高,经15日稳定于52℃左右。自然素材发酵床可行,粪便可能对发酵的形成和维持具有重要作用,高温发酵可用于出栏后灭菌、灭虫防疫卫生管理。
第二部分在监测环境控制室内构建的发酵床养猪系统空气中PM_(10)浓度和换气量,分析发酵床的微粒和水汽分布特性;随后监测补充锯末及停止养猪两种情况下的发酵床温度变化,剖析发酵床及镇江TC发酵床猪舍环境的特点。结果显示:环境控制室内空气中PM_(10)浓度随发酵床的形成逐渐下降,稳定后浓度为0.254mg/m~3,低于畜禽场环境质量标准293.7%,较常规养猪低,畜舍实效换气量为0.31m~3/s,发酵床垫料PM_(10)产生量为1.453mg/min·m~2,水汽产生量为0.198g/min·m~2,远小于猪的水汽产生量,补充木屑有利于发酵进行,床温升高了6-11℃,停止养猪53d后,床温下降16℃,持续30℃的低温发酵;镇江市TC猪舍,PM_(10)浓度为0.392 mg/m~3,氨气浓度为0.893mg/m~3,垫料中丙酸含量甚微,乙酸、丁酸未测出,发酵床垫料以好氧型发酵为主,粪便干物质铜含量为350mg/kg,3年床的垫料中铜含量为380mg/kg,而1年床的上层垫料铜含量为226mg/kg,中层为214.3mg/kg。为防止温度过高抑制微生物活性,必须加强通风,饲料低铜、粪便及其水分调整管理至关重要。
第三部分分别在夏季和冬季测定发酵床猪舍温热环境指标,并观察猪的行为,剖析生长猪在发酵床和水泥地面上的休息姿势的变化与温热环境的关系。表明:夏季空气温度29.0-32.0℃,,冬季5.9-6.7℃,夏季发酵床温度在31.0-37.0℃,冬季在17.5-23.8℃,夏季猪呼吸数平均值达57/min,冬季平均值达22.8次/min,夏季安静姿势占80%、冬季仅占47.8%,夏季在水泥地面上的维持行为高达73%,且社会空间行为回避体接触占60%,而冬季则分别为83.6%和37.0%,夏季发酵床发酵热给猪只散热增加负担,而冬季保温效果明显。在江淮以南地域设置水泥地面益于防暑和动物选择舒适环境。
Biology-Bed is a housing system where the mixture of bedding, faeces and urine is stored in a thick on the floor in the pen. The layer with organic material degrades aerobically in a slow composting process. One biology bed model was established in bench-scale laboratory, and was studied. The study conducted in three parts.
Part1:Sawdust, soil, wheat bran and so on were mixed and made to two group of fermentation of high temperature and low temperature. Four pigs with 20 kg BW were fed in low temperature groups. Bedding temperature in top, middle and bottom layer was measured. Ferment ability results showed that the temperature rose rapidly in high temperature fermentation group whose fermentation was formed, but lasted only eleven days; control group and low temperature fermentation group (before feeding pigs) were close to room temperature and the bedding didn't ferment. The temperature of dunging area in low temperature fermentation group (after feeding pigs) went stable in fifteen days and was kept in 52℃.It suggested that native biology bed was available and high temperature ferment can be used for epidemic prevention sanitation management after to kill bacteriums and worms.
Part2:The concentration of PM_(10) and the rate of ventilation indoor were measured, and the characteristics of production volume of dust and vapor were also analyzed, and then temperature of the bed on situations of adding sawdust and stop raising pig were masured, and studied the environment of the biology bed and one in Zhenjang TC. The results showed that the concentration of PM_(10) descended among with the fermentation process and finally maintained in 0.254 mg/m~3.The practical ventilation rate was 0.31m~3/s.The volume of PM_(10) and vapor produced from bedding was 1.453mg/min·m~2 and 0.198±0.010g /min·m~2 respectively. After adding sawdust, the temperature of the litter was raised about 6-11℃and it declined 16℃after stop raising pigs. The results in Zhenjiang TC show that the concentration of PM_(10) in door was 0.392mg/m~3 and NH_3 was 0.893mg/m~3.There was very little propionic acid, and acetic acid and butyric acid can not be seen within the measurable area of the equipment, and aerobic fermentation was mostly.The concentration of cuprum in air-dried feces and the litter used 3years was 350mg/kg and 380mg/kg, and the concentration of cuprum in surface layer is 226 mg/kg which was higher than the middle layer's in litter used 1 year.
Part3:The relationship between the resting position of pigs and thermal environment was studeed. During the temperature of environment between 29℃-32℃in summer and5.9℃-6.7℃in winter, the temperature of bio-bed around 31℃-37℃in summer and 17.5℃-23.8℃in winter.The average of respiration rate reached 57/min in summer and 22.8/min in winter.The proportion of resting position was 81% in summer and was only 47.8% in winter.The maintenance behavior on the concrete ground was highly to 73% in summer and he maintenance behavior on the bio-bed was highly to 83.6% in winter, and the proportion of scattering was 60% in summer and the proportion of physical contact was 37.0% in winter. The heat preservation of bio-bed put press on heat loss of pigs in summer, and had a good effect in winter.
第一部分采用天然素材制成高温发酵床和低温发酵床,并且在低温发酵床饲养4头体重为20kg左右商品杂交猪。测量猪床垫料上、中、下三层的温度,比较发酵过程中各垫料层温度变化以及讨论发酵床形成过程中粪便的作用。结果表明:与无粪对照组相比,高温发酵床温度上升迅速,最高达60.6℃,在不补充可发酵原料条件下维持11日;低温发酵床于进猪后床温升高,经15日稳定于52℃左右。自然素材发酵床可行,粪便可能对发酵的形成和维持具有重要作用,高温发酵可用于出栏后灭菌、灭虫防疫卫生管理。
第二部分在监测环境控制室内构建的发酵床养猪系统空气中PM_(10)浓度和换气量,分析发酵床的微粒和水汽分布特性;随后监测补充锯末及停止养猪两种情况下的发酵床温度变化,剖析发酵床及镇江TC发酵床猪舍环境的特点。结果显示:环境控制室内空气中PM_(10)浓度随发酵床的形成逐渐下降,稳定后浓度为0.254mg/m~3,低于畜禽场环境质量标准293.7%,较常规养猪低,畜舍实效换气量为0.31m~3/s,发酵床垫料PM_(10)产生量为1.453mg/min·m~2,水汽产生量为0.198g/min·m~2,远小于猪的水汽产生量,补充木屑有利于发酵进行,床温升高了6-11℃,停止养猪53d后,床温下降16℃,持续30℃的低温发酵;镇江市TC猪舍,PM_(10)浓度为0.392 mg/m~3,氨气浓度为0.893mg/m~3,垫料中丙酸含量甚微,乙酸、丁酸未测出,发酵床垫料以好氧型发酵为主,粪便干物质铜含量为350mg/kg,3年床的垫料中铜含量为380mg/kg,而1年床的上层垫料铜含量为226mg/kg,中层为214.3mg/kg。为防止温度过高抑制微生物活性,必须加强通风,饲料低铜、粪便及其水分调整管理至关重要。
第三部分分别在夏季和冬季测定发酵床猪舍温热环境指标,并观察猪的行为,剖析生长猪在发酵床和水泥地面上的休息姿势的变化与温热环境的关系。表明:夏季空气温度29.0-32.0℃,,冬季5.9-6.7℃,夏季发酵床温度在31.0-37.0℃,冬季在17.5-23.8℃,夏季猪呼吸数平均值达57/min,冬季平均值达22.8次/min,夏季安静姿势占80%、冬季仅占47.8%,夏季在水泥地面上的维持行为高达73%,且社会空间行为回避体接触占60%,而冬季则分别为83.6%和37.0%,夏季发酵床发酵热给猪只散热增加负担,而冬季保温效果明显。在江淮以南地域设置水泥地面益于防暑和动物选择舒适环境。
Biology-Bed is a housing system where the mixture of bedding, faeces and urine is stored in a thick on the floor in the pen. The layer with organic material degrades aerobically in a slow composting process. One biology bed model was established in bench-scale laboratory, and was studied. The study conducted in three parts.
Part1:Sawdust, soil, wheat bran and so on were mixed and made to two group of fermentation of high temperature and low temperature. Four pigs with 20 kg BW were fed in low temperature groups. Bedding temperature in top, middle and bottom layer was measured. Ferment ability results showed that the temperature rose rapidly in high temperature fermentation group whose fermentation was formed, but lasted only eleven days; control group and low temperature fermentation group (before feeding pigs) were close to room temperature and the bedding didn't ferment. The temperature of dunging area in low temperature fermentation group (after feeding pigs) went stable in fifteen days and was kept in 52℃.It suggested that native biology bed was available and high temperature ferment can be used for epidemic prevention sanitation management after to kill bacteriums and worms.
Part2:The concentration of PM_(10) and the rate of ventilation indoor were measured, and the characteristics of production volume of dust and vapor were also analyzed, and then temperature of the bed on situations of adding sawdust and stop raising pig were masured, and studied the environment of the biology bed and one in Zhenjang TC. The results showed that the concentration of PM_(10) descended among with the fermentation process and finally maintained in 0.254 mg/m~3.The practical ventilation rate was 0.31m~3/s.The volume of PM_(10) and vapor produced from bedding was 1.453mg/min·m~2 and 0.198±0.010g /min·m~2 respectively. After adding sawdust, the temperature of the litter was raised about 6-11℃and it declined 16℃after stop raising pigs. The results in Zhenjiang TC show that the concentration of PM_(10) in door was 0.392mg/m~3 and NH_3 was 0.893mg/m~3.There was very little propionic acid, and acetic acid and butyric acid can not be seen within the measurable area of the equipment, and aerobic fermentation was mostly.The concentration of cuprum in air-dried feces and the litter used 3years was 350mg/kg and 380mg/kg, and the concentration of cuprum in surface layer is 226 mg/kg which was higher than the middle layer's in litter used 1 year.
Part3:The relationship between the resting position of pigs and thermal environment was studeed. During the temperature of environment between 29℃-32℃in summer and5.9℃-6.7℃in winter, the temperature of bio-bed around 31℃-37℃in summer and 17.5℃-23.8℃in winter.The average of respiration rate reached 57/min in summer and 22.8/min in winter.The proportion of resting position was 81% in summer and was only 47.8% in winter.The maintenance behavior on the concrete ground was highly to 73% in summer and he maintenance behavior on the bio-bed was highly to 83.6% in winter, and the proportion of scattering was 60% in summer and the proportion of physical contact was 37.0% in winter. The heat preservation of bio-bed put press on heat loss of pigs in summer, and had a good effect in winter.
引文
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